Isotonic solutions
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1) Isotonic solutions have the same osmotic pressure as body fluids like blood and prevent cell shrinkage or swelling when in contact with tissues. Physiological saline (0.9% NaCl solution) is isotonic with blood. 2) Hypertonic solutions have a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids, causing cell shrinkage through osmosis. Hypotonic solutions have a lower osmotic pressure, causing cell swelling through osmosis. 3) The tonicity of solutions can be determined using the haemolytic or colligative property methods. The haemolytic method observes cell changes, while the colligative method calculates tonicity based on properties like freezing point depression.
Isotonic solutions
- 1. ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS IMRAN TARIQ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 2. ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS "When two solutions have same osmotic pressure and salt concentration are said to be isotonic solutions”. Iso (same) and tonic (concentration). Physiologically, isotonic solutions are solutions having the same osmotic pressure as that of the body fluids when separated by a biological membrane. Biological fluids including blood and lachrymal fluid normally have an osmotic pressure corresponding to that of 0.9% w/v solution of sodium chloride. Thus 0.9% solution of sodium chloride is said to be isotonic with the physiological fluids.
- 3. In addition, to carrying out pH adjustments, pharmaceutical solutions that are meant for application to delicate membranes of the body should also be adjusted to approximately the same osmotic pressure as that of body fluids. Isotonic solutions cause no swelling or contraction of the tissues with which they come in contact, and produce no discomfort when instilled in the eye, nasal tract, blood or other body tissues. Isotonic sodium chloride is a familiar pharmaceutical example of such a preparation. 0.9% w/v solution of NaCl has essentially the same concentration and osmotic pressure as the RBCs contents. Thus it is said to be isotonic with blood, and is also known as " Physiological Saline solution", or "Normal saline solution" If RBCs are suspended in 0.9% solution of NaCl, they undergo no change in their size and shape due to isotonicity.
- 4. HYPERTONIC SOLUTION "A hyper-tonic solution is one that has greater concentration than reference solution (i.e. RBCs Contents)." A hyper-tonic solution has greater osmotic pressure than that of reference solution. If RBCs are suspended in 2% w/v solution of NaCl (i.e. hypertonic solution), then water present within the RBCs will come out (i.e. due to osmosis, from dilute RBCs fluid to concentrated hypertonic solution) into the surroundings to dilute the NaCl solution (hypertonic solution). This exit of water from RBCs causes their shrinkage and RBCs become wrinkled in shape. This shrinkage of RBCs is known as "Plasmolysis".
- 5. HYPOTONIC SOLUTION "A hypo tonic solution is one that has lower concentration than reference solution (i.e. RBCs contents). A hypo-tonic solution has lower osmotic pressure than that of reference solution. If RBCs are suspended in 0.1 % w/v solution of NaCl (i.e. hypotonic solution), then water from this solution will enter the RBCs (i.e. due to osmosis, from dilute hypotonic solution to RBCs fluid) to dilute the fluid within the RBCs causing their swelling, which may later result in rupturing of RBCs and release of haemoglobin. This rupturing of RBCs is known as "Haemolysis”
- 6. ISO-OSMOTIC OR ISOSMOTIC SOLUTIONS "Solutions having the same osmotic pressure but not necessarily the same concentration are said to be iso-osmotic or isosmotic solutions." E.g. 2% w/v solution of boric acid has the same osmotic pressure as 0.9% w/v solution of NaCI but not the same concentration. So, both solutions are iso-osmotic but not iso-tonic.
- 8. The tonicity of solutions may be determined by one of the following two methods: 1) Haemolytic Method . 2) Colligative Method
- 9. Haemolytic method: The acting principle of this method is the observation of the effect of various solutions of drugs on the appearance of RBCs when suspended in those solutions. If, there is no change in size and shape of RBCs when immersed in test solution on observing with microscope, then this solution is isotonic to the blood. This method can be made more accurate by using a hematocrit, which is a centrifuge head in which a graduated capillary tube is held in each of the two arms.
- 10. One capillary tube (tube A) is filled with blood diluted with 5 ml of 0.9% w/v NaCI (isotonic solution). The other capillary tube (tube B) is filled with blood diluted with an equal volume i.e. 5ml of test solution. Both tubes are centrifuged (i.e. rotated at high speed). After centrifuge, the blood cells are concentrated at one end of the capillary tubes and the volume occupied by the cells (i.e. PCV -Packed Cell Volume) is measured. Finally, the PCV of test solution tube (tube B) is compared with PCV of isotonic solution tube (tube A), and following inferences are made.
- 11. RESULTS: If PCV of test solution (tube B) is same as that of tube A, then test solution is regarded as isotonic. If RBCs volume (i.e. PCV) of tube is more than that of tube A, then test solution is regardedas hypotonic solution (increase in PCV is due to swelling of RBCs, which occurs in case of hypotonic solution). If RBCs volume (i.e. PCV) of tube is less than that of tube A, then test solution is regardedas hypertonic solution (decrease in PCV is due to shrinkage of RBCs, which occurs in case of hypertonic solution).
- 12. Colligative Method: It has been determined that solutions having same tonicity exhibit similar behavior with respect to their colligative properties such as lowering of vapour pressure, depression in freezing point, etc. Hence, tonicity of a solution may be determined by determining its colligative properties. For making isotonic solutions, the quantities of substances to be added may be calculated by following methods: Based on molecular concentration Based on freezing point data Based on sodium chloride equivalent (E) value White-Vincent method
- 13. Based on molecular concentration 1% molecular concentration: If one gram molecule (i.e. one gram molecular weight) of a substance is dissolved in 100 ml of water, the resulting solution will be of 1% molecular concentration. For example, the molecular weight of boric acid is 62, so if 62 gms (i.e. one gram molecular weight) of boric acid is dissolved in 100 ml of water, the resulting solution will have 1% molecular concentration. For non-ionizing substance, an aqueous solution having 1% molecular concentration, depresses the freezing point to - 18.6 C°, and freezing point of plasma is - 0.52 C°. So, by using this information, we can calculate the molecular concentration of blood plasma as follows;
- 14. A depression of - 18.6 C° in freezing point of solution is due to = 1% Molecular concentration A depression of 1 C° in freezing point of solution is due to = 1 / - 18.6 % Molecular concentration A depression of - 0.52C° in freezing point of plasma is due to = 1 /- 18.6 x - 0.52 = 0.03% Molecular concentration So, molecular concentration of plasma is 0.03%. Therefore, any solution having the molecular concentration of 0.03% will be isotonic with blood (having the same concentration - which means isotonic).
- 15. The formula for calculating the w/v percent of ionizing and non-ionizing substances required to make isotonic solutions with blood plasma is as follows; For non-ionizing substances W / V % of substance required = 0.03% x Gram molecular weight For ionizing substances W/V % of substance required = 0.03% x Gram molecular weight / no. of ions yielded by the molecule
- 16. Find the proportion of Boric Acid required to make a solution isotonic. The molecular weight of boric acid is 62, and it is a non-ionizing substance Solution: By applying formulae for non-ionizing substances; W/V % of boric acid required to make isotonic solution = 0.03% x gram molecular weight = 0.03 x 62 = 1.86 So, 1.86 gms of boric acid is required to make 100ml isotonic solution.
- 17. Find the proportion of Sodium sulphate required to make a solution isotonic. The molecular weight boric of sodium sulphate is 148, and it is an ionizing substance. By applying formulae for ionizing substances; W/V % of ionizing substance required to make isotonic solution = 0.03% x gram molecular weight / no. of ions • Na2SO4 —> 2Na + SO4 So, total no. of ions produced by sodium sulphate = 3 W/V % of Na2SO4 required to make isotonic solution = 0.03% x gram molecular weight / no. of ions = 0.03 % x 148 / 3 = 1.48 S0, 1.48 gm of sodium sulphate is required to make 100ml isotonic solution.
- 18. Based on freezing point data Body fluids such as blood plasma and lachrymal secretions have a freezing point of - 0.52 C° due to different solutes present in them. 0.9% solution of NaCI (isotonic solution) also has freezing point of - 0.52 C . Hence, all solutions which freeze at - 0.52 C° will be isotonic with these fluids. Adjustment to the tonicity of solutions is simplified if the freezing point of 1% solution of substance whose tonicity is to be adjusted (i.e. unadjusted solution) and freezing point of 1% solution of adjusting substance are known. The freezing points are usually expressed in terms of 1% solution which can be noted from the reference table.
- 19. The quantity of the adjusting substance needed for making the solution isotonic with blood may be calculated from the general formula given below; Amount of adjusting substance required = - 0.52 -a /b Where, a = freezing point of 1% solution of un-adjusted solution b = freezing point of 1% solution of adjusting substance
- 20. Find the amount of sodium chloride required to render 1% solution of cocaine hydrochloride isotonic with blood plasma. The freezing point of 1% w/v solution of cocaine hydrochloride is - 0.09 C°, and that of 1% NaCI is-0.576 C°. In this example, Unadjusted solution (whose tonicity is to be adjusted) is 1% cocaine HCI Adjusting substance is NaCI Freezing point of 1% w/v solution of cocaine HCI (unadjusted solution) = a = - 0.09 C° Freezing point of 1% w/v solution of NaCI (adjusting substance) = b = - 0.576 C° Amount of adjusting substance required = - 0.52 -a /b = -0.52-(-0.09) /-0.576 = 0.746 gms Hence, by adding 0.746 gms of NoCI in 1% cocaine HCI solution, the final solution becomes isotonic.
- 21. Based on Sodium Chloride equivalent (E) Sodium chloride equivalent i.e. (E) of a drug is defined as; "The grams of Sodium chloride that will produce the same osmotic effect as 1 gm of that drug." For example, potassium chloride has sodium chloride equivalent (E) value of 0.76 gm NaCI / gm of KCI-. This means 0.76 gm of NaCI produce the same osmotic effect as 1 gm of KCI. To make a solution of a particular drug isotonic with blood plasma, the sodium choride equivalent value (E) of that drug is noted from the reference table. This E value is multiplied with the %age of the drug solution, and result so obtained is subtracted from 0.9%. The difference in value so obtained is the amount of NaCI needed to adjust the tonicity of the solution to isotonic value. Amount of NaCI required = 0.9% - {%age of solution x E)
- 22. Find the amount of sodium chloride needed to make a - solution of 0.5% of KCI isotonic with blood plasma. Sodium chloride equivalent value (E) of KCI is 0.76. Given solution (not isotonic) = 0.5% KCI E value of KCI = 0.76 So, by applying formula, Amount of NaCI required = 0.9 - (%age of drug x E) = 0.9-(0.5 x 0.76) = 0.9 -0.38 = 0.52 gm —> Hence, 0.52 gm of NaCI must be added in 0.5% KCI solution to make it isotonic.
- 23. White-Vincent method This method involves the addition of water to the given amount of drug to make isotonic solution, followed by the addition of some other isotonic solution (e.g. 0.9% NaCI) to make the final volume. The volume of water that should be added in given amount of drug to make isotonic solution is calculated by using following formula; V = W x E x 111.1 Where, V = volume of water needed to make isotonic solution W = given weight of drug in grams E = NaCI equivalent value of drug 111.1 = constant
- 24. Make 50ml isotonic solution from 0.5 gm of boric acid. E value of boric acid is 0.50. Given amount of boric acid = 0.5 gm Required volume = 50 ml * E value of boric acid = 0.50 Firstly, we calculate the amount of water that should be added in 0.5 gm of boric acid to make isotonic solution by using formula, V= W x E x 111.1 V = 0.5 x 0.5 x 111.1 = 27.8 ml So, 0.5 gm of boric acid is dissolved in 27.8 ml of water to make isotonic solution. BUT, final volume that is required is 50 ml. so, remaining 22.2ml (50 - 27.8 = 22.2) of some other isotonic solution (e.g. 0.9% NaCI) are added to make up final 50 ml volume.