Issues Brief - Science and Technology

RIO 2012 Issues Briefs
Produced by the UNCSD Secretariat, January 2012 No. 12

Science and Technology for Sustainable Development
1. Introduction Prevailing “solutions” are insufficient to achieve the technically
This note was prepared as an input to the ongoing discussion on feasible factor of 4 to 5 increase in global eco-efficiency
priority issues for Rio+20. It provides an overview of global trends It is technically feasible to increase global eco-efficiency by a
1 10,11,6
in science and technology for sustainable development since the “factor 4” or even 5 until 2050. This would allow more than
Earth Summit in 1992, and reviews the related UN debate, global doubling global wealth while halving resource and energy use. It
commitments and their achievement since. Only four time-bound could also mean providing the present level of services while
targets were identified and overall delivery on these and related reducing resource and energy consumption by 75 to 80 per
12
general technology commitments has not been encouraging. cent. Such global eco-efficiency goal is highly ambitious. It
illustrates what could be done, if all organizational, socio-
2. Recent global trends 13
economic and political limits were overcome world-wide.
The landscape of science and technology issues and institutions
has changed significantly since 1992. Emerging economies have Simplistic solutions continue to dominate present national and
become leaders not only in manufacturing and trade of global debates on how to meet the technology innovation
technologies, but also increasingly in research and innovation.
2 imperative. Technology optimists suggest “big push”-policies to
scale up available technologies. Others focus on market
Governments call for accelerating clean technology change incentives and hope that the necessary technological
Technology has greatly shaped society and the environment. transformation will come about by “getting prices right” through
While technology progress has addressed many problems, it has internalizing environmental externalities. Several Governments in
3,4
also added new problems. To varying degrees, all technologies Asia are pursuing technology-focused industrial policies, with
consume resources, use land and pollute air, water and the mostly positive developmental benefits.
atmosphere. While increasing eco-efficiency of technology use Greater role of emerging economies in technology flows and
has greatly reduced the amounts of resources consumed and transfer, but poorer and smaller economies marginalized
pollution produced per unit of output over the long run, absolute
amounts of consumption and pollution have continued to Today’s patterns of technology flows and transfer differ greatly
increase unsustainably. from those in 1992, a time when technology flows were mainly
between developed countries and the challenge was to promote
Governments have called for concerted actions to accelerate greater technology transfer to developing countries. While these
change towards cleaner technology. Many technology optimists flows are still important, clean technology flows among emerging
believe such acceleration is essential and call it the technology economies and from emerging economies to developed countries
5
innovation imperative . The World Economic and Social Survey have grown faster. Net revenue from royalty and license fees
2011 called for a “global green technological transformation, received by high-income countries was rather low until 2003 after
greater in scale and achievable within a much shorter time-frame which it increased rapidly to US$26 billion in 2007. This revenue is
than [in the past]” that “must enable today’s poor to attain de- almost entirely due to technology transfer to emerging
cent living standards, while reducing emissions and waste and en- economies, while the participation of the poorest and smaller
ding the unrestrained drawdown of the earth’s non-renewable economies was negligible.
6
resources.”
Large developing countries have emerged as world leaders in
Global technology progress is too slow to compensate for clean technology production, exports, and use
increasing consumption
Not only the overall magnitude, but also the nature of cross-
Actual progress in technology performance at the global level has border technology flows has changed. They are increasingly
6
fallen far short of such ambitions. For example, the declared goal embedded in global trade and FDI flows, thus forming an element
of establishing a renewable low-carbon energy technology system of international production systems. In terms of manufacturing
on a global scale remains elusive, with modern renewables jointly and export of clean technology, several large developing
accounting for 0.7 per cent of primary energy, compared to fossil countries have become world leaders, and some are also
7
fuels’ share of 81 per cent in 2008. Global CO2 emissions have emerging as the most important users.14
increased considerably faster in the 2000s than in previous
8
decades. Despite national and international efforts to accelerate Increasing importance of South-South clean technology transfer
and direct energy technology change, the pace of the global despite continued high barriers
9
energy/fuel transitions has slowed significantly since the 1970s. South-South clean technology transfer has become increasingly
important. Highly publicised examples include ceramic cook-

1
stoves, biogas digesters, cement board, and jatropha biofuel, and

a range of Chinese and Indian FDI activities in Africa. Yet, a emerging economies are rapidly emerging as leaders in clean
number of policies continue to hinder South-South technology technology patents in their own rights. India features within the
transfer. A recent survey found tariff and non-tariff (equivalent) top five countries for solar PV, while Brazil and Mexico share the
21
barriers in large developing countries for solar PV products to top two positions in hydro/marine.
14
range from 12 to 18 and 41 to 63 per cent, respectively. Rise of free and open-source collaborations and solutions
Increases in RD&D investment only in large emerging economies Web-based technologies have made new forms of science and
Mirroring the changing patterns of technology flows, RD&D technology collaboration possible. In particular, free and open-
stocks and flows have changed, illustrating a much more source collaborations and solutions have emerged as alternative
important role for large, emerging economies. Overall investment forms to the conventional IPR systems of patents and copyrights.
in R&D as a share of GDP in middle and low income countries Yet, technology policy and legislation routinely disregard or even
doubled from 0.5 to 1 per cent from 1996 to 2007, whereas in discriminate against open-source despite its public benefits.
high-income countries it remained fairly stable at 2.2 to 2.4 per Willingness for licensing of clean technology to developing
15
cent over the same period. Anecdotal evidence suggests that countries, but capacity barriers to overcome
this share has remained at much lower levels in the poorest
and/or most vulnerable countries. For example, it was about 0.1 Information on licencing of clean technology is sparse. However,
21
per cent of GDP in the Caribbean Region.
16 a recent survey found relatively low levels of out-licensing of
clean technology towards developing countries. Scientific
Today’s level of public spending for energy-related research and infrastructure, human capital, favourable market conditions, and
development in developed countries is still well below that of the investment climate were considered more important factors than
1970s and early 1980s, even though overall RD&D budgets have IPR protection in the country of the licensee. The willingness to
17
doubled since the 1980s. Public spending on RD&D of nuclear, out-license was found to be much higher than the actual level of
fusion, fossil fuels and renewable energy technologies is lower in licensing. 70 per cent of respondents said they were prepared to
each case than in 1980. Energy RD&D in Brazil, the Russian Fede- offer more flexible terms when licensing to developing countries
ration, India, Mexico, China and South Africa was about US$19 with limited financial capacity. Most respondents favoured
billion, which is more than that of all IEA countries combined collaborative R&D activities, patent out-licensing and joint
18
(US$12.7 billion). This challenges the conventional wisdom that ventures over patent pooling and cross-licensing.
most new technologies are created in developed countries and
Table 1. Importance of decision factors for licensing agreements with
transferred to developing countries. Energy RD&D investments in 21
recipients in developing countries [in % of survey respondents]
emerging economies focus on fossil fuel and nuclear energy, with
renewables and energy efficiency underrepresented.

Capabilities and
infrastructure

investment
Favourable

Favourable
Protection

conditions
Scientific
Strategic patenting and increased patent quantity over quality

climate
market
of IPRs
The rise of strategic patenting and a series of legislative changes
to expand monopoly rights has led to a very complex system of
patents which is increasingly geared to support the rights of
Not a factor 18 13 16 15
incumbent, large firms over new, smaller, innovative firms.
A basic precondition for doing business,
Strategic patenting arguably has become the single most but not a driving factor
28 37 26 27
important reason for the increased number of patents. Arguably, Significantly attractive condition, would
the system in many countries has moved from its original 29 37 44 42
encourage negotiation
objective to stimulate innovation through providing incentives to Compelling reason toward an agreement 25 13 14 16
innovators, to preventing new domestic and foreign market
entrants, an increasing number of which are from developing Increasingly open international networks of RD&D collaboration
countries. Some characterize the IPR system and its enforcement
19
in some countries as “excessive”. Against this background and The global RD&D network of clean technology cooperation has
related public criticism, some patent offices are exploring ways to become almost universal, whereas it involved essentially only
improve patent quality over quantity.
20 developed countries in 1992. Today, entities in 182 UN Member
States participate in some form of international clean technology
Patenting rates for clean technology are faster than for other cooperation, with potential knowledge flows between all of
sectors, including in large emerging economies 22
these. However, the structures of technology cooperation
In a matter of only a few years, several large emerging economies networks differ greatly between technology clusters, reflecting
have created strong patent offices. China’s patent office is national policy priorities, resource endowments, and political
expected soon to become the world’s largest. However, poorer considerations. Figure 1 shows the global technology cooperation
and smaller economies have remained at the receiving end. network on bioenergy. A number of multilateral frameworks,
Patenting rates for clean energy technologies have increased such as the EU’s framework research programmes, and bilateral
faster than for other sectors, at about 20 per cent per year since ones, such as that on biofuels between Brazil and the USA, have
the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The leading six been opened to external participants, including from developing
countries patenting clean technologies (Japan, USA, Germany, countries. Such trend to open collaboration provides new
Republic of Korea, UK, France) account for almost 80 per cent of opportunities to poorer countries and improves the efficiency of
global RD&D cooperation on clean technology. Making all future

2
all patent applications in clean energy technology, but large

technology cooperation frameworks “open” might prove the technology policy approaches based on price incentives alone.
cheapest option to improving RD&D to the benefit of all. For example, in most countries carbon tax equivalents of gasoline
Figure 1. Participation network in technology cooperation on bioenergy
22 taxes are much larger than carbon prices generally considered
necessary from a climate change perspective, but only regulatory
Haiti
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Guinea-Bissau
measures have significantly impacted efficiency and emissions.
Dominican Republic

Fragmented system of capacity building mechanisms
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador

United States of America Over the past twenty years, a system of capacity building
Lebanon
US-Brazil Republic of Korea
Australia
Japan
Turkey
New Zealand mechanisms on clean technology has emerged that is increasingly
Tanzania
Senegal EU
South Africa Canada
fragmented. In particular, the fragmented nature of UN system
Rwanda Uganda
Lao People's Democratic Republic
APP
support for technology and sustainable development is apparent
24
in a recent survey of UN system activities which illustrates the
Ethiopia IEA

Nepal
Bangladesh UNFCCC_TT
GNESD
Switzerland
Netherlands
Ireland
Croatia
wide range of capacity building activities. However, these
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

activities remain largely uncoordinated and ad hoc, in terms of
Italy France
Norway Finland
Brazil Germany Denmark
Belgium Sweden
China

Thailand
Austria
Costa Rica
both content and country coverage. In particular, activities
Kenya Viet Nam
Cambodia
Burkina Faso
India
Mexico FP7 Czech Republic
typically fall under specific issue-based programmes with
Bulgaria

Peru Portugal
Estonia
Chile relatively narrow objectives. There is no global framework,
Yemen GEF
Argentina
Russia Madagascar
Israel agreement, assessment or monitoring mechanism of progress in
Uruguay
terms of science, technology, and development.
Greece
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Slovakia Spain Kazakhstan
Nigeria Ukraine Lithuania
Tunisia Slovenia
Sri Lanka Macedonia
Poland
Georgia
Mauritius Pakistan
Luxembourg
Latvia
Romania Jordan 3. History of UN debate on technology and development
Hungary

It is useful to recall the changing role of technology in the UN
Belarus Malaysia
Moldova
Bhutan
Egypt debate on sustainable development (Table 2), in order to
Notes: Squares: cooperation frameworks; circles: participating countries; circle appreciate the contrasting paradigms on technology that are
size: number of participations. GNESD: Global Network on Energy for Sustainable prominent in the UN preparatory process for Rio+20. Each
Development; FP7: EU’s 7th Framework Programme.
decade since 1960 had a dominant paradigm with its preferred
Increased emphasis on market instruments instead of solutions which played out in major global meetings, modified
technology mandates and standards the role of the UN and triggered institutional change. Alternative
In line with a general trend, today’s technology policy in many assessments of the causes of the poverty of nations and
countries emphasizes market and price instruments as levers of associated paradigms multiplied, so that by the 2000s, reaching
choice, with much less focus on technology mandates and consensus in the UN on technology issues has become
standards than in the past. Various forms of taxation, subsidies, increasingly difficult. Government statements are typically based
feed-in tariffs, and permit trading systems have been introduced on either one of the present or past paradigms, consequently
to stimulate green technology. For example, government support offering different and even contradictory solutions. Hence, the
for renewables was US$57 billion in 2009 and is expected to broad appeal of today’s common approach that defines the
23
quadruple in the next 20 years. Oil price spikes, high gasoline overall objective but does not prescribe the means beyond
taxes, subsidies and permit trading schemes are natural references to technology, financial resources and capacity.
experiments which provide insights into the limitations of
Table 2. Stylized overview of changing dominant paradigms in the UN debates on technology since the 1960s
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
Implementation gaps in
Lack of science and
Causes of Lack of capacity to benefit State State intervention, terms of capacity, funds,
Dominant perceived

technology to increase
poverty from technology intervention protectionism technology; low political
production
commitment
Washington consensus
Big push, technology Technology gaps, equitable Neoliberalism Global problems approach:
(globalization,
Paradigms, transfer; techno- access; indigenous capacity; and self- international cooperation to
liberalization), sustainable
solutions optimism; stages of NIEO, Neo-Keynesianism, regulating set goals and raise
development (intergov.
development. dependency theory. markets. resources
agreements, global funds)
Increased High-level political panels.
Scientific-technical Political level. Strictly Intergovernmental
involvement of Expert assessments with
level. Authoritative intergovernmental process. Summits. Global Forum of
Approach public and stakeholder participation.
content provided by UN Global and regional plans of stakeholders. High-level
private Transnational alliances,
staff and experts. action. panels.
stakeholders. public-private partnerships.
UN Conference on S&T
UN

UN Conference on S&T for UN MDG Summits (2000
Meetings for Development None Earth Summit (Rio, 1992)
Development (Vienna, 1979). and 2010), Rio+20 (2012)
(Geneva, 1963).
World Plan for Action (1971). Rio Conventions; GEF, UN Millennium Task Force,
ECOSOC established
Institutional Vienna Program of Action CSD. Donor funding IIASTD. Global funds. CDM
Advisory Committee IPCC
change (1979). GA created Inter- through UN programmes and emissions trading;
(ACAST)

3
governmental Committee and funds. “One-UN”; Global Compact.

4. Existing commitments countries that are considered as developing by the UN. Rio
In view of its purpose to inform discussions on possible outcomes principle 9 more generally called on all Governments to
at Rio+20, the preferred emphasis of this note would be on goals cooperate on technology development, diffusion and transfer.
with time-bound targets. But only four time-bound targets were Table 4 summarizes global commitments on science and techno-
identified, two of which with delivery dates that have already logy for sustainable development, only 25 per cent of which
passed (table 3). Hence, we also consider qualitative specifically address “green” technology.
commitments that are not time-bound or well defined. The
following documents were consulted: Agenda 21 (1992); JPOI In Agenda 21, technology is referred to more than any other
(2002); MDGs (2000, and 2008 update); the “UN Summit on the issue. It is prominent in every single chapter. Due to space
Millennium Development Goals” (2010); the World Summit for limitations, it is impossible to list all relevant 691 references in
Social Development (WSSD, Copenhagen, 1995); WTO’s TRIPS Agenda 21 in this brief note. Four of the 40 chapter headings of
agreement; and the Copenhagen Accord (Copenhagen, 2009). Agenda 21 refer to science or technology, which is more than for
The emphasis here is on Agenda 21 and the JPOI, and technology any other issue: ch. 16 (Environmentally sound management of
commitments in the sustainable development context only. biotechnology), ch. 31 (Scientific and technological community),
ch. 34 (Transfer of environmentally sound technology,
Table 3. Time-bound commitments on science and technology. Those
cooperation and capacity-building), ch. 35 (Science for
relating directly to “green technology” are highlighted in green.
sustainable development). Technology-relevant commitments
Source Goal and Target Date contained in these chapters and others throughout the text are of
MDG 8.F “In cooperation with the private sector, 2015
a rather general nature and their scope is wide.
Goal 8 make available benefits of new technologies,
especially information and communications” Elements of Agenda 21 that are representative of its overall
Agenda 21 21.18(a) “Governments….should: (a) By the 2000 science and technology commitments include the following. Paras
ch. 21 “Environ- year 2000, promote sufficient financial and §16.1 and §35.3 outline programme areas for biotechnology and
mentally sound technological capacities at the regional,
science for sustainable development. Ch. 31 calls for building
management of national and local levels… to implement waste
solid wastes” reuse and recycling policies and actions;” technology capacity (§34.20, §34.26) and suggests the creation of
international information systems (§34.15), regional and
Agenda 21 35.21(b) “A substantial increase by the year 2000
international clearing-houses to facilitate partnerships (§34.16,
ch. 35 “Science 2000 in the number of scientists - particularly
for sustainable women scientists - in those developing 34.17), networks of green technology research centres (§34.21)
development” countries where their number is at present and technology assessment centres (§34.26). It also calls for long-
insufficient” term collaborative arrangements between enterprises of
Convention on Target 19: “By 2020, knowledge, the science 2020 developed and developing countries, multinationals (§34.27), and
Biological base and technologies relating to biodiversity, for joint ventures between suppliers and recipients of
Diversity, its values, functioning, status and trends, and technologies (§34.28). Notably, §34.18(e) calls on Governments
COP10, Decision the consequences of its loss, are improved,
and int.’l organizations to “purchase… patents and licences on
X/II widely shared and transferred, and applied.”
commercial terms for their transfer to developing countries on
Environmental impacts can conceptually be seen as the non-commercial terms as part of development cooperation”.
consequence of driving forces in the areas of population,
Ten years later, JPOI contained 140 references to science or
affluence, and technology. While the aim of affluence associated
technology on its 62 pages. The JPOI did not include any chapter
with ever higher levels of consumption has been a non-negotiable
specifically focusing on technology, but the topic was highlighted
aspect of international relations, population aspects have been
in a chapter on “means of implementation” together with
highly contentious and often linked to religious beliefs. Thus,
capacity building and finance. The JPOI does not include any time-
technology drivers have been the levers of choice, explaining the
bound, quantifiable targets. Science and technology continue to
prominence of technology in international debates.
be considered too important and contentious by Governments to
It could be argued that most UN commitments of the past twenty be captured in terms of time-bound, quantifiable commitments.
years follow the technology-centric perspective, which aims to
The JPOI (ch.X §105-113) restates many of the technology
facilitate technology transfer from developed to developing
commitments contained in Agenda 21. Its wording illustrates the
countries for which it is considered crucial to raise financial
apparent effort to bridge the divide between various paradigms
resources and build capacity. Often these three elements have
in the UN debates (table 2). For example, §105 calls for enhancing
been referred to as “means of implementation”. In this
“existing national institutional capacity in developing countries to
perspective, technology is something the developed countries
improve access to and the development, transfer and diffusion of
possess, as illustrated in the Rio principle 7: “…The developed
environmentally sound technologies”. JPOI elaborates on
countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the
technology transfer (§105, §106), access to global R&D
international pursuit to sustainable development in view …. of the
programmes (§107) and publicly funded R&D (§113), networks of
technologies and financial resources they command.” It is clear
centres of excellence (§108), collaboration between scientists and
that by 2011 the simple dichotomy among developed and
policy makers (§109, §111), assessment models (§110), and ICT
developing does no longer reflect the disparities between

4
(§112).

Table 4. Issues, global commitments, and their delivery to date. “Green technology”-specific elements are highlighted in green.
Issue Global commitments Delivery
Build national financial, scientific and technological capacities to A21 (21.18a, 34.20, 35.4d), Rio principle Partial. Progress in middle and high-
Capacity building

develop, assess and use technology 9, JPOI (X.105, 108, 110), CA (3) income countries only.
A21 (34.26, 35.4c), JPOI (X.105, 109, Partial. Progress in high-income
Build technology assessment capacity and use it
110) countries only.
Technical assistance and scientific-technical knowledge exchange Rio principle 9, JPOI (X.106, 109, 110) Yes, but uneven benefits
Training on technology ethics A21 (31.10c) No.
Knowledge sharing

Cooperation between scientists and policy makers for science- No, only few examples of systematic
JPOI (X.109, 111)
based decision-making collaboration.
Information

Scientific-technical input to intergovernmental processes, Partial, for particular issues only (e.g.,
A21 (31.4c,d)
policies, and the UN IPCC)
Disseminating research results A21 (31.4e, 35.4b), JPOI (X.106, 109) Yes.
UN to create inventory of technology clearing-houses A21 (34.17) No.
Regional cooperative mechanisms A21 (31.4b), JPOI (X.106) Partial. EU and ASEAN only.
Networks

No, but information is available in patent
Create network of clearing-houses of technology information A21 (34.15)
registers.
International network of technology assessment centres A21 (34.26) No
Partial. Only selected clusters and
Enhance green technology development, including with publicly Rio principle 9, JPOI (X.105, 106),
countries. Decreased public R&D in
Public support

funded R&D MDG2010 (60), JPOI (X.113)
OECD countries.
Improve science and technology for SD, incl. for biodiversity and CBD COP10, A21 (16.1, 35.4a), MDG2010
Yes.
agriculture (60)
Yes. 17% more women science
Increased number of women scientists A21 (31.4g, 35.21b)
RD&D

graduates than ten years ago.
Collaborative network of research centres (and others) A21 (34.21), JPOI (X.106, 108) No. EU only.
Support developing countries to access international R&D
Partnerships

JPOI (X.107) Partial. Primarily EU and ASEAN.
programmes
Promote long-term, international partnerships between
A21 (34.27) Yes
multinational and other enterprises
Promote partnerships between public and private sectors JPOI (X.106, 109) Yes
Enhance green technology transfer (incl. on mitigation, Rio principle 9, JPOI (X.105, 106, 113), Yes, but the scale not commensurate
adaptation, early warning, biodiversity and agriculture) MDG2010 (60), CBD-COP7, CA (3) with challenge
Facilitation

Promote green technology transfer to developing countries on No, at least not systematic or at a
JPOI (X.105)
Technology transfer

concessional and preferential terms significant scale.
Promote access to green technology JPOI (X.105) Yes
Technology Mechanism to accelerate climate-relevant technology
CA (11) Yes
development and transfer
Partnerships with the private sector on ICT MDG 8.F Yes.
Partnerships

Network of clearing-houses A21 (34.16) No
Promote joint ventures and FDI in line with developing countries’ Yes, but benefits limited to a few
A21 (34.28)
priorities countries.
Partial. For selected renewable techs,
Technology mandates

Enabling environment for green technology and biotechnology A21 (16.1), JPOI (X.105)
not biotech
National

Cooperation on codes of practice and guidelines A21 (31.10a) Yes
Improve agricultural technology performance MDG2010 (60) Yes
National advisory groups on technology ethics A21 (31.10b) Partial. Mainly in Europe.
International cooperation on codes of practise and guidelines A21 (31.10a) Yes.
Int’l

Changes to international legal instruments A21 (31.10d) Yes, TRIPS, TRIMS, CDM, etc.
Rio principle 9, JPOI (X.105, 106), Partial. Example feed-in tariffs, but
nhance green technology diffusion
Diffusi
Market incentives

MDG2010 (60) limited impacts.
onE

Develop and deploy ICTs A21 (31.4h), JPOI (X.112) Yes
Governments to encourage private sector to transfer green Partial. Many initiatives, but limited
A21 (34.18)
Transfer

technology impact.
Governments to purchase patents and licenses for transfer to
A21 (34.18(e)iii) No
developing countries on non-commercial terms
Notes: A21 := Agenda 21. Paragraph numbers provided in brackets. CBD=Convention on Biological Diversity. CA= Copenhagen Accord 2009.

5

Table 5. Summary of proposals on science and technology, contained in official submissions of Member States, intergovernmental organizations, and
major groups for the Rio+20 preparatory process. “Green technology”-specific elements are highlighted in green.
Proposal By* Is it “new”?
Green technology transfer and diffusion

Create an enabling environment that aims to remove barriers to technology transfer and adaptation, A21 (16.1), JPOI
G77, Egypt
especially to developing countries, in accordance with international obligations. (X.105)
A21 (34.18(e)iii), JPOI
Consider green technology transfer to developing countries on concessional terms, especially in the context
G77, India, Egypt, Brazil (X.105, 106, 113),
of publicly-funded technologies, and consider expansion of the scope of technologies in the public domain.
MDG2010 (60)
Establish a global technology mechanism [or ‘technology sharing facility’ or ‘technology clearing house’ or G77, Belarus, Bolivia, Partly, A21 (34.15,
‘Global Green Innovation and Technology Partnership’] to facilitate technology transfer and sharing. UNEP, AP Youth, ICTSD 16, 26), CA (11)
Support development of public-private knowledge sharing infrastructure, voluntary patent pools and other ECE regional meeting,
New
collaborative IP mechanisms, including open-source and General Public Licenses. OECD
JPOI (X.105, 106,
Exchange renewable energy technologies between countries, regions and different sectors. IRENA
113), CA (3)
Provide universal access to broadband Internet service, and develop and diffuse social technologies. Brazil A21 31.4, JPOI X.112
Establish a global mechanism for research cooperation on sustainable development by 2013, in order to Partly, A21 (34.21),
Research, development and demonstration

provide scientific knowledge, report progress, and promote research and innovation programmes in EU JPOI (X.106, 108),
partnership with the private sector and others. JPOI (X.107), CA (11)
Create an international, regulatory body on technology development. Kazakhstan New
A21 (34.21), JPOI
Identify and support centres of excellence as nodal points for technology research and development. India Delhi meeting
(X.106, 108)
Partly, A21 (31.4e,
Build a global, cross-sectoral information/data network, based on the Global Earth Observation Network. Japan, EU, AGEDI
35.4b), JPOI (X.106)
Promote basic and applied RD&D in the areas of energy, environment, chemistry, material sciences, and OECD, Europ. Students
New
engineering Forum, ECE meeting
JPOI (X.105, 106,
Promote RD&D on technologies related to renewable energy; marine and coastal areas; drylands; forest IRENA, IOC, CGEE Brazil,
113), A21 (16.1,
resources; and green local technologies based on traditional knowledge. Brazil, Egypt
35.4a)
Indonesia, Stakeholder Partly, JPOI (X.109,
Create an “Intergovernmental Panel on Sustainable Development” to provide scientific advice.
Forum, Children/Youth 111), A21 (31.4c,d)
Provide international support to countries to further develop their scientific, technological, professional G77, Boston University, Rio principle 9, JPOI
stakeholder participation

and related capacities. Pardee Center (X.106, 109, 110)
Capacity building and

G77, India, APRN,
Implement the Bali Strategic Plan for Technology Support and Capacity Building without further delay. Bali Strategic Plan
PDMA
Establish a global capacity development mechanism to provide country-, region- and sector-specific advice EU, ECE regional Partly (regional), A21
to Governments on the transformation to a green economy, and to assist them in accessing funds. meeting (31.4b), JPOI (X.106)
Consider economic partnership agreements on capacity building for green technology transfer and
India New
deployment.
Consider a global version of the Aarhus Convention. Pardee Center New
Pursue science-based decision making and integrated policy, where science, technology, and innovation
Botswana, UNESCO JPOI (X.109, 111)
policies are aligned with sectoral policies and national sustainable development strategies
Policy environment and market

Consider an International Convention for the Evaluation of New Technologies and create an intergovern- ETC Group, DPI/NGO
New
mental mechanism to provide resources and capacity building for impact assessment of new technologies. conf., ICENT, APRN
Institute carbon and resource prices to stimulate green innovation, and financial/economic instruments for
OECD, IRENA JPOI (X.105, 106)
incentives

renewable energy technology deployment.
Consider a Sustainable Energy Trade Agreement, with a view to enable the scaling-up of innovation,
ICTSD New
diffusion, and use of goods, services, and technologies in the non-fossil fuel energy sector.
Promote international markets of hi-tech goods and services, in order to accelerate major innovations. Kazakhstan New
Promote green patents, to provide fair incentives to innovators of environmentally sound technologies. Canada, G77, Brazil New
Develop responses to the needs of developing countries in the area of patent protection and intellectual Partly, A21
G77, Brazil
property rights, and explore the concept of assured access. (34.18(e)iii)
Consider a target share of financial resources to be committed to science, technology and innovation. Brazil New
Global goals and targets

Consider green technology roadmaps. IRENA New
Consider globally coherent, national goals and targets for 2020, 2050, 2070 and 2100, to be backed up by
Kazakhstan New
the Astana “Green Bridge” Initiative and related frameworks.
Consider the global goal that, by 2020, Governments promote production processes using best technology
DPI/NGO conference New
for eco-efficiency, recycling, manufacturing, reuse of materials, product durability and longevity.
Consider the global goal that, by 2020, the majority of the world’s goods and services are procured by
DPI/NGO conference New
Governments from sources certified by objective third parties as sustainably produced.
Consider long-term, global technology performance goals for key sectors, such as energy, water and waste. Colombia, Guatemala New
Notes: *= The wording of the proposals follows the text contained in the sources mentioned first in each row.

6
A21 := Agenda 21. Paragraph numbers provided in brackets. CBD=Convention on Biological Diversity. CA= Copenhagen Accord 2009.

The Copenhagen Accord in 2009 called for technology, finance Rio+20 are focussing primarily on those issues and commitments
and capacity building support (§3), to be registered (§5) and where insufficient progress has been made since 1992 (table 4).
provided through a new “Technology Mechanism to accelerate In view of the strong interest by delegates in sustainable
technology development and transfer” (§11). Details of this development goals, we provide additional details on the science
mechanism are still being discussed. and technology-related goals that have been put forward to the
In 2010, the “UN Summit on the Millennium Development Goals” Rio+20 preparatory process (table 6). It should be noted,
resolved to “promote the development and dissemination of however, that numerous other proposals have been made in
26
appropriate, affordable and sustainable technology and the various fora by think tanks, NGOs, and other actors.
transfer of such technologies on mutually agreed terms” (§60). Table 6. Technology-related goals and targets proposed recently.
In contrast to certain public perceptions, WTO’s TRIPS Agreement Proposal by Colombia and Guatemala
states that “…the protection and enforcement of intellectual pro- on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)27
perty rights should contribute to… technological innovation and to The Governments of Colombia and Guatemala have put forward the
the transfer…of technology, to the mutual advantage of producers most comprehensive proposal of SDGs. This proposal includes one
and users … and in a manner conducive to social and economic general goal on financing and technology capacity and three goals
welfare, and to a balance of rights and obligations” (Art. 7). specific to the energy and water sectors (without quantifications):
 Sufficient financial and technological capacities at the regional,
5. Delivery on commitments national and local levels… to implement waste reuse and recycling
Judgment is needed to assess delivery against the not-so-well policies… by 20_.
 _% of national energy needs are met from renewable sources by 20_.
defined commitments listed above. Yet, evidence is strong for the
 Energy efficiency standards are in place and under implementation at
following conclusions. All global time-bound commitments listed
national level.
in table 3 have been (or will most likely be) achieved. Overall
 Sectoral water use efficiency plans are in place by 20_.
delivery on the commitments that were not time-bound has been
relatively good, with 16 types of commitments fully and 10 DPI/NGO conference28
partially achieved. Yet, some glaring gaps remain with no The final declaration from this conference of CSOs proposed one time-
significant progress reported for 9 types of commitments (table bound SDG on green technology:
4). Overall progress towards the agreed objectives has been  By 2020, governments should promote production processes that
reflect the best available technologies for eco-efficiency, recycling,
better in the areas of technology transfer, mandates and market remanufacturing, reuse of waste materials, product durability and
incentives, than in RD&D and knowledge sharing. Technology- longevity… By 2020, the majority of the world’s goods and services are
oriented intergovernmental agreements might be considered procured by governments from sources certified by objective third
essential in a multilateral world, but they remain under- parties as sustainably produced.
developed compared to transport, trade, investment, and and suggested several general commitments to green technology:
environment agreements. It is impossible to say whether delivery  Improved access to information technology, especially for young
of commitments specifically relating to “green technology” has people;
fared better or worse than those generic to technology.  Governments to implement a just transition to sustainable economies
as fast as possible through an unprecedented level of cooperation and
6. Science and technology-related proposals for Rio+20 policy coherence by the sharing of green technologies and know-how.
Table 5 provides an overview of the science and technology-  Adoption of an intergovernmental mechanism or instrument to assess
the environmental, health and socio-economic impacts of new and
related proposals contained in the official submissions of emerging technologies, in line with the precautionary principle. We call
Member States, intergovernmental organizations, and major for the outright ban on technologies that put the planet at grave risk.
25
groups, including NGOs and the private sector. The wording of
Millennium Consumption Goals (MCG) initiative
the proposals closely follows the text in the submissions.
This initiative is organized in the form of an open dialogue, which means
Fifteen of the 31 proposals are “new” suggestions (highlighted in the content of MCGs is not fixed but evolves as new proposals emerge. A
red in table 5), in the sense that at present there are no agreed compilation of proposed MCGs is on the initiative’s website.29 It does not
international commitments. They are primarily in the areas of contain a specific technology goal, but proposes a time-bound energy
policy environment, market incentives, global goals and targets. technology goal: Increase renewable energy share to 15% by 2025.

Six proposals are elaborations on existing commitments, primarily Proposal by the Republic of Kazakhstan
in the form of institutional suggestions (indicated as “partly new” The following phased targets were suggested:
in table 5). Examples include the creation of global mechanisms  From 2020: to reserve carbon-bearing primary energy sources for
on technology, research cooperation, and capacity building, as future generations through renewable energy.
well as an Intergovernmental Panel on Sustainable Development  By 2050: to halve the energy intensity of a unit of Gross World Product
and to provide conditions for maintaining this energy intensity.
and an enhanced Global Earth Observation Network.
 By 2070: to build up a backlog of non-renewable energy and to achieve
The Rio+20 submissions did not cover 12 science and technology- global capacity of renewable energy at the level of global energy
related issues for which there are already existing global sufficiency for the period through to 2100.
commitments. Eight of these are deemed to be already fully  By 2100: to identify technological levels of energy sufficiency for each

7
achieved and four of them at least partly. The submissions for country securing high human development index.

7. Towards SDGs on science and technology (b) Universal access to sustainable technology

Need for equity
There are only two time-bound goals/targets related to science This goal might be elaborated in the form of universal access targets
and technology for sustainable development, and their delivery for modern, clean and affordable energy and transport services;
date has not yet expired: MDG 8.F and CBD Target 19. Discussions clean water, sanitation, waste water treatment, recycling, solid
waste management, and modern information and communications
might focus on accelerating progress towards these goals and on technologies, etc., by 2030.
additional time-bound, measurable goals/targets (table 7).
(c) Global green innovation system for sustainable development

Institutions need to be up to the challenge
Table 7. Potential areas to be considered for technology goals.
This goal might be elaborated in the form of institutional and inputs
(a) Global technology performance improvement by a factor 4 targets by 2030, for example:
This goal might be elaborated in the form of eco-efficiency targets  Global RD&D cooperation system that is open for participation by
entities from all countries.
It needs to “add-up” globally

for 2030 and 2050, for example:
 Global IPR system which promotes technology development,
 Increase global resource and energy efficiency by a factor 4 by
innovation, access and transfer. It would value quality over
2050. This might mean doubling the level of energy services, while
halving primary energy and resource use and overall pollution. quantity; support new forms of licensing, voluntary patent pools,
and free and open-source collaboration.
 Issue-specific technology performance targets for 2030: reduce
energy and resource/materials intensity by at least 40 per cent  Combined public and private investment of at least 2 per cent of
GDP in RD&D in all countries, and at least 3 per cent in
and double the use of waste water treatment and solid waste
management. technologically advanced economies.
 Issue-specific technology performance targets for 2020: increase  Publicly-funded technology, scientific discoveries and creative
by 20 per cent the water efficiency in agriculture and energy, as works made freely available for sustainable development.
well as food supply-chain efficiency.

The purpose of the Rio 2012 Issues Briefs is to provide a channel for policymakers and other interested stakeholders to discuss and
review issues relevant to the objective and themes of the conference, including a green economy in the context of sustainable
development and poverty eradication, as well as the institutional framework for sustainable development.
For further information on this Brief, please contact Richard Alexander Roehrl (roehrl@un.org).

1
Following Dobrov (1979), “technology” comprises not only material inputs and equipment, but also software (i.e., explicit and tacit knowledge and human skills) and
“orgware” (institutions, regulations and cultural norms). In the long-run, there cannot be progress in technology without progress in science and vice versa.
2
In addition to the energy technology examples provided here, similar statements apply to other technologies, in particular biotechnology and nanotechnology.
3
Grübler, A., (1998). Technology and Global Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
4
Diamond, J., (2005). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Viking Press.
5
Holdren, J.P., (2006). The energy innovation imperative: addressing oil dependence, climate change, and other 21st century energy challenges. Innovations: Technology,
Governance, Globalization, vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 3-23.
6
World Economic and Social Survey 2011, United Nations, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wess/wess_current/2011wess.pdf
7
Key World Energy Statistics 2010. International Energy Agency, 2010.
8
van Vuuren, D. P., Riahi, K. (2008). Do recent emission trends imply higher emissions forever? Climatic Change, vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 237-248.
9
Marchetti, C., Nakicenovic, N. (1979). The dynamics of energy systems and the logistic substitution model. IIASA, RR-79-13, cesaremarchetti.org/abstract.php?id=23.
10
von Weizsäcker, E. U., Lovins, A.B., Lovins, L.H. (1998). Factor Four: Doubling Wealth-Halving Resource Use-The New Report to the Club of Rome. Earthscan.
11
von Weizsäcker, E., et al. (2009). Factor Five: Transforming the Global Economy through 80% Improvements in Resource Productivity, ISBN 9781844075911.
12
Cullen, J., Allwood, J.M. (2010). Theoretical efficiency limits for energy conversion devices. Energy, vol. 35, No. 5 (19 January), pp. 2059-2069.
13
The most ambitious global sustainable development scenarios (e.g., IPCC-B1 scenario) illustrate pathways toward a factor 3 improvement.
14
Source: Brewer, T.L, (2008). Climate change technology transfer: a new paradigm and policy agenda, Climate Policy 8 (2008) p. 516-526.
15
Data sources: World Bank, UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
16
Five-year review of the Mauritius Strategy…”, United Nations, Report of the Secretary General, 5 July 2010, A/65/115.
17
Nemet, G., Kammen, D. (2007). U.S. energy research and development: declining investment…. Energy Policy, vol. 35/1, p. 746-755.
18
in PPP terms
19
There is a large body of literature suggesting an increasingly “excessive” nature of IPR systems since the 1990s. Examples include: (a) National Research Council (1993).
Global dimensions of intellectual property rights in science and technology, National Academy Press; (b) Louwaars et al. (2005). Impacts of Strengthened Intellectual
Property Rights Regimes on the Plant Breeding Industry in Developing Countries, World Bank; (c) Kur and Levin (2011). Intellectual Property Rights in a Fair World Trade
System – Proposals for Reform of TRIPS, Edward Elgar.
20
EPO (2009). Quality over quantity: on course to raise the bar, http://www.epo.org/about-us/office/annual-report/2008/focus.html
21
Patents and clean energy: bridging the gap between evidence and policy. UNEP, EPO and ICSTD (2011), www.epo.org/clean-energy
22
Zhang, X., (2011). A Network Analysis of Clean Technology Cooperation Programmes, background research paper, United Nations DESA, 2011.
23
International Energy Agency (2010). World Energy Outlook 2010. Paris: OECD.
24
Technology development and transfer of technology for Climate Change: A Survey of Activities by UN organizations, Working Paper, UN DESA/UNIDO, 2010.
25
The full text of official submissions to the preparatory process for Rio+20 are accessible here: http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=115
26
Additional proposals for goals and targets and their attainability are being reviewed by UN DESA in the context of the EU-funded project “Sustainable Development in
the 21st Century”, referred to as SD21 project, http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/dsd_sd21st/21_index.shtml.
27
Rio+20: Sustainable Development Goals – Proposal by the Governments of Colombia and Guatemala for consideration by the participating countries, September 2011;
http://www.eclac.org/rio20/noticias/paginas/9/43799/2011-613-Rio+20-Note_by_the_secretariat-Rev-1-30-08_Prop._Col_Guat.pdf
28
http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&nr=273&type=230&menu=38

8
29
http://www.mcgforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Table-MCG-Summary-v2.pdf

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