It act

TECHNOLOGY –THE NEW AGE

 Technology is the mover of
change, economies, governance
and thought processes. Coming
of technology has paved the way
for growth of new vistas and
horizons.

INTERNET

Extranet

Internet
interface
ENVIRONMENT

Supplier

The Business

Customer

IT Act, 2000

 Enacted on 17th May
2000- India is 12th
nation in the world to
adopt cyber laws
 IT Act is based on
Model law on e-
commerce adopted
by UNCITRAL

Objectives of the IT Act

To provide legal recognition for transactions:-
 Carried out by means of electronic data interchange, and
other means of electronic communication, commonly
referred to as "electronic commerce“
 To facilitate electronic filing of documents with
Government agencies and E-Payments
 To amend the Indian Penal Code, Indian Evidence
Act,1872, the Banker’s Books Evidence Act 1891,Reserve
Bank of India Act ,1934

 Electronic document produced Electronic World
by a computer. Stored in digital
form, and cannot be perceived
without using a computer
 It can be deleted, modified
and rewritten without leaving
a mark
 Integrity of an electronic
document is “genetically”
impossible to verify
 A copy is indistinguishable
from the original
 It can’t be sealed in the
traditional way, where the
author affixes his signature
 The functions of identification,
declaration, proof of electronic
documents carried out using a
digital signature based on
cryptography.

Electronic Commerce
 EC transactions over the
Internet include
 Formation of Contracts
 Delivery of Information
and Services
 Delivery of Content
 Future of Electronic
Commerce depends on
“the trust that the
transacting parties place
in the security of the
transmission and content
of their communications”

AUTHENTICATION OF
ELECTRONIC RECORDS

 Any subscriber may authenticate an
electronic record
 Authentication by affixing his digital
signature.
 Any person by the use of a public key of
the subscriber can verify the electronic
record.

Electronic World

 Digital signatures created and verified using
cryptography
 Public key System based on Asymmetric keys
 An algorithm generates two different and related
keys
 Public key
 Private Key
 Private key used to digitally sign.
 Public key used to verify.

Public Key Infrastructure

 Allow parties to have free access to the signer’s
public key
 This assures that the public key corresponds to the
signer’s private key
 Trust between parties as if they know one another
 Parties with no trading partner agreements,
operating on open networks, need to have highest
level of trust in one another

Section 3 Defines Digital
Signatures
 The authentication to be affected by use of
asymmetric crypto system and hash function
 The private key and the public key are unique
to the subscriber and constitute functioning
key pair
 Verification of electronic record possible

Certificate based Key
Management
CA

CA A B
 Operated by trusted-third
party - CA
 Provides Trading Partners
Certificates
 Notarises the relationship
User A User B
between a public key and
CA A its owner
CA B

Essential steps of the digital signature process
 STEP 1 The signatory is the authorized holder a unique
cryptographic key pair;
 STEP 2 The signatory prepares a data message (for example, in the
form of an electronic mail message) on a computer;
 STEP 3 The signatory prepares a “message digest”, using a secure
hash algorithm. Digital signature creation uses a hash result derived
from and unique to the signed message;
 STEP 4 The signatory encrypts the message digest with the private
key. The private key is applied to the message digest text using a
mathematical algorithm. The digital signature consists of the
encrypted message digest,
 STEP 5 The signatory typically attaches or appends its digital
signature to the message;
 STEP 6 The signatory sends the digital signature and the
(unencrypted or encrypted) message to the relying party
electronically;

Essential steps of the digital signature process
 STEP 7 The relying party uses the signatory’s public key to verify the
signatory’s digital signature. Verification using the signatory’s public
key provides a level of technical assurance that the message came
exclusively from the signatory;
 STEP 8 The relying party also creates a “message digest” of the
message, using the same secure hash algorithm;
 STEP 9 The relying party compares the two message digests. If they
are the same, then the relying party knows that the message has not
been altered after it was signed. Even if one bit in the message has
been altered after the message has been digitally signed, the message
digest created by the relying party will be different from the message
digest created by the signatory;
 STEP 10 Where the certification process is resorted to, the relying
party obtains a certificate from the certification service provider
(including through the signatory or otherwise), which confirms the
digital signature on the signatory’s message. The certificate contains
the public key and name of the signatory (and possibly additional
information), digitally signed by the certification service provider.

Regulations and controls
 Licensing Certifying Authorities (CAs) under section
21 of the IT Act and exercising supervision over their
activities.
 Certifying the public keys of the CAs, i.e. their
Digital Signature Certificates more commonly
known as Public Key Certificates (PKCs).
 Laying down the standards to be maintained by the
CAs,
 Addressing the issues related to the licensing
process

Civil Wrongs under IT Act
 Chapter IX of IT Act, Section 43
 Whoever without permission of owner of the computer
 Secures access (mere U/A access)
 Not necessarily through a network
 Downloads, copies, extracts any data
 Introduces or causes to be introduced any viruses or
contaminant
 Damages or causes to be damaged any computer resource
 Destroy, alter, delete, add, modify or rearrange
 Change the format of a file
 Disrupts or causes disruption of any computer resource
 Preventing normal continuance of computer

Civil Wrongs under IT Act (Contd.)
 Denies or causes denial of access by any means
 Denial of service attacks
 Assists any person to do any thing above
 Rogue Websites, Search Engines, Insiders providing
vulnerabilities
 Charges the services availed by a person to the account of
another person by tampering or manipulating any
computer resource
 Credit card frauds, Internet time thefts
 Liable to pay damages not exceeding Rs. One crore to the
affected party

Data diddling: changing data prior or
during input into a computer
 Section 66 and 43(d) of the I.T. Act covers the offence of
data diddling
 Penalty: Not exceeding Rs. 1 crore
Case in point :
NDMC Electricity Billing Fraud Case: A private
contractor who was to deal with receipt and accounting
of electricity bills by the NDMC, Delhi. Collection of
money, computerized accounting, record maintenance
and remittance in his bank who misappropriated huge
amount of funds by manipulating data files to show less
receipt and bank remittance.

TYPES OF CYBER CRIMES
 Cyber terrorism
 Cyber pornography
 Defamation
 Cyber stalking (section 509 IPC) Crime against Government
 Sale of illegal articles-narcotics,
weapons, wildlife
 Online gambling
 Intellectual Property crimes- software Crime against persons
piracy, copyright infringement,
trademarks violations, theft of computer
source code
 Email spoofing
Crime against property
 Forgery
 Phising
 Credit card frauds

TYPES OF CYBER CRIMES

Cyber crimes

Denial of
Informatio E-mail Salami Trojan
Hacking Service
n bombing attacks attacks
attacks
Theft

Section 65: Source Code
 Most important asset of software companies
 “Computer Source Code" means the listing of
programmes, computer commands, design
and layout
 Ingredients
 Knowledge or intention
 Concealment, destruction, alteration
 computer source code required to be kept or
maintained by law
 Punishment
 imprisonment up to three years and / or
 fine up to Rs. 2 lakh

Section 66: Hacking

• Ingredients
– Intention or Knowledge to cause wrongful loss
or damage to the public or any person
– Destruction, deletion, alteration, diminishing
value or utility or injuriously affecting
information residing in a computer resource
• Punishment
– imprisonment up to three years, and / or
– fine up to Rs. 2 lakh
• Cognizable, Non Bailable,
Section 66 covers data theft aswell as data alteration

Sec. 67. Pornography
 Ingredients
 Publishing or transmitting or causing to be published
 in the electronic form,
 Obscene material
 Punishment
 On first conviction
 imprisonment of either description up to five years and
 fine up to Rs. 1 lakh
 On subsequent conviction
 imprisonment of either description up to ten years and
 fine up to Rs. 2 lakh
 Section covers
 Internet Service Providers,
 Search engines,
 Pornographic websites
 Cognizable, Non-Bailable

There are many causes that I am prepared to die
for but no causes that I am prepared to kill for.

-let us not kill somebody’s business by hacking

Truth does not pay homage to any society, ancient
or modern. Society has to pay homage to Truth
or die.

It act

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