It for management on demand strategies for performance, growth,

IT for Management: On-Demand Strategies for Performance,
Growth, and Sustainability
Eleventh Edition
Turban, Pollard, Wood
Chapter 4
Networks, Collaborative Technology, and The Internet of
Things
Smarthinking.
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Rubrics
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assignment are
These are what I have to use to grade your work
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Discussions
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Academic Writing Standards

Discussion Board
Use Saudi Electronic University academic writing standards and
APA style guidelines
This is something we all have had to learn
That includes us Professors!
What many do not realize is that Microsoft have made it easy.
They include some very valuable referencing tools in their
program
The website includes images explaining exactly what to do
https://support.office.com/en-us/article/add-citations-in-a-word-
document-ab9322bb-a8d3-47f4-80c8-63c06779f127

Assignments for Module 4
Critical Thinking Assignment
Conduct research and write a paper on either mobile
technologies or the Internet of Things (IoT)
In your paper, address the following:
Briefly define the technology (collaborative technologies or IoT
technologies).
How and why are organizations applying this technology?
Identify and describe one real-world example.
What are the benefits of the technology to organizations?
For example, does the technology reduce costs?
Assignments for Module 4
How does the technology benefit the organization’s internal and
external users?
What are some challenges or potential problems of the
technology to the organization?
In your opinion, do the benefits outweigh these concerns?
Explain.
Your well-written report should be 4-5 pages in length, not
including the title and reference pages.
Check Your Understanding

5-10 multiple choice, true/false, fill in the blank questions, etc.
Learning Objectives (1 of 4)
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Network Fundamentals Defined
A computer network is a set of computers connected together
for the purpose of sharing recourses.
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Common Network
TypesAcronymTypeCharacteristicsExampleLANLocal Area
NetworkShort distance connection Office
School
HomeWANWide Area NetworkSpans large physical
distanceInternet
Large companyWLANWireless LANLAN based on Wi-Fi
technology
Internet
Large company

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Common Network
School
distanceInternet
technology
Internet
Large company
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Common Network
School
distanceInternet
technology
Internet
Large company

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Common Network Types
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There are many different types of network
They can be used for different purposes by different types of
people and organization
Here are some of the network types that you might come across:
Local Area Networks (LAN)
A local area network or LAN is a network that connects
computers within a limited area
This might be in a school, an office or even a home
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Personal Area Networks (PAN)
A personal area network is a network that is based on an
individual's workspace
The individual's device is the center of the network, with other
devices connected to it
There are also wireless personal area networks.
Home Area Networks (HAN)
A home area network connects devices within a home
environment
It might include personal computers, tablets, smartphones,

printers, TVs and other devices
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Wide Area Networks (WAN)
A wide area network is a network that covers a larger
geographical area, usually with a radius of more than a
kilometer
Campus Networks
A campus network is a LAN or set of connected LANs which is
used by a government agency, university, corporation or similar
organization
It is typically a network across a set of buildings that are close
together
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Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
Metropolitan area networks are networks that stretch across a
region the size of a metropolitan area
A MAN is a series of connected LANs in a city, which might
also connect to a WAN
Enterprise Private Networks
An enterprise private network is used by a company to connect
its various sites so that the different locations can share
resources

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Internetworks
Internetworks connect different networks together to build a
larger network
Internetworking is often used to describe building a large,
global network
Backbone Networks (BBN)
A backbone is a part of a network that connects different pieces
and provides a path for information to be exchanged.
Global Area Networks (GAN)
A global area network is a worldwide network that connects
networks all over the globe, such as the internet
Intranets, Extranets, and Virtual Private Networks
Intranets are used within a company for data access, sharing,
and collaboration
Extranets are private, company-owned networks that can be
logged into remotely via the Internet
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are used where security of
transmissions is a concern
They encrypt the packets before they are transferred over the
network
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Virtual Private Networks
A virtual tunnel routed through the Internet with software and
hardware encryption.
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A VPN provides the opportunity to establish a protected
network connection when using public networks
VPNs encrypt your internet traffic and disguise a person’s
online identity
This makes it more difficult for third parties to track activities
online and steal data
The encryption takes place in real time
They essentially create a data tunnel between a local network
and an exit node in another location
Which could be thousands of miles away
Making it seem as if the user is in another place
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36
37
37
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TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram
Protocol)
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Network Terminology
Modem: a device that modulates/demodulates signal for
transportation
Modulation and Coding: Techniques used by modem to adapt
the signal to the media
Signal: Binary information we want to send.

Signal Frequency Spectrum: All the frequency components of a
signal
Media Bandwidth: Limit in range of frequency signals
Capacity Bandwidth: Maximum bits per second that can be
transmitted
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Figure 4.4 Basic functions of business networks
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41

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43
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Quality of Service (QoS)
Latent-sensitivity: data such as real-time voice and high-quality
video.

Prioritized Traffic: data and apps that are time-delay-sensitive
or latency-sensitive apps.
Throttle Traffic: gives latency-sensitive apps priority, other
types of traffic need to be held back (throttled).
Traffic Shaping: the ability to prioritize and throttle network
traffic.
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The Net Neutrality Debate
Net neutrality is the principle that Internet Service Providers
(ISPs) and their regulators treat all Internet traffic the same
way.
Traffic shaping prioritizes the flow of traffic by delaying the
flow of less important network traffic.
In 2010, the FCC ruled in favor of “net semi-neutrality”, not
explicitly forbidding paid prioritization.
The FCC under the current administration may take further
steps to roll back net neutrality rulings, which could favor the
cable companies over consumers.
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The Net Neutrality Debate
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What is net neutrality and how could it affect you?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zq-2Yk5OgKc
Network Fundamentals
Name different types of networks
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
Metropolitan Network (MAN)
Storage Area Network (SAN)
Campus Area Network/Cluster Area Network (CAN)
Personal Area Network (PAN)
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Suggested Responses:
1. The different types of networks are LAN, WAN. WLAN,
MAN. SAN, CAN, PAN.
2. Bandwidth is the communication capacity of a network.
Bandwidth is the amount of data that passes through a network
connection over time as measured in bits per second (bps). For
an analogy to bandwidth, consider a pipe used to transport
water. The larger the diameter of the pipe, the greater the
throughput (volume) of water that flows through it and the
faster water is transferred through it.

3. Intranets are used within a company for data access, sharing,
and collaboration.
An extranet is a private, company-owned network that can be
accessed remotely via the Internet. It connects two or more
companies, suppliers, vendors, partners, or customers, so they
can securely share information.
4. Virtual private networks (VPNs) encrypt the data packets
before they are transferred over the network and decrypt at the
receiving end.
5. A modem is a device designed to adapt/modify the
information signals in a way that can be transport-ed by the
media. The word modem is composed of two terms: Modulator
and Demodulator, the Modulator adapts the information signal
in order to be transported by the media and the Demodulator
does the inverse process at reception.
6. Business networks support basic functions including:
communication, mobility, collaboration, relationships, and
search.
Communication: Provides sufficient capacity for human and
machine generated transmissions, such as being able to talk,
text, tweet, fax, send messages, etc.
Mobility: Provides secure, trusted, and reliable access from any
mobile device anywhere at satisfactory download (DL) and
upload (UL) speeds.
Collaboration: Supports teamwork activities that may be
synchronous or asynchronous; brain storming; and knowledge
and document sharing.
Relationships: Manages interaction with customers, supply
chain partners, shareholders, employees, regulatory agencies,
etc.
Search: Able to locate data, contracts, documents, spreadsheets,
and other knowledge within an organization easily and
efficiently.

7. Investments in network infrastructure, including data
networks, IP addresses, routers, and switches are
business decisions because of their impact on productivity,
security, user experiences, and customer service.
8. QoS technologies can be applied to create two tiers of traffic:
• Prioritize traffic: Data and apps that are time-delay-sensitive
or latency-sensitive apps, such as voice and video, are given
priority on the network.
• Throttle traffic: In order to give latency-sensitive apps
priority, other types of traffic need to be held back (throttled).
48
What is meant by “bandwidth”?
Bandwidth refers to the limitation in the range of frequency
signals that can move through media without significant
attenuation
The bandwidth of the media varies by type
Which is limited and typically can’t accept the entire signals
frequency spectrum
The range of frequencies that can move through the media
without significant attenuation is called bandwidth and it is also
measured in hertz
49

MAN. SAN, CAN, PAN.
and collaboration.
receiving end.
search.

upload (UL) speeds.
etc.
efficiently.
49
What is the difference between an intranet and an extranet?
Intranets are used within a company for data access, sharing,
and collaboration
They are portals or gate-ways that provide easy and inexpensive
browsing and search capabilities
logged into remotely via the Internet

Typical users are suppliers, vendors, partners, or customers.
Basically, an extranet is a network that connects two or more
companies so they can securely share information
50
MAN. SAN, CAN, PAN.
and collaboration.
receiving end.

search.
upload (UL) speeds.
etc.
efficiently.

50
How does a virtual private network (VPN) provide security?
Virtual private networks (VPNs) provide security by encrypting
the packets before they are transferred over the network
In effect, instead of using a leased line to create a dedicated,
physical connection
A company can invest in VPN technology to create virtual
connections routed through the Internet from the company’s
private network to the remote site or employee
51
MAN. SAN, CAN, PAN.
and collaboration.

receiving end.
search.
upload (UL) speeds.
etc.
efficiently.

51
What is the purpose of a modem?
A modem is a device used to adapt/modify the information
signals in a way that can be transported by the media
The word modem is composed of two terms: Modulator and
Demodulator
The Modulator adapts the information signal in order to be
transported by the media
The Demodulator does the inverse process at reception
Digital Modems are called “CSU/DSU” (Channel Service
Unit/Data Service Units)
52

MAN. SAN, CAN, PAN.
and collaboration.
receiving end.
search.

upload (UL) speeds.
etc.
efficiently.
52
Describe the basic functions of business networks
The basic business functions supported by business networks
are
Communication
Mobility
Collaboration
Relationships
Search

53
MAN. SAN, CAN, PAN.
and collaboration.
receiving end.

search.
upload (UL) speeds.
etc.
efficiently.
53

How do investments in network infrastructure impact an
organization?
Investments in network infrastructure, including data networks,
IP addresses, routers, and switches are business decisions
Because of their impact on productivity, security, user
experiences, and customer service
54
MAN. SAN, CAN, PAN.
2. Bandwidth is the communication …
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
1
6
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annotated bibliography

Introduction
PICOT question:
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Annotated Bibliography
1. Ann, M. H., Davis, A., & Glowatz, T. (2015). Development
of a diabetes learning needs assessment tool to promote an
individualized predischarge patient education plan. The Journal
of Continuing Education in Nursing, 46(11), 484-486.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00220124-20151020-12
The purpose of this artic le is to motivate nurses’ staff to
empower patient to improve their understanding of their
diabetes management. The article emphasizes the importance of
the knowledge and successful glycemic control in diabetic
patients. Therefore, Authors promote the necessity of implement
a pre-discharge patient education plan to identify and address
the knowledge and skill needed for diabetic patients after
discharge. The pre-discharge need assessment consist in several
questions that the nurse can ask to patient such us: What
medication do you take? Do you know how to administer
correctly those medications? Are you in insulin? Do you how to
how to drawing it up and injecting it? Do you know what A1C
is? Etc. The experiment was done to 44 diabetes patients. The
need assessment was used in the admission and in discharge
day. Nurses used the data collected to select appropriate

learning materials and used them to reinforce the patients’
knowledge. As a result, the diabetic education increased in from
36% to 63% in five months. The documentation of diabetes
education also increased because nurses understood the
importance of the education in diabetic patients.
2. Blackman, N. (2008). The development of an assessment tool
for the bereavement needs of people with learning disabilities.
British Journal Of Learning Disabilities, 36(3), 165-170.
Retrieved from:
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=tfh&AN
=33863849&site=ehost-live
The aim of this article is the development of a bereavement
needs assessment tool to assess the need for crisis intervention
for people with learning disabilities after a family death. With
the assessment tools, health professionals can make a
comprehensive assessment at the bereavement time to discover
the problem and a plan can be put it in action. The tool was
developed with the recompilation of several collected
experience over the years of supporting grieving people with
learning disabilities. The assessment tool has ten questions wi th
sub- questions. The main points of the assessment are the
practical issues, social issues, and emotional issues. The
assessment tool has been tried out in three community teams
and their results are being used to redefine the tool. The author
will incorporate findings from research results to the assessment
tool to refine the bereavement assessment. The used of the
bereavement assessment toll will promote discussion and
reflection among health care providers about losses in people
with learning disability.
3. Ewing, G., & Grande, G. (2013). Development of a carer
support needs assessment tool (CSNAT) for end-of-life care
practice at home: A qualitative study. Palliative Medicine,
27(3), 244-56. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216312440607
The authors of this article recognized the need to assess and
support the care givers that are providing end- of – life care to
help them in their caring role. The purpose of this article is to

collect care givers’ perception of key aspects of end of life care
at home and to create a need assessment tool that can be used
every day. A qualitative research method was done. Seventy
five adult care givers for hospice patients we interviewed in the
United Kingdom. They were divided in nine focus groups.
Twenty two participants had private interviews no more than ten
minutes in duration. All participants sing their informed consent
before the experiment started. The assessment tool used
evaluated 14 domains of support needs within physical,
practical, social, financial, physiological, and spiritual needs
that the care givers may have. The experimental study identified
two brad groups of support that the care givers need. The first
one was to enable them to care for their relatives and the second
one to have more support for them. The Carer Support Needs
Assessment Tool that was used in this research is an evidence
based toll to measure the care givers support needs.
4. Jenkins, J. O. (2010). A multi-faceted formative assessment
approach: better recognizing the learning needs of students.
Assessment & Evaluation In Higher Education, 35(5), 565-
576.Retrieved from:
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=tfh&AN
=53155623&site=ehost-live
The purpose of this article is to create a multi-faceted formative
assessment that enabled student to be more engage in the
assessment process. The assessment will better meet the
students’ learning and assessment needs. The approaches in this
article put the students in the center of the learning experience
to improve students understanding the assessment. The
multifaceted formative assessment had six initiatives: (1) The
creation of subject specific reader that present more clearly the
purpose of the assessment, (2) The assessment was refocused
depend on the hours involved and not in the number of words
that it has, (3) The amount of assignment was reduced, (4) The
assessment had detailed guidance notes to help creating an
effective self-study environment, (4) an assignment tutorial was
created to facilitate discussion of the assignment to improve

learning, and (6) an E-learning environment was introduced to
enhance the assignment submissions and comments that will
help in the assessment’s formative process. The results of the
assessment were done by reading and analyzing the students’
feedback and perceptions of the assessment process. The results
of this study indicate that the development of a module reader
was useful for the students to be engaged with the subject being
studied. It also shown that the assignment tutorial and guidance
note helped them to be more engage with the assessment.
Therefore, the author of this article recommends that other
subjects use the readers, assignment –based tutorials and the
guidance note to help the student with their learning process
5. Kamaraj, D. C., Dicianno, B. E., & Cooper, R. A. (2014). A
participatory approach to develop the power mobility screening
tool and the power mobility clinical driving assessment tool.
BioMed Research International,
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/541614
The development of evidence based training protocol for
electric powered wheelchair users such us disability persons has
been a challenge because of a lack of standardized assessment
toll. The purpose of this article is to develop the Power
Mobility Screening Tool (PMST) and the Power Mobility
Clinical Driving Assessment (PMCDA). The research method
was a qualitative participatory research. The research was done
an approved by the University of Pittsburgh’s Institutional.
Twenty one participants were agreed to participate in the
surveys and in the focus groups phases of the research. In the
process, there were two surveys to create a list of items that
will be including in the PMST and in the PMCDA. The
participants rank, in the surveys, each of the screening tests in
order of importance. After the survey was done, he participant
were invited to participate in a focus group in which they
discuss two sections the screen tool and the assessment tool.
The results of this research realized tree standards that need to
be fallow in the creation of the assessments. First, the goal of
the PMCDA should toward improving mobility and

independence of individual with disability rather than improve
the access to the wheel chair. Second, the goal should be
measurable so can identify progress with training. Third, the
measurement should be able to recognized areas in which
trainings should improve. Because this research was done with a
small sample group, authors subject that further testing is
needed to evaluate the effectivity of administrating these tools
in clinical environment
6. Macan, T., Konczak, L., & Breaugh, J. (2013). At your
service: Blending science and practice to develop a customer
service assessment tool. Applied H.R.M.Research, 13(1), 24-36.
Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1448424808?accountid=458
This article describes specific strategies and factors that can be
utilized to achieve the high quality customer services oriented
in an organization. This article explains a detail a project that
involves the development of a customer service oriented paper
and pencil assessment. The purpose of this article was to share
different approaches to be considered in order to achieve high
quality services. The article included five practical challenges
that the organizations can face in this project. Those challenges
explain were (1) Cost effectiveness and administrative
efficiency,(2) Get the attention to the stakeholders, (3)Diversity
of the applicants, (4) Balance statistic and practical
significance, and (5) Gather multiple forms of validity
evidence. The authors created an assessment tools taking into
consideration those five challenge. They created an assessment
tool to measure employee performance for part time positions.
The assessment tool has 27 items that can be done in ten
minutes and it is ease to score by hand. The assessment tool was
made by taking into consideration age and race diversity of the
applicants. The assessment is ease to read with the fifth grade
reading level. The authors highlight the necessity of doing more
researchers to provide more evidence for using the different
approaches used in the study to have better strategies in
implementing an innovative and scientific assessment measures.

Running head: CENTRAL LINE INFECTIONS 1
CENTRAL LINE INFECTIONS 2
Infection associated with Centrals lines
Infection Associated with Centrals Lines
Central line-associated bloodstream infection is one of serious
infection that takes place germs commonly bacteria and viruses
penetrate bloodstream via the central line. The infection causes
millions of deaths every year despite the infections being
preventable. The central line gets infected when contaminated
catheter devices especially before the insertion, contaminated
infusate, and contaminated catheter hub are used (Kirk, 2018).
Skin organisms are also named as the cause of the infection.
The central line of the patient gets infected when the virus or
bacteria or other related germs enter into the bloodstream
causing serious infections. Central line infection may become
serious but can be successfully treated by health workers. The

common central lines that are commonly infected are “Femoral
central venous catheters”.
Most infections occur when doctors put the central line also
called a central venous catheter in a large vein found in the
neck, groin, chest, or arm so that to provide blood, other fluids,
or medication in the areas. The insertion of the central venous
catheters may not effective and therefore causing catheter
malfunction, thrombosis or central vein stenosis, and other
catheter-associated infections (Kuriakose, 2020). The common
risks that have been found to increase central line infection
include ICU placement of the central nervous catheter, the
existence of the nonoperative cardiovascular illness, and the
existence of the gastrostomy tube in the veins.
Problem Statement
The central line-associated bloodstream infections are
regarded as the most lethal-hospital acquired disorder impacting
high costs to health care institutions approximately $ 46 000 in
every infection and causing a mortality rate of 18%. The health
care institutions have noticed that when patients are infected
with CLABSI, the number of days to 12 weeks is extended as
well as the antibiotics to improve the situation of the patients.
The infections of central lines in hospitals do not only affect the
reimbursement but also create a negative perception of the
hospitals and therefore training is required for the ICU nurses
within one week (Tan et al. 2017). The hospital-acquired rates
of infections are alarming hence there is need for training of
ICU nurses or medics through establishing a compelling
program that will help nurses remedy the situation. Preventing
hospital-acquired CLABSI will improve the quality of care and
enhance patient wellness. There is a need for quality
interventions to be conducted to attain the goal of high infection
of the central line and reduce the number of days taken in the
ICU unit.
PICOT Question
It is unknown the application of an educational program to ICU
nurses about central line management. Will improve central line

infection rate compared with the infection rate before the
teaching within12 week?
The ICU nurses play a vital role in proper maintaining of the
central lines hence preventing the development of the CLABSI.
The ICU nurses have more access to central lines daily when
offering services as blood draws, medication administration as
well as delivery of parenteral nutrition to the affected
individuals. It is very critical for ICU nurses as the population
of interest to be much aware of evidence-based interventions
both the current and past to optimize the process of maintaining
central lines and prevent infections (Ayala, 2019). ICU nurses
should be trained for twelve weeks to improve service delivery
that will help reduce the number of infections. Nurses should be
equipped well enough to make them determined to offer quality
and effective nursing services that will reduce the high cost and
the lengths of care taken by the patients in the hospital. ICU
nurses are one of the key components in the treatments of
central line infections and should be equipped with adequate
skills and knowledge through training. Implementing effective-
based interventions in the field of nursing care especially in the
occurrence of CLABSI will help to decrease the instances of
infections among people. ICU nurse is the population of
interest that can be improved and reduce the mortality and
infections of CLABSI in hospital-based settings through
competent nursing interventions.
Intervention of Interests
Training of ICU nurses is the key intervention used in this
project to reduce infection of central lines. Training of ICU
nurses within 12 weeks on how to manage and reduce the
incidences of the infection was conducted based on nursing
evidence-based approaches seeking to equip ICU nurses with
sufficient knowledge of reducing the incidence associated with
causing central line infections. Preventing the introduction of
bacteria and viruses (microorganisms) to the central lines which
take place in hospitals is the most key area the training focused
on to control CLABSI. The efforts of preventing central line

infections lie in the hand of nurses because they are the ones
mandated for the routine care and maintenance of the central
lines (Kuriakose, 2020). The actions and compliance of the
nurses depicting the best evidence-based practices depicted a
direct impact on patient outcomes. The intervention required
the ICU nurses to strictly adhere to intervention measures of not
introducing microorganisms in central lines. Putting more effort
into the insertion and post-insertion maintenance should be well
monitored and evaluated by nursing professionals through
training because they are the major processes that cause risks of
infections.
The interventions through training purposed to analyze the
intrinsic and extrinsic factors to have a better understanding of
the disease considering the age, patient’s gender, or other
underlying conditions of the patients because they are the main
clients served by ICU nurses on matters relating to central lines.
The training also intervened and articulated conditions that lead
to –prolonged hospitalization before the process of insertion is
enacted. The education on the use of Chlorhexidine gluconate
(CHG) was emphasized (antiseptic solution) due to its ability to
possess wide spectrum activity that reacts against bacteria,
viruses, and other microorganisms that are to the central line-
associated bloodstream infections (Lacerna, 2020).
The use of CHG helps to prevent CLABSI, especially on the
skin. Other evidence-based steps that the training as the
intervention addressed for CLABSI prevention include the use
of the appropriate hand hygiene during and after central line
insertion, use of "chlorhexidine” for skin preparation, stopping
using the "femoral vein” by the ICU nurses for catheters
especially in adult patients, removing catheters that are
considered unnecessary and lastly utilizing full barrier
precautions or warnings during the insertion process of the
central venous catheter (Moore, 2016).
Comparison
The central line-associated bloodstream infections rate will
have analyzed and concluded after the interventions that involve

training of ICU nurses and making a comparison with the
outcomes or results obtained before starting the training and at
the end of the 12 weeks where will evaluated the knowledge of
nurses. The outcome of this alternative intervention will better
outcomes in preventing central line-associated bloodstream
infection.
Outcome
The training process aims to reduce the baseline incidences of
CLABSI, according to Taylor et al. (2017) are 40/1000 days of
central line, after the training of ICU nurses, it is expected that
there will be a significant reduction. Likewise, it is intended to
reduce the incidence of central line-based bloodstream
infections, showing the positive impact of training in the effort
to prevent or reduce central line infections that occur in the
hospital environment.
Approximately 98 ICU nurses (sample convenience) will be
used in the project. At the end of the 12 weeks of training for
ICU nurses, a maximum reduction of 50% in CLABSI is
expected after the adoption of prevention measures, compared
to starting the training. CLABSI rates tend to vary from
healthcare to healthcare based on facilities (Kirk, 2018).
Therefore, reduction in the costs of post-training care is also
expected. Likewise, it is expected to take into account
associated factors such as limited space between beds, shor tage
of ICU nursing staff, little knowledge and training of hospital
institutions for health personnel, incomplete documentation,
among other possible reasons that are also intended. identify
before the 12 week training is completed.
Time
The period taken for the interventions listed above to achieve an
outcome is 12 weeks. The training of ICU nurses to achieve the
intended purpose of reducing the infection incidences of central
lines was completed at the end of the twelve weeks. This
stipulated time allowed ICU nurses to be equipped with
sufficient knowledge that aimed to influence patients positively.
Conclusion

The intensive education through training sessions with the
response originating from ICU nurses over 12 weeks led to the
significant improvement of matters about central line-associated
bloodstream infections. The recollection of data in phase three
of the training reaffirmed the significance and role of education
in reducing infection incidences. During the project, it was
found that high adherence to the “CL bundle intervention’’
adopted through training of ICU seemed to correlate positively
to the reduction of central line infections in the ICU (Taylor et
al. 2017). The study reveals that data from NHSN was more
comprehensive as well as an effective benchmarking tool that
established comparison to INICC as it tries to represent or
depict those countries developing surveillance systems. More
studies on projects should be conducted to formulate or design
the national policy that can be used to benchmark the
surveillance outcome of proposed devices or tools that are
associated with infections of central lines in ICU.
References
Ayala, J. L. (2019). Development and Evaluation of a Nurse
Leader-Directed Compliance Coach Program to Improve Central
Line Maintenance. Wilmington University (Delaware).
Kuriakose, L. (2020). Decreasing Central Line-Associated
Bloodstream Infection Through Limiting the Use of Central
Venous Catheters for Routine Blood Draws. Journal of Doctoral

Nursing Practice.
Moore, M. A. (2016). Evaluation of Central Line Insertion
Bundle Practices in a Trauma/Surgical Intensive Care Unit.
Kirk, M. P. H. (2018). Healthy Work Environment Improves
Nurse-Sensitive Patient Outcomes (Doctoral dissertation, Grand
Canyon University).
Lacerna, C. (2020). Application of Sustainability Framework for
Quality Improvement in an Integrated Health System.
Taylor, J. E., McDonald, S. J., Earnest, A., Buttery, J.,
Fusinato, B., Hovenden, S., ... & Tan, K. (2017). A quality
improvement initiative to reduce central line infection in
neonates using checklists. European journal of
pediatrics, 176(5), 639-646.

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