Jar speeds & distances intro
- 1. 2. SPEEDS AND DISTANCES Performance JAR 23
- 2. SPEEDS AND DISTANCES Speeds: Definitions • VS: Stall speed • VS0: Stall speed in landing configuration • VS1: Stall speed in a specified configuration • VLE: Maximum Landing Gear Extended speed • VLO: Maximum Landing Gear Operating speed • VFE: Maximum Flap Extended speed • VA: Maneuvering speed • VNO: Maximum Structural Cruising speed • VNE: Never Exceed speed • VR & V2: Operative speeds Declared distances Takeoff requirements
- 3. SPEEDS: DEFINITIONS STALL SPEED (VS) It is the minimum steady flight speed at which the aeroplane is controllable. Stall condition
- 4. SPEEDS: DEFINITIONS STALL SPEED IN LANDING CONFIGURATION (VS0) It is the minimum steady flight speed at which the aeroplane is controllable under the following conditions: • Propeller in takeoff position. • Engine controls set at zero thrust. • Landing gear down and cowl flaps closed. • Full flaps. • CG in the most unfavourable position (forward). • Maximum Take Off Mass (MTOM).
- 5. SPEEDS: DEFINITIONS STALL SPEED IN A SPECIFIED CONFIGURATION (VS1) It is the minimum steady flight speed at which the aeroplane is controllable under the following conditions: • Propeller in takeoff position. • Engine controls set at zero thrust. • Specified configuration (the same for which the speed found will be used). For single engined landplanes, VR must not be less than VS1.
- 6. SPEEDS: DEFINITIONS MAXIMUM LANDING GEAR EXTENDED SPEED (VLE) It is the maximum calibrated airspeed at which the airplane can be safely flown with the landing gear extended. This is a problem involving stability and controllability. MAXIMUM LANDING GEAR OPERATING SPEED (VLO) It is the maximum calibrated airspeed at which the landing gear can be safely extended or retracted. This is a problem involving the air loads imposed on the operating mechanism during extension or retraction of the gear.
- 7. SPEEDS: DEFINITIONS MAXIMUM FLAP EXTENDED SPEED (VFE) It is the highest calibrated airspeed permissible with the wing flaps in a prescribed extended position. This is because of the air loads imposed on the structure of the flaps. MANEUVERING SPEED (VA) It is the maximum speed at which the limit load can be imposed (either by gusts or full deflection of the control surfaces) without causing structural damage.
- 8. SPEEDS: DEFINITIONS MAXIMUM STRUCTURAL CRUISING SPEED (VNO) It is the speed that should not be exceeded except in smooth air and then only when caution. NEVER EXCEED SPEED (VNE) It is the speed limit that may not be exceeded at any time. It is indicated by a red line in the airspeed indicator.
- 10. SPEEDS: DEFINITIONS ROTATION SPEED (VR) The rotation speed VR is the speed at which rotation must be initiated in order to attain V2 not later than at 50 ft.
- 11. SPEEDS: DEFINITIONS TAKEOFF SAFETY SPEED (V2) The takeoff safety speed V2 is the speed that will allow the initial climb to be continued with a safe margin to stall. For single-engined aeroplanes (JAR 23), this speed is the higher of: a) A speed that is shown to be safe under all reasonably expected conditions, including turbulence and complete engine failure. b) V2 ≥ 1.2 · VS1
- 12. DISTANCES DECLARED DISTANCES TORA: Takeoff Run Available TODA: Takeoff Distance Available ASDA: Accelerate-Stop Distance Available LDA: Landing Distance Available Declared distances can be found in the AIP (AD section), and they are also included in the aerodrome charts.
- 13. DISTANCES TORA (Takeoff Run Available) It is the distance available as takeoff run, which is basically the length of the runway.
- 14. DISTANCES TORA
- 15. DISTANCES TODA (Takeoff Distance Available) It is the TORA plus any clearway, which is an area beyond the runway, free of obstacles and under the Airport Authority Control. A typical clearway is the sea.
- 17. DISTANCES ASDA (Accelerate-Stop Distance Available) It is the TORA plus any stopway. A stopway is an area beyond the runway which can be used for decelerating the aeroplane during an aborted takeoff, without the aeroplane being damaged. Stopway CANNOT be used for landing calculations.
- 20. DISTANCES LDA (Landing Distance Available) It is the length of runway which is declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane landing. It is also a declared distance, and it will be equal to the TORA if there is no displaced threshold. Stopways are not included in the LDA.
- 22. DISTANCES CWY = 100 m
- 23. DISTANCES NO SWY
- 25. DISTANCES
- 26. DISTANCES
- 28. TAKEOFF REQUIREMENTS FIELD-LENGTH REQUIREMENTS NO STOPWAY OR CLEARWAY TOD ≤ 0.8 · TORA 50 ft Takeoff distance = 80 % TORA Safety margin
- 29. TAKEOFF REQUIREMENTS FIELD-LENGTH REQUIREMENTS TORA SWY OR CWY AVAILABLE 0.77 · ASDA 0.87 · TODA In other terms: TOD ≤ TORA 1.30 · TOD ≤ ASDA 1.15 · TOD ≤ TODA TOD ≤ the most restrictive of