Weight & balance control
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This document provides definitions and terms related to weight and balance control for aircraft. It defines key terms like center of gravity, datum, maximum weights, moments, and payload. It also explains the importance of balance and how adverse balance can impact an aircraft's stability and control. Maintaining proper weight and balance is important for the safety and performance of aircraft operations.
Weight & balance control
- 1. Weight & Balance Control
- 3. M. Tayfour 3 االمن جهاز طيرانالشرطة طيران انترناشونال اكاديمية الجوي لشحن الخرطوم قريةللطيران الخرطوم اكاديمية القواتالمسلحة(القواتطيارين الجوية)
- 4. Theory of Flight How an Airplane fly
- 6. 4 Forces
- 7. 4 Forces
- 8. Drag
- 9. Lift
- 10. Thrust
- 11. Weight
- 14. How to Thrust Generated
- 15. Type of Thrust
- 16. Type of Thrust
- 17. Type of Thrust
- 18. How is lift Generated Aerofoil
- 19. How is lift Generated Aerofoil
- 20. How is lift Generated Aerofoil
- 21. How is lift Generated Aerofoil
- 22. How is lift Generated Flap
- 23. How is lift Generated Flap
- 25. Motions of the Airplane Identify motions around the 3 axes • Longitudinal or X Axis •Lateral or Y Axis •Vertical or Z Axis
- 26. Motions of the Airplane Identify motions around the 3 axes
- 27. Motions of the Airplane Yawing
- 28. Motions of the Airplane Patching
- 29. Motions of the Airplane Rolling
- 31. How to Airplane Stop • Airplane stop with three system : –Landing Gear Brakes (wheels). –Speed Brakes (wings). –Thrust Reverser (turbines).
- 35. Corse Contents
- 36. Corse Contents • Introduction • Weight Control الوزن في التحكم • Effects of weight الوزن آثار • Weight changes التغييرات الوزن • Balance, Stability and Center of Gravity مركز و واالستقرار التوازن الجاذبية • Effects of Adverse Balance آثارتوازنالمعاكس • Management of Weight & Balance Controlتحكم وتوازن الوزن إدارة
- 37. • Terms & Definitions والتعاريف الشروط • Principles of Weight & Balance Computations الحسابية وتوازن الوزن مبادئ • Weight & Balance Restrictions القيود وتوازن الوزن • Determining Loaded Weight & Center of Gravity المحملة الجاذبية ومركز الوزن تحديد • Load Sheet & Cargo Control Corse Contents
- 38. Introduction of W&B There are many factors that lead to efficient and safe operation of aircraft .
- 39. Weight Control Weight is a major factor in airplane construction and operation, and it demands respect from all pilots and particular diligence by all mechanics and repairmen. Excessive weight reduces the efficiency of an aircraft and the safety margin available if an emergency condition should arise.
- 40. Effects of weight Any item aboard the aircraft that increases the total weight in undesirable for performance. Manufacturers attempt to make an aircraft as light as possible without sacrificing strength or safety.
- 41. أيجزاءمتن على م تزيد التي الطائرةن غير الكلي الوزن لألداء فيه مرغوب.
- 42. Effects of weight Some of the problems caused by overloading an aircraft are:
- 44. Effects of weight • Higher takeoff speed • Longer takeoff run • Reduced rate and angle of climb • Lower maximum altitude • Shorter range • Reduced cruising speed • Higher stalling speed
- 45. Effects of weight • Higher approach and landing speed • Longer landing roll • Excessive weight on the nose wheel or tail wheel
- 46. Higher Takeoff Speed the aircraft will need a higher takeoff speed, which results in a longer takeoff run. االقالع سرعة الى تحتاج الطائرات فإن التي ،العليامدى أكبر في النتائجلالقالع.
- 49. Reduced rate and angle of climb
- 51. Shorter Range
- 54. Higher approach and landing speed
- 56. Excessive weight on the nose wheel or tail wheel
- 57. Weight Changes The maximum allowable weight for an aircraft is determined by design considerations. However, the maximum operational weight may be less than the maximum allowable weight due to such considerations as high-density altitude or high- drag field conditions caused by wet grass or water on the runway. The maximum operational weight may also be limited by the departure or arrival airport’s runway length.
- 58. Balance, Stability and Center of Gravity Balance refers to the location of the CG of an aircraft, and is important to stability and safety in flight. The CG is a point at which the aircraft would balance if it were suspended at that point.
- 59. Balance, Stability and Center of Gravity واالستقرار التوازن الجاذبية مركز
- 68. Balance, Stability and Center of Gravity AFM (Aircraft Flight Manual)
- 69. Effects of Adverse Balance آثارالتوازنالمعاكس Stability & Control
- 70. Effects of Adverse Balance آثارالتوازنالمعاكس Stability : Loading in a nose heavy condition causes problems in controlling and raising the nose especially during takeoff and landing . Tail heavy loading also produces very light control forces.
- 71. Effects of Adverse Balance آثارالتوازنالمعاكس Stability : TCDS : Type Certificate Data Sheet AFM : Aircraft Flight Manual POH : Pilot’s Operating Handbook
- 72. Effects of Adverse Balance آثارالتوازنالمعاكس Stability : TCDS : Type Certificate Data Sheet Fore and Aft limits beyond which the CG should not be located for flight.
- 73. Effects of Adverse Balance آثارالتوازنالمعاكس Stability : AFM : Aircraft Flight Manual the action places the aircraft controls in an of streamline condition, increases drag, and results in decreased operating efficiency, since lateral balance is addressed in AFM.
- 76. Effects of Adverse Balance آثارالتوازنالمعاكس Control : In extreme cases a CG location that beyond the forward limit may result in nose heaviness, making it difficult or impossible to flare for landing. Manufacturers purposely place the forward CG limit as far rearward as possible to aid pilots in avoiding damage when landing.
- 80. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Arm (moment arm) The horizontal distance in inches from the reference datum line to the CG of an item. The algebraic sign is plus (+) if measured aft of the datum, and minus (-) if measured forward of the datum.
- 81. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Basic Empty Weight The standard empty weight plus the weight of optional and special equipment that have been installed.
- 82. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Center of Gravity The point about which an A/C would balance if it were possible to suspend it at that point.
- 83. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات CG Limits The specified forward and aft point within the CG must be located during flight, these are indicated on pertinent aircraft specifications.
- 84. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات CG Range The distance between the forward and aft CG limits indicated on pertinent aircraft specifications.
- 85. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Datum An imaginary vertical plane or line from which all measurements of arm are taken. The datum is established by the manufacturer. Once the datum has been selected, all moment arms and the location of CG range are measured from this point.
- 86. Datum
- 87. Datum
- 88. Datum
- 89. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Floor load limit The maximum weight the floor can per square inch/foot as provided by the manufacturer.
- 90. Floor load limit
- 91. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Fuel load The expendable part of the load the aircraft, it includes only usable fuel, not fuel required to fill the lines or that which remains trapped in the tank sumps
- 92. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Fuel load The expendable part of the load the aircraft, it includes only usable fuel, not fuel required to fill the lines or that which remains trapped in the tank sumps.
- 93. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Licensed empty weight The empty weight that consists of the airframe, engine(s), unusable fuel, and un-drainable oil plus standard and optional equipment as specified in the equipment list.
- 95. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Maximum land weight Is the greatest weight that an aircraft normally is allowed to have at loading.
- 97. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Maximum ramp (Taxi) weight The total weight of a loaded A/C, and includes all fuel. It is greater than the takeoff weight due to the fuel that will be burned during the taxi and run-up operations.
- 98. Maximum ramp (Taxi) weight
- 101. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Maximum takeoff weight The maximum allowable weight for takeoff.
- 102. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Maximum weight The maximum authorized weight of the aircraft and all of it’s equipment as specified in the TCDS for the A/C.
- 103. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Maximum Zero Fuel Weight The maximum weight, exclusive of usable fuel for the A/C.
- 104. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Moment The product of the weight of an item multiplied by its arm. Moment are expressed in pound-inches (in-lb). Total moment is the weight of the airplane multiplied by the distance between the datum and CG.
- 105. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC) The average distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge of wing.
- 106. Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
- 107. Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
- 108. Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
- 109. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Moment Index A moment divided by a constant such 100, 1.000 or 10.000 . The purpose of using a moment index is to simplify weight and balance computations of aircraft where heavy item and long arms result in large, unmanageable numbers.
- 110. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Payload The weight of passengers, cargo, mail and baggage.
- 111. Payload
- 112. Payload
- 113. Payload
- 114. Payload
- 115. Payload
- 116. Payload
- 117. Payload
- 118. Payload
- 119. Payload
- 120. Payload
- 121. Payload
- 122. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Standard empty weight A/C weight that consists of the airframe, engines, and all item of operating equipment that have fixed locations and are permanently installed in the A/C, including ballast, hydraulic fluid, unusable fuel, and full engine oil.
- 124. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Standard weight Established weight for numerous items involved in weight and balance computations. These weight should not be used if actual weight are available. Some of the standard weight are :
- 125. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Standard weight Some of the standard weight are : Gasoline……… = 6 Ib/US gal Jet A, Jet A1… = 6.8 Ib/US gal Jet B…………… = 6.5 Ib/US gal Oil……………… = 7.5 Ib/US gal
- 126. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Station A location in the A/C that is identified by designating its distance in inches from the datum. The datum is therefore identified as station zero.
- 127. Station
- 128. Terms and Definitions والتعاريف المصطالحات Useful load The weight of the pilot, passengers, baggage, usable fuel and drainable oil. It’s the basic empty weight subtracted from the maximum allowable gross weight.
- 129. Fly without Accident & Incident
- 130. Principles of Weight & Balance Computations الحسابية وتوازن الوزن مبادئ
- 140. Structural Weight Limitations There are 4 Structural Weight Limitations published by the Manufacturer : 1. MZFW 2. MTOW 3. MLAW 4. MTW or MTGW
- 141. MZFW It is the maximum certified weight up to which the A/C can be loaded without the fuel .
- 142. Performance / Operational Weight Limitations • The maximum Take-off weight can be further restricted due to certain performance / operational factors . This reduced / regulated weight is known as Regulated / Restricted Takeoff Weight (RTOW)
- 143. Performance / Operational Weight Limitations • The following are some of the factors which govern RTOW : 1. Runway length and its conditions . 2. Temperature and density of air . 3. Obstacle limits . 4. Altitude of the airfield . 5. Wind conditions .
- 144. Performance / Operational Weight Limitations • If any of above factor landing then a weight known as Regulated / Restricted Landing Weight (RLAW) is given. • The RTOW / RLW are given by Flight Dispatch or Captain by referring to document known as the RTOW chart or Airport Analysis chart
- 146. Operational Weight • Basic Weight / Empty Weight (BW) This is the weight of the A/C with all necessary fixed items such as equipment, jump, seats, galley structure, unusable fuel and engine oil. • Dry Operating Weight (DOW) Basic weight + operational items such as cockpit crew, catering, etc (without fuel)
- 147. Dry Operating Weight (DOW) • Dry operating weight are published in the Quick Reference Guide (QRG) issued by the Cargo Department, the updated and revised from time to time. • DOW including the weight of standard cockpit crew. • Qatar Airways A330-243F uses 85 KG as standard weight for a cockpit crew and a load master. • This does not include crew check in baggage. Crew in baggage is calculated at 20 KG per piece.
- 149. • DOW 109688 KG AFM • MTOW 233000 KG AFM • MZFW 173000 KG AFM • MLW 182000 KG AFM • TOTAL TRFIC LOAD 49805 KG متغير • Takeoff fuel 40000 kg متغير • Trip fuel 30250 kg متغير • A/C Reg. A7-AFV • A/C FLIGHT N. QR9001 • CREW 2/1
- 150. Load sheet A330-243F Q R 9 0 0 4 A 7 A F Y 2 / 1 11/02/2016 1 0 9 6 2 1 8 5 1 0 9 7 0 6 4 5 0 0 0 1 5 4 7 0 6 1 7 3 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 0 1 8 2 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 2 1 7 0 0 02 1 8 0 0 0 1 5 4 7 0 6 6 2 2 9 4
- 151. 6 2 2 9 4 4 4 2 7 5 4 4 2 7 5 DOH
- 152. 6 2 2 9 4 4 4 2 7 5 4 4 2 7 5 1 8 0 1 9
- 153. 4 4 2 7 5 1 0 9 7 0 6 1 5 3 9 8 1 4 5 0 0 0 1 7 3 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 9 8 9 8 1 3 5 0 0 0 1 6 3 9 8 1 2 1 3 6 2 2 9 4 4 4 2 7 5 18019 1 8 2 0 0 0
- 155. • DOW 109688 KG AFM • MTOW 233000 KG AFM • MZFW 173000 KG AFM • MLW 182000 KG AFM • TOTAL TRFIC LOAD 57847 KG متغير • Takeoff fuel 55000 kg متغير • Trip fuel 43500 kg متغير • A/C Reg. A7-AFF • A/C FLIGHT N. QR9005 • CREW 2/2 • Date of Flight 15/2/2016 • Route MXP - DOH
- 157. • DOW 110242 KG AFM • MTOW 233000 KG AFM • MZFW 173000 KG AFM • MLW 187000 KG AFM • TOTAL TRFIC LOAD 52917 KG متغير • Takeoff fuel 65000 kg متغير • Trip fuel 55000 kg متغير • A/C Reg. A7-AFH • A/C FLIGHT N. QR9006 • CREW (2/2) Loadmaster/Courier • Date of Flight 17/2/2016 • Route HKG - DOH
- 158. Exam (1) A330-243F
- 159. • DOW 109688 KG AFM • MTOW 233000 KG AFM • MZFW 173000 KG AFM • MLW 182000 KG AFM • TOTAL TRFIC LOAD 49805 KG متغير • Takeoff fuel 40000 kg متغير • Trip fuel 30250 kg متغير • A/C Reg. A7-AFV • A/C FLIGHT N. QR9001 • CREW (2/1) Loadmaster • Date of Flight 17/2/2016 • Route DOH – NBO • Dangerous Goods No