Kachrus three circle model
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Kachru developed the Three Circle Model of World Englishes which classifies varieties of English into Inner Circle, Outer Circle, and Expanding Circle. The Inner Circle refers to countries where English is the primary language such as the UK, US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The Outer Circle includes countries that were former British colonies where English has an important status though it is not the primary language. The Expanding Circle consists of countries where English is taught as a foreign language like China, Japan, and Poland. However, Crystal criticized that the model cannot fully represent the dynamic realities of how English is used globally.
Kachrus three circle model
- 1. Syeda Uzma Saniya Roll No. 20 Subject: World englishes Topic: Three circles model Submitted to: Maam Husan Ara BS English 8th semester Govt post Graduate college for Women Mardan
- 2. Kachrus three circle model The Three-circle Model of World Englishes was developed by Kachru in 1985 and it remains one of the most influential models for grouping the varieties of English in the world Kachru (1985) described the spread of English in terms of three concentric circles: the Inner Circle, the Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle.
- 3. Intoduction The Kachru’s model is in a dynamic nature. According to Kachru (1985), dividing English speakers into Inner, Outer and Expanding circles is preferable to the traditional native, ESL and EFL labels which involve the dichotomy between native and nonnative speakers (Rajadurai, 2005). English native speakers are visually not privileged since they are not placed at the top of the Three-circle Model. However, the model is not sufficiently dynamic to reflect the reality of English use in the world. It still prefers the English native speakers in the inner circle.
- 4. Three circles • The inner circle • Outer circle • Expending circle These circles represent “the type of spread, the patterns of acquisition and the functional domains in which English is used across cultures and languages” (Kachru, 1985, p.12).
- 5. The inner circle In the Kachru’s Three-circle Model, the Inner Circle Kachru’s model refers to the traditional bases of English, dominated by the mother-tongue varieties, where English acts as a first language .The countries involved in the Inner Circle include the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand
- 6. • The varieties of English used here are said to be ‘norm providing’. • The verities of English used in inner circle is known as norm providing
- 7. The outer circle The Outer Circle consists of the earlier phases of the spread of English in non-native settings, where the language has become part of a country’s chief institutions, and plays an important ‘second language’ role in a multilingual setting.
- 8. Most of the countries included in the Outer Circle are former colonies of the UK or the USA, such as Malaysia, Singapore, India, Ghana, Kenya and others. The English used in the outer circle is considered as ‘norm-developing’.
- 9. The expending circle The Expanding Circle refers to the territories where English is learnt as a foreign language. The territories do not have a history of colonization by members of the Inner Circle and institutional or social role. English is taught asa ‘foreign’ language as the most useful vehicle of international communication.
- 10. The countries in the Expanding Circle include China, Japan, Greece and Poland (Crsytal, 1997). The English used in the Expanding Circle is regarded as ‘norm dependent’
- 11. Criticism on kachrus model Kachru’s model describes the Inner Circle, Outer Circle and Expanding Circle as ‘norm-providing’, norm-developing’ and ‘norm-dependent’. However, Crystal (1995) comments that the model cannot represent the reality of international English use because the reality is often not so clear-cut. Crystal wonders it is difficult to distinguish whether the Outer Circle looks to Inner Circle norms or it creates its own norms. Norms development is also possible in the Expanding Circle.