Km slides ch02 (1)
- 1. Chapter 2 The Nature of Knowledge
- 2. Chapter Objectives Understand the difference between knowledge, data, and information Explain the alternative views of knowledge Understand the different types of knowledge Recognize the various locations of knowledge
- 3. What is Data? Data comprises facts, observations, or perceptions Data represents raw numbers or assertions
- 4. What is Information? Information is processed data Information is a subset of data, only including those data that possess context, relevance and purpose Information involves manipulation of raw data
- 5. What is Knowledge? A justified true belief (Nonaka and Takeuchi) It is different from data & information Knowledge is at the highest level in a hierarchy with information at the middle level, and data to be at the lowest level It is the richest, deepest & most valuable of the three Information with direction
- 6. Data, Information, and Knowledge Information Data Zero Low Medium High Very High Value Knowledge
- 7. Data, Information, and Knowledge:Example H T H T T H H H T H … T T T H T Information Data Zero Low Medium High Very High Value Knowledge EV = -$0.80 Counting p H = n H /(n H +n T ) p T = n T /(n H +n T ) EV=p H R H + p T R T p H = 0.40 p T = 0.60 R H = +$10 R T = -$8 n H = 40 n T = 60
- 8. Data, Information, Knowledge and Events Knowledge Information Data Information System Decision Events Use of information Knowledge
- 9. Subjective View of knowledge Knowledge as State of Mind Knowledge as Practice
- 10. Objective View of knowledge Knowledge as Objects Knowledge as Access to Information Knowledge as Capability
- 11. Types of Knowledge Individual, social, causal, conditional, relational and pragmatic Embodied, encoded and procedural
- 12. Procedural and Declarative Knowledge Declarative knowledge (substantive knowledge) focuses on beliefs about relationships among variables Procedural knowledge focuses on beliefs relating sequences of steps or actions to desired (or undesired) outcomes
- 13. Tacit and Explicit Knowledge Tacit knowledge includes insights, intuitions, and hunches Explicit knowledge refers to knowledge that has been expressed into words and numbers We can convert explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge
- 14. General and Specific Knowledge General knowledge is possessed by a large number of individuals and can be transferred easily across individuals Specific knowledge, or “idiosyncratic knowledge,” is possessed by a very limited number of individuals, and is expensive to transfer
- 15. Technically and Contextually Specific Knowledge Technically specific knowledge is deep knowledge about a specific area Contextually specific knowledge knowledge refers to the knowledge of particular circumstances of time and place in which work is to be performed
- 16. Illustrations of the Different Types of Knowledge
- 17. Knowledge and Expertise Expertise can be defined as knowledge of higher quality An “expert” is one who is able to perform a task much better than others
- 18. Types of Expertise Associational Expertise Motor Skills Expertise Theoretical (Deep) Expertise
- 19. Types of Knowledge Simple knowledge focuses on one basic area Complex knowledge draws upon multiple distinct areas of expertise Support knowledge relates to organizational infrastructure and facilitates day-to-day operations Tactical knowledge pertains to the short-term positioning of the organization relative to its markets, competitors, and suppliers Strategic knowledge pertains to the long-term positioning of the organization in terms of its corporate vision and strategies for achieving that vision
- 20. Reservoirs of Knowledge Organizational Entities People Knowledge Reservoirs Groups Individuals Organizational Units Inter-organizational Networks Organizations Artifacts Practices Repositories Technologies
- 21. Characteristics of Knowledge Explicitness Codifiability Teachability Knowledge Specificity
- 22. Conclusions Knowledge is different from data & information Knowledge in an area can be defined as justified beliefs about relationships among concepts relevant to that particular area Knowledge can be of different types Knowledge has several characteristics Knowledge resides is several different places
- 23. Chapter 2 The Nature of Knowledge