L 1.History PP.ppt
- 1. PAT 201. PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY (2 + 1)
- 2. References Agrios, George N. 1997. Plant Pathology. Fourth edition, Academic Press. New York. Aleoxpoulus, C.J. and Mims. 1989. Introductory Mycology, Willey Eastern Ltd., New Delhi Chaube, H. S. and Ramji Singh. 2001. Introductory Plant Pathology. IBD Co., Lucknow. Chaube, H. S. and Pundhir, V. S. 2005. Crop Diseases and their Management. Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi. Nene, Y. L. and Thapliyal, P. N. 1998. Fungicides in Plant Disease Control. Oxford & IBH Publication, New Delhi. Prakasam, V., Raguchander, T., Prabakar, K. and Parthiban, V. K. 2005. Applied Plant Pathology. AE Publications, Coimbatore Singh, R.S. 2005. Plant Diseases. 8th Edition. Oxford & IBH Publication, New Delhi. Vidhyasekaran, P. 1993. Principles of Plant Pathology, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
- 3. Definition and History of Plant Pathology
- 4. Plant Pathology or Phytopathology is the branch of Agricultural or biological science which deals with the plant diseases. Phytopathology (Greek Phyton = plant + pathos - disease, ailments + logos = discourse, knowledge) Plant Pathology has the following major objectives. 1. To study biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living and environmental) causes of diseases or disorders 2. To study the mechanism of disease development by pathogens 3. To study the plant (host) pathogen interaction in relation to environment 4. To develop methods of management of plant diseases
- 5. What is plant disease? Any malfunctioning of host cells and tissues that results from continuous irritation by a pathogenic agent or environmental factor that leads to development of symptoms. A plant is said to be ‘diseased’ when there is a harmful deviation from normal functioning of physiological process Our ancient religious literature gives information on plant diseases much before their mention by the Greek philosopher, Theophrastus. Rigveda, Atharvanaveda (1500-500 B.C.), the Artha Shashtra of Kautilya (321-186 B.C.), Sushrute Samhita (200-500 A.D.), Vishnu Puran (500 A.D.), Agnipuran (500-700 A.D.) and Vishnudharmottar (500-700 A.D.)
- 6. Rigveda, classification of plant diseases and germ theory of disease are mentioned. Romans Rust God Robigo Festival Robigalia "Vraksha Ayurveda" written by Surapal is the Indian book, which gave first information on plant diseases The Greek Philosopher, Theophrastus (370-286 B.C.) was the first to study and write about the diseases of trees, cereals and legumes. In his book 'Enquiry into plants' Theophrastus has recorded his observations, imaginations and experiences but they were not based on any experiments.
- 7. Mycology 1675 - Dutch worker Anton von Leeuwenhoek developed the first microscope 1729 - Italian botanist P. A. Micheli proposed that fungi come from spores. He is called as Father of Mycology. 1755 - French botanist Tillet published a paper on bunt or stinking smut of wheat; discovered bunt is a disease of wheat 1807 - French scientist I. B. Prevost showed bunt of wheat is caused by a fungus 1821 – E. M. Fries published Systema Mycologicum for naming fungi; he was called Linnaeus of Mycology 1821 - Robertson of England stated that sulphur is effective against peach mildew.
- 8. 1845 – Irish Potato famine due to Phytophthora infestans caused starvation of million and immigration of 1.5 million people. 1858 – J. G. Kuhn published first textbook in Plant Pathology – The Diseases of Cultivated Crops, their Causes and their Control. 1861- Anton de Bary (fromGermany) elucidated the life cycle of Phytophthora infestans experimentally and concluded that potato late blight is caused by this fungus. He is considered as the Father of Modern Plant Pathology. 1865 – Anton de Bary reported the heteroecious nature of wheat stem rust pathogen 1874 - Robert Hartig published a book entitled, “Important Diseases of Forest Trees”. He is called as "Father of Forest Pathology".
- 9. 1875-1912 - O. Brefeld discovered the methods for artificial culturing microorganisms. 1877 – M. S. Woronin discovered and named the pathogen that causes Club root of Cabbage as Plasmodiophora brassicae. Found out the life cycle of potato wart disease 1878 - Downy mildew of grapevine was introduced into Europe from America, which ruined the vine industry. 1881 - H.M. Ward worked out the life cycle of coffee leaf rust. He is referred as Father of Tropical Plant Pathology. 1885 - Pierre Marie Alexis (P.M.A.) Millardet accidentally discovered Bordeaux mixture for grapevine downy mildew control 1885 – A. B. Frank defined and named mycorrhizal associations in plant roots
- 10. 1918 - E. J. Butler published book on Fungi and Disease in Plants; he made exhaustive study on Indian fungi and the diseases caused by them. He is called as the Father of Modern Plant Pathology in India; He was the first Director of Imperial Bureau of Mycology (Commonwealth Mycological Institute, CMI) now CAB International Mycological Institute in Kew, England in 1920. 1929 - Sir Alexander Fleming isolated the antibiotic, penicillin from the fungus, Penicillium notatum. 1934 - W. H. Tisdale and I. Williams studied the organic fungicides ` by discovering alkyl dithiocarbamates. 1942 – H. H. Flor developed gene-for-gene hypothesis in flax rust 1943 –Great Bengal Famine due to Helminthosporium oryzae caused death of 2 million people in India
- 11. 1948 - B. B. Mundkar intiated Indian Phytopathological Society with its journal Indian Phytopathology. 1951-57 - E. A. Gaümann was one of the first to investigate the physiology of the wilts caused by Fusarium spp. He put forth the involvement of toxin (toxin theory) in wilt diseases. 1963 - J. E. Van der Plank found out vertical and horizontal types of resistance in crop plants 1966 - van Schmeling and Marshall Kulka were the first to find out systemic fungicides 1970 - S. D. Garrett investigated the management of root diseases and he is the pioneer in the field of biological control. 1972 – G. Rangaswami wrote a book on Diseases of Crop Plants in India
- 12. Plant Bacteriology 1683 – Anton von Leeuwenhoek first observed bacteria 1876 - Robert Koch of Germany described the theory called "Koch's postulates." He established the principles of pure culture technique. 1876 - Robert Koch and Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation of diseases and proposed germ theory in relation to the diseases of man and animal. 1882 - American Plant Pathologist - T. J. Burrill confirmed that fire blight of apple and pear was caused by a bacterium (now known as Erwinia amylovora)
- 13. 1901-1920 E. F. Smith of U.S.A gave the final proof that bacteria could be incitant of plant diseases. He is called as "Father of Phytobacteriology". 1952 - J. Lederberg coined the term plasmid 1952 – S. A. Waksman won Nobel Prize for the discovery of streptomycin 1962 – H. Stolp discovered bdellovibrios 1980 – D. W. Dye et al. introduced the pathovar in the taxonomy of plant pathogenic bacteria.
- 14. Plant Virology 1886 -Adolf Mayer described a disease of tobacco called mosaikkranheit (tobacco mosaic). Adolf Mayer demonstrated that Tobacco Mosaic Virus is sap transmissible. 1892 - Dimitri Ivanowski demonstrated that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic could pass through bacterial filter 1895 - E.F. Smith of U.S.A. showed the peach yellow was a contagious disease. 1898 - M.W. Beijerinck - a Dutch microbiologist and a virologist proved that the virus inciting tobacco mosaic is not a microorganism. He believed it to be contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid). He was the first to use the term virus, which in Latin means poison
- 15. 1935 - W. M. Stanley proved that viruses can be crystalized. He got Nobel Prize in 1946. 1936 - F. C. Bawden and N.W. Pirie (Britain) found that the crystalline nature of the virus contains nucleic acid and protein. 1939 - Kausche and colleagues first time observed TMV virus particles with the help of Electron microscope. 1956 - Gierer and Schramm proved that the nucleic acid fraction of the virus is actually the infectious agent. 1971 - T. O. Diener discovered viroids, which only consist of nucleic acids. Smaller than viruses, they caused Potato Spindle Tuber disease (250-400 bases long of single- stranded circular molecule of infectious RNA).
- 16. Phytoplasma 1967 – Doi et al and Ishiie et al, the Japanese scientists found that mycoplasma like organisms (MLO) could be responsible for the disease of the yellows type. Doi observed that MLO's are constantly present in phloem while Ishiie observed MLO's temporarily disappeared when the plants are treated with tetracycline antibiotics. Spiroplasma 1979- Davis et al., observed that a motile, helical wall-less microorganism associated with corn stunt diseases, which could be cultured and characterized and they named it as Spiroplasma.
- 17. Xylella fastidiosa Davis in 1978 was the first to isolate the bacterium that causes Pierce's disease of grape. This bacterium was known earlier on as a rickettsia- like organism but is now referred to as a fastidious, Gram-negative, xylem-limited bacterium by Wells et al. (1987). It is not related to the rickettsiae. The phloem-limited fastidious vascular bacteria were first observed in 1972 by Windsor and Black in clover plants affected with clover club leaf disease whereas those limited to xylem in 1973 in grape plants affected with pierce's disease. Weindling in 1932 was the first to use a known antibiotic-producing antagonist in plant disease control, in reporting parasitism and antagonism of Trichoderma viride to Rhizoctonia solani. The first commercially successful application of biological control by pitting an organism against a plant pathogen was done by New and Kerr in 1972 in which they dipped seedlings of peach into cell suspensions of Agrobacterium radiobacter to control crown gall.
- 18. Ainsworth Classification of fungi R. J. Petri Petri dish Kittleson Captan R. H. Biffen Inheritance of resistance in plants 1917 Twort and d’Herelle discovered Bacteriophages 1929 Mc Kinney – Cross Protection 1971 Diener found out viroid, single stranded circular molecule of infectious RNA which caused Potato spindle tuber 1972 Windsor & Black found Fastidious Vascular Bacteria K. C. Mehta Father of Indian Cereal Rust B. B. Mundkur Started Indian Phytopathology journal
- 19. Thank you