1 intro & history
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The document is an introductory lecture on plant pathology, detailing its history, definitions, and objectives, which include etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and control of plant diseases. It highlights significant milestones and figures in the field from ancient times to modern developments, including the contributions of various scientists and their discoveries related to fungi, bacteria, and viruses in plant diseases. Additionally, it mentions the role of Indian plant pathologists and their contributions to the field.
1 intro & history
- 1. PAT-201 FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION – HISTORY Prepared by R MOHANAPRIYA Assisstant Professor (Plant Pathology) JSA College of Agriculture and Technology, Ma. Podaiyur, Cuddalore district, Tamilnadu
- 2. Introduction Pathology- Greekword Pathos - Suffering Logos - The Study (or ) To Speak / To Discourse “Study of suffering” Plant Pathology/PhytoPathology “Study of suffering plants”
- 3. i. Learning & understanding the disease ii. Applying the knowledge to real life problems DEFINITION “A branch of science which deals with the study of nature, development & control of plant diseases.”
- 4. Main objectives of Plant Pathology 1. Etiology 2. Pathogenesis 3. Epidemiology 4. Control
- 5. Landmarks in the development of Plant Pathology 1. Ancient Era 2. Dark Era 3. Pre- Modern Period 4. Modern Period
- 6. Ancient Era Theophrastus – “The nature of plants” “Reasons of vegetable growth” “Father of Botany” “Plant diseases as the wrath of gods” Rigveda, Atharveda, Arthasasthra(Kautilya), Sushrutasamhita, Vishnupuran, Agnipuran, Vishnushnudharmottar, Raghuvamsa(Kalidas), Jatakas (Jain) Vriksha ayurveda by Surapal – first book about plant diseases
- 7. Romans, Robigus (God) - Robigalia(Holiday)- cereal rust diseases – red dogs, foxs, cows (April 25) –Femine Robigo
- 8. Dark Era Only few scientists wrote about symptoms of plant diseases and control measures Pre Modern Period Piere Antonio Michelli -Founder & Father of Mycology -First person to observed fungal spores - “Nova Plantarum Genera” (1729) Tillet -Bunt or Stinking Smut of Wheat (1755)
- 9. Modern Period Benedict Prevost - He proved “Diseases are caused by micro organisms” - Proved “Wheat bunt –Tilletia caries’ - Discovered “Life cycle of bunt fungus” C. H.Persoon - “Synopsis Methodica Fungorum” ( nomenclature of Uredinales, Ustilaginales & Gasteromycetes) - Name the wheat rust – Puccinia graminis Elias Magnus Fries - “Systema Mycologium” ( nomenclature of Hymenomycetes)
- 10. History of Plant Pathology Discovery of role of Fungi 1675- Anton Von Leeuwenhoek, 1st Simple Microscope, ‘Father of Bacteriology’. 1729- P.A.Micheli, Studied fungi and saw their spores. Book “Nova Plantarum Genera”. ‘Founder of Mycology’. 1775- M.Tillet, ‘Great grandfather of Phytopathology’. 1801-Persoon & Fries, the binomial system of nomenclature to fungi, the taxonomy of fungi. 1807-Prevost ,diseases are caused by microorganisms. 1821-E.M.Fries, ‘Systema Mycologium’ , “Linnaeus of Mycology”. 1840-L.R.Tulasne, “Reconstructor of Mycology”.
- 11. 1858-JG Khun, 1st Text Book on Plant Pathology “Diseases of cultivated crops, their causes and their control”. ‘Father of Plant Pathology’. 1866-Anton de Bary, ‘Founder of Modern Mycology’, ‘Father of Modern Experimental Plant Pathology’. 1845 to 1846- ‘Irish Famine', late blight of potato (Phytophthora infestans). 1877-M.S.Woronin, club root of cabbage (Plasmodiophora brassicae). 1839 to 1901-Robert Hartig ‘Father of Forest Pathology’. 1885-P.M.A.Millardet, “Bordeaux mixture” for Downy mildew in grapes. 1861 to 1906- H.M.Ward, “Father of Tropical Plant Pathology”. ( life cycle of coffe leaf rust) 1920-E.J.Butler, “Father of Modern Plant Pathology in India”, ‘Fungi and Diseases in Plants’. ( 1st Director of IMI – England, bangle blight of potato- 1st record of bacterial disease in india)
- 12. 1928-Alexander Flemming, ‘Discovery of Penicillin’. (wonder drug) 1942 to 1943- ‘Bengal Famine’ due to Brown leaf spot of Rice. 1946-Flor, discovery of ‘Gene-for-Gene’ concept. 1948-B.B.Mundukar, IPS, 2nd Text Book of Plant Pathology ‘Fungi and Plant Diseases’. 1952-Pontecorvo & Roper, discovery of Parasexuality. (Aspergillus nidulans) 1953-J.C.Luthra, Solar Heat Treatment. ( loose smut of wheat) 1963-Vander Plank, “Father of Epidemiology”, studied plant host resistance. (horizontal & vertical resistance) 1970-S.D.Garett, “Father of Biological control.” 1971-J.F.Dastur, 1st Indian Plant Pathologist. (Phytopthora)
- 13. Discovery of Role of Bacteria 1876-Robert Koch, “Father of Modern Bacteriological Technique”, Koch postulate rules, pure culture technique; Louis Pasteur, “Father of Modern Bacteriology”, Anthrax disease of cattle(bacteria). 1882-T.J.Burrill, 1st Bacterial disease ( fire blight of apple & pear – Erwinia amylovora) , “Founder of Phytobacteriology”. 1854 to 1927-E.F.Smith, “Father of Phytobacteriology”, Book ‘Bacteria in Relation to Plant Diseases”. 1952-S.A.Waksman, ‘Noble Prize 'Antibiotic ‘Streptomycin’.(Streptomyces griseus) 1948 to 67-M.K.Patel, star a school of Plant Bacteriology at a College of Agrl., Pune. Crown gall bacterium – Agrobacterium tumefaciens – Patel agar“Father of Indian Phytobacteriology”. 1980-D.W.Dye et al. Pathovar concept.
- 14. Discovery of Role of Viruses 1886-Adolf Mayer, TMV of tobacco. 1892-D.Ivanowski, TMV-Bacterial filter. 1895-Hishimoto, Rice dwarf-Leafhopper. 1898-M.W.Beijerinck, “Contagium Vivum Fluidum” , “Virus”.“Father of Plant Virology”. 1935-W.M.Stanely, Noble Prize “Crystalization of Virus”. 1936-Bawden & Pierie, ‘Virus are Nucleoproteins’. 1939-Kausche, Pfankuch & Ruska-TMV particles under EM. 1956-Gierrer & Schramn , nucleic acids are the infectious agents. 1977- Adam & Clark, ELISA technique.
- 15. Discovery of Role of Viroid • 1971-Diener & Raymer, Potato Spindle tuber viroid- 1st viroid disease. Discovery of Role of Phytoplasma/MLO/Ca.M. 1898-Nocard & Roux, MLO 1967-Doi et al.& Ishiie et al. MLO present in Phloem vessels. Discovery of Role of Spiroplasma • 1972-Davies et al., Corn stunt diseases.
- 16. Discovery of Role of Plant Nematodes o 1973-Needham, Wheat gall disease-Anguina tritici. Discovery of Role of Rickettesia o 1979-Nienlaus & Sikora, FVB/RLO.
- 17. Plant Pathologist in India • J.F. Dastur & N. Prasad - Late blight of potato • G.S. Kulkarni & D. Suryanarayana - Downy mildew of sorghum • B.B.Mundkur - He is responsible for the identification and classification of large number of Indian smut fungi. He started Indian Phytopathological Society in 1948 and published a journal Indian Phytopathology.he wrote a book on “Fungi and Plant Diseases” • B.B.Mundkur & C.V. Subramanian -Wilt of cotton • K.C.Mehta - Wheat Rusts • J.C. Luthra - Solar heat seed treatment of wheat seeds
- 18. • S.Y.Padmanabhan & Chattopadhyay - Diseases of rice • M.J. Thirumalachar - Antibiotics in plant disease control. • H.K. Saksena - Gram rust and Rhizoctonia diseases • D.N. Srivastava - Bacterial blight of paddy • R.S. Singh - Pythium - Plant Diseases – (Book). • Y.L. Nene - Khaira disease, Downy mildew • “Fungicides in Plant Disease control”– (Book) • V.V. Chenulu, S.P. Raychaudhuri, Kapoor & A. Varma - Virus diseases • S.B. Mathur - Seed pathology (Book)
- 19. • A. Mahadevan - Biochemical changes in diseased plants and enzymes."Growth Regulators, Microorganisms and Diseased Plants"(Book) • Tisdale - Dithiocarbamate - Thiram • Horsfall - Fungicides and Their action (Book) • Principles of fungicidal action (Book) • Plant Pathology - An advanced Treatise (Book) • Stanley - Purification and Crystallization of TMV. • Muller - Hypersensitivity and phytoalexins. • Vander Plank - Host resistance • K.Maramorosch - Virus transmission
- 20. • G. Rangaswami - Diseases of crop plants in India (Book) • Bacterial Plant Diseases in India (Book) • R.K. Saksena - Fungal root diseases • Davis et al., - Spiroplasma • E.J. Butler - "Fungi and Diseases in Plants" • T.S. Sadasivan -Started the studies on bio-chemistry of host- parasite relationship at University of Madras. Contributed to the concept of vivotoxins. Studied on mechanism of wilting in cotton by Fusarium vasinfectum. The production of fusaric acid by this fungus outside the host was demonstrated