Ppt pathology
- 1. UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY TOPIC - historyof plant pathology SUBMITED BY DEEPAK KUMAR MAURYA M.Sc.(Ag.Botany)
- 3. INTRODUCTION IT WAS THEOPHRASTUS(370-286BC) A GREEK PHILOSOPHER WHO FIRST TALK ABOUT PLANT DISEASE HISTORICALLY PLANT PATHOLOGY IN INDIA QUITE ANCIENT WHICH IS NEARLY 4000 YEARS OLD. THERE ARE REFERENCES TO PLANT DISEASE AND THEIR CONTROL IN RIGVEDA,ATHARVAVEDA(1500- 500BC),ARTHASHASHTRA OF KAUTILYA(321-186BC),SUSHRUTA SAMHITA(200-500AD),AGNIPURANA(500-700AD) e.t.c. THE HOLY BOOK WRITTEN IN INDIA. HOWEVER VRAKSHA AYURVEDA BOOK WRITTEN BY SURAPAL IN ANCIENT INDIA;IS MUST PROBABLY THE FIRST TREATISE IN WHICH HE GAVE DETAIL ACCOUNT ON PLANT DISEASE AND THERE CONTROL
- 4. FUNGI AS CAUSE OF DISEASE THE ITALIAN BOTANIST P.A MICHELI(1679-1737) WAS THE SCIENTIST WHO FIRST DESCRIBED MANY NEW GENERA OF FUNGI AND ILLUSTRATED THEIR REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES IN HIS BOOK NOVA PLANTARUM GENERA THE FIRST AUTHENTIC LITERATURE ON FUNGI PUBLISHED IN 1729. MICHELI CONSIDERED AS THE FOUNDER/FATHER OF MYCOLOGY . HE PLACED SPORE OF FUNGI ON PIESES OF MELON,QUINCE AND PEARS, AND FOUND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYCELIUM. HE PROVED THAT FUNGI AROSE FROM THEIR OWN SPORE.
- 5. DISCOVERY OF MICROSCOPE ANTONY VON LEEWENHOEK DISCOVERED HIS OWN MICROSCOPE IN 1675. HE FIRST SEEN THE MICROBE (BACTERIA etc.)AND DISCOVERED MICROBIAL WORLD. KNOLL AND RUSKA DISCOVERED ELECTRON MICROSCOPE IN 1932.
- 6. THE BEGINNING OF MODERN PLANT PATHOLOGY IN 1845 A MYSTERIOUS AND TERRIBLE POTATO MURRAIN APPEARED IN WESTERN EUROPE. THIS POTATO MURRAIN DESTROYED THE IRISH POTATO CROP TO THE EXTENT THAT ONE MILLION PEOPLE DIED OF STARVATION AND MALNUTRITION AND SIMILAR NUMBER OF PEOPLE EMIGRATED FROM IRELAND TO UNITED STATES. IT WAS HEINRICH ANTON DE BARY WHO FINALLY PROVED EXPERIMENTALLY IN 1857 THAT THE CAUSAL AGENT OF LATE BLIGHT OF POTATO HAS BEEN A FUNGUS NAMELY ,Phytophthora infestance . DeBary (1831-1888) WAS CONCIDERED AS THE FATHER OF EXPERIMENTAL(MODERN)PLANT PATHOLOGY. HE ALSO DISCOVERED HETEROECISM IN UREDINALES AND NATURE OF OBLIGATE AND FACULTATIVE FORMS OF LIFE
- 7. PHYTOPATHOGENIC NATURE OF BACTERIA T.J. BURRILL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,USA FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 1878 SHOWED THAT FIRE BLIGHT DISEASE OF PEAR AND APPLE CAUSED BY BACTERIUM (NOW KNOWN AS Erwinia amylovora ). IN FACT IT WAS THE DISCOVERY OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC NATURE OF BACTERIA. E.F. SMITH IS CONSIDERED THE FATHER OF PHYTOBACTERIOLOGY FOR HIS DISCOVERIES AND METHADOLOGIES HE INTRODUCED FOR STUDY OF BACTERIAL DISEASE DURING (1905-1920).
- 8. KOCH’S POSTULATES ROBERT KOCH IS KNOWN AS FATHER OF MICROBIAL TECHNIQUES ,FIRST LAID DOWN IN 1882 A THREE CONDITION SERIES FOR PATHOGENISITY TEST OF ORGANISM.LATER ON A FOURTH CONDITION WAS APPENDED TO KOCH’S SERIES BY E.F.SMITH 1905 ,THESE FOUR CONDITION IS KNOWN AS KOCH’S POSTULATES.WHICH ARE FOLLOWING- 1- THE ORGANISM MUST BE FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASE IN ALL THE DISEASED PLANTS EXAMINED. 2-THE ORGANISM MUST BE SUCCESSFULLY ISOLATED AND GROWN IN PURE CULTURE ON NUTRIENT MEDIA. 3-THE ORGANISM SHOULD BE ISOLATED FROM PURE CULTURE MUST BE INOCULATED ON THE HEALTHY HOST AND MUST BE CAUSE SAME DISEASE ON INOCULATED HEALTHY HOST. 4-THE ISOLATED ORGANISM DURING THIRD STEP AND GROW IN PURE CULTURE AGAIN ,THE ORGANISM GROW IN PURE CULTURE MUST BE SAME CHARACTER WHICH IS SHOWED DURING SECOND STEP.
- 9. DISCOVERY OF BORDEAUX MIXTURE BORDEAUX MIXTURE WAS DISCOVERED BY PROFF. P. M. A. MILLARDET OF UNIVERSITY OF BORDEAUX(FRANCE). THIS FUNGICIDE WAS DISCOVERED TO PREVENT THE DOWNY MILDEW OF GRAPES(CAUSED BY Plasmopara viticola) WHICH ENDANGERED GRAPE CULTIVATION IN EUROPE AND THREATENED THE WINE INDUSTRY IN FRANCE. MILLARDET NOTICED THAT FARMERS HAD PROTECTED THE PLANT OF GRAPE VINES BY SPRINKLING VERDIGRIES ,A MIXTURE OF COPPER SULPHATE AND LIME,TO DISCOURAGE PILFERING BY SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN. THIS CLUE PROMPTED MILLARDET AND HE FINALLY CONCLUDED HIS WORK AND PUBLISHED IT IN 1885,DISCLOSING THAT A MIXTURE OF COPPER SULPHATE : LIME :WATER IN RATIO OF (5:5:50).
- 10. DISCOVERY OF VIRUSES IN 1880 ADOLF MAYER BEGAN WORK ON A SERIOUS TOBACCO DISEASE WHICH HE NAMED TOBACCO MOSAIC , HE REPRODUCING THE DISEASE BY INFECTING JUICE OF INFECTED TOBACCO PLANT INTO HEALTHY ONES BUT HE NOT IDENTIFYING THE REAL AGENT THAT CAUSE DISEASE. SIMILARLY SMITH(1891) DEMONSTRATED THAT PEACH YELLOW DISEASE WAS CONTAGIOUS BUT HE ALSO COULD NOT DETERMINE IT’S REAL CAUSE. IT WAS IVANOWSKI(1892) CONFIRMED MAYER’S WORK ,HE PASSED JUICE OF DISEASED PLANT FROM CHAMBERLAND FILTER AND FOUND THAT IT RETAINED IT’S INFECTIVITY ,HE THOUGHT THAT CAUSAL AGENT OF TOBACCO MOSAIC IS BACTERIUM. BEIJERINCK(1898) TESTED IVANOWSKI’S HYPOTHESIS AND CONCLUDED THAT TOBACCO MOSAIC DISEASE WAS NOT CAUSED BY BACTERIUM OR TOXIN SECRETED BY IT, BUT BY CONTAGIUM VIVUM FLUIDUM(LIVING INFECTIOUS FLUID) WHICH HE REFERRED TO AS VIRUS AND SAID THAT THE VIRUS MULTIPLIESON IN VIVO. FOR THIS CONTRIBUTION BEIJERINCK IS HONOURED AS THE FATHER OF VIROLOGY.
- 11. HISTORY OF MYCOLOGY 1675 - Dutch worker Anton von Leeuwenhoek developed the first microscope. 1729 - Italian botanist P. A. Micheli proposed fungi comes from spores; father of Mycology. 1755 - French botanist Tillet published a paper on bunt or stinking smut of wheat; discovered bunt is a disease of wheat. 1807 - French scientist I. B. Prevost showed bunt of wheat is a fungus and showed evidence that a disease is caused by a microorganism. 1821 - E. M. Fries published Systema Mycologicum for naming of fungi; he was named as Linnaeus of Mycology. 1821 - Robertson of England stated that sulphur is effective against peach mildew. 1845 - Irish Potato famine due to Phytophthora infestans caused starvation of million and immigration of 1.5 million people. 1858 - J. G. Kuhn published first textbook in Plant Pathology – The Diseases of Cultivated Crops, their Causes and their Control. 1861 -Anton de Bary (Germany) worked out the life cycle of potato late blight and first to prove experimentally Phytophthora infestans is the cause of potato late blight. He proved that fungi are causes but not the results of diseases. He is the Father of Modern Plant Pathology. 1865 – Anton de Bary reported heteroecious nature of wheat stem rust. 1869 – England loses coffee production to coffee rust, forced to grow tea
- 12. 1881 -H.M. Ward worked out the life cycle of coffee leaf rust. He is called as Father of Tropical Plant Pathology. 1882 -Robert Hartig published a textbook -Diseases of Trees. He is called as "Father of Forest Pathology". 1885 -Pierre Marie Alexis Millardet discovered the Bordeax mixture 1918 -E.J.Butler published book on Fungi and Disease in Plants; he made exhaustive study on Indian fungi and the diseases caused by them. He is called as the Father of Modern Plant Pathology in India; He joined as the first Director of Imperial Bureau of Mycology (Commonwealth Mycological Institute, CMI) now CAB International Mycological Institute in Kew, England in 1920. He began the journal Review of Applied Mycology; with S.G. Jones he wrote, 'Plant Pathology' in 1949. 1929 -Sir Alexander Fleming isolated the antibiotic, Penicillin from the fungus, Penicillium notatum.
- 13. HISTORY OF BACTERIOLOGY 1683 – Anton von Leeuwenhoek first observed bacteria. 1876 -Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch -They proved that anthrax disease of cattle was caused by specific bacterium. 1876 -Robert Koch of Germany described the theory called "Koch's postulates." He established the principles of pure culture technique. 1876 -Robert Koch and Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation of diseases and propose germ theory in relation to the diseases of man and animal. 1882 -American Plant Pathologist -T. J. Burrill first time proved that fire blight of apple and pear was caused by a bacterium (now known as Erwinia amylovora). 1901-1920- E.F.Smith of U.S.A gave the final proof of the fact that bacteria could be incitants of plant diseases. He also worked on the bacterial wilt of cucurbits and crown gall disease. He is also called as "Father of Phytobacteriology". Chilton and his coworkers demonstrated that crown gall bacterium transforms plant cell to tumour cell by introducing into them a plasmid. 1952 -J. Lederberg coined the term plasmid 1952 – S. A. Waksman won Nobel prize for the discovery of streptomycin. 1952 – Zinder and J. Lederberg discovered transduction in bacteria.
- 14. HISTORY OF VIROLOGY 1886 -Adolf Mayer described a disease of tobacco called mosaikkrankheit (tobacco mosaic).Adolf Mayer demonstrated the sap transmission of Tobacco Mosaic Virus disease. 1892 -Dimitri Ivanowski demonstrated that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic could pass through bacterial filter. 1895 -E.F. Smith of U.S.A. showed the peach yellows was a contagious disease. 1898 -M.W. Beijerinck -a Dutch microbiologist and founder of virology proved that the virus inciting tobacco mosaic is not a microorganism. He believed it to be contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid). He was the first to use the term virus, which is the Latin word for poison. 1929 -F. O. Holmes provided a tool by which the virus could be measured by showing that the amount of virus present in a plant sample preparation is proportional to the number of local lesions produced on appropriate host plant leaves rubbed with the contaminated sap. 1935 -W. M. Stanley proved that viruses can be made as crystals. He got Nobel Prize in 1946. 1936 -F. C. Bawden and, N.W. Pirie (Britain) found that the crystalline nature of the virus contains nucleic acid and protein. 1939 -Kausche and colleagues first time saw the TMV virus particles with the help of Electron microscope. 1971 -T. O. Diener discovered viroids, which only consist of nucleic acids. Smaller than viruses,caused potato spindle tuber disease (250-400 bases long of single-stranded circular molecule of infectious RNA).
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