Laboratory and Sensitivity training in Management and Education
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The document discusses laboratory training and sensitivity training methods. Laboratory training involves carefully designed exercises and events with 12-15 participants to establish linkages between individual values, behaviors, and actions. It aims to help participants better understand themselves and improve interpersonal and group skills. Sensitivity training similarly uses group interactions and feedback to increase awareness of differences and relate better to others. Both methods are controversial due to potential psychological impacts, but can help develop communication, teamwork, and leadership skills when facilitated properly. Transactional analysis is commonly used to analyze interactions between individuals' parent, adult, and child ego states in such trainings.
Laboratory and Sensitivity training in Management and Education
- 1. LABORATORY TRAINING AND SENSITIVITY TRAINING By, Poornima. C.P. 2017-21-001 Ph.D Agricultural Extension
- 2. Laboratory Training • The laboratory method provides the participants with an intensive experience of sharing, participation and change through carefully designed exercises and training events, important to the participants and relevant to the programme. • This method is now being used extensively as an important constituent of a number of training programme. • The number of participants should be kept to 12-15. This is a real experience in which the basic ingredients are the participants own experiences and behaviour.
- 3. • The method seeks to establish a linkage between values, behaviour and actions of an individual. • Changes that take place are more integrative and adoptive to individual. • Laboratory training also creates a special environment for learning about oneself, interpersonal relations and group of organizational dynamics. • It is designed to improve the way an individual understands their social environment and develop alternative behaviors for relating to that environment.
- 4. THEOBJECTIVES OF LABORATORY TRAINING ARE: 1. To help people understand themselves better. 2. To create better understanding of others. 3. To gain insight into the group process 4. To develop specific behavioural skills
- 5. Somepeopleneverunderstandwhytheyfeel and act as they do and how the others feel aboutthem. Some people are insensitive to the effects of theirbehaviouruponothersandtheirorders uponsubordinates Laboratory training helps such people to understandtheimpactoftheirbehaviouron others.
- 6. Most ofthepeopleconcentrateonwhatthey aregoingtosayratherthanwhattheothers aresaying. This training develops the communication skillsoftheemployersanddevelopsthemas goodlisteners. It also helps the participants to form into informalgroupsandteamsandwork more effectively
- 7. SENSITIVITY TRAINING The most commonly used Organizational Development intervention is sensitivity training. It is similar to laboratory training as it is conducted by creating an experimental laboratory situation in which employees are brought together, in groups, to interact in an unstructured environment. The members are encouraged to interact with new members and new individual behaviours.
- 8. Sensitivity training is often offered by organizations and agencies as a way for members of a given community to learn how to better understand and appreciate the differences in other people. It asks training participants to put themselves into another person's place in hopes that they will be able to better relate to others who are different than they are. Sensitivity training often specifically addresses concerns such as gender sensitivity, multicultural sensitivity, and sensitivity toward those who are disabled in some way. The goal in this type of training is more oriented toward growth on an individual level. Sensitivity training can also be used to study and enhance group relations, i.e., how groups are formed and how members interact within those groups.
- 9. It provides participants an opportunity to actually experience some concepts of management just as a manager would experience them in his organizational situation. This is a group training method that uses intensive participation and immediate feedback for self analysis and change. Two benefits of this training are: • Participants remain involved and enthusiastic. • The participant has the responsibility to make positive efforts to derive as much as possible from the exercise
- 10. • Sensitivity training attempts to develop the diagnostic ability of participants –the ability to perceive reality. • It increases sensitivity and awareness towards others and their styles. • This training aims to developing sensitivity within people towards thought , feelings and behaviour of other persons. • One basic premise of sensitivity training is that participation is voluntary. • However one predominant problem is the transfer problem i.e. the inability of the participant to apply concepts and awareness gained in laboratory or group to his job. • This can be overcome through conflict resolution and dialogues between hierarchies.
- 11. The origins of sensitivity training can be traced as far back as 1914, when J.L. Moreno created "psychodrama," a forerunner of the group encounter (and sensitivity-training) movement. This concept was expanded on later by Kurt Lewin, a gestalt psychologist from central Europe, who is credited with organizing and leading the first T- group (training group) in 1946. Based on this success, Lewin and colleagues Ronald Lippitt, Leland Bradford, and Kenneth D. Benne formed the National Training Laboratories in Bethel, Maine, in 1947 and named the new process sensitivity training.
- 12. A T-group or training group (sometimes also referred to as sensitivity-training group, human relations training group or encounter group) is a form of group training where participants themselves (typically, between eight and 15 people) learn about themselves (and about small group processes in general) through their interaction with each other. They use feedback, problem solving, and role play to gain insights into themselves, others, and groups.
- 13. Sensitivity training provides face to face interaction. The group is given complete freedom in developing their own devices, interactions and on-going process for interaction. Within most training groups (T-groups), eight to ten people meet with no formal leader, agenda, or books-only a somewhat passive trainer. Trainers do not necessarily direct progress, just help participants to understand what is happening within the group. MODUS OPERANDI OF SENSITIVITY TRAINING
- 14. The learning takes place within a group's struggle to create something meaningful for itself in an essentially unstructured setting. Issues that traditionally arise in such a setting include developing group norms and cohesion, reasons for scape-goating, selective communication channels, struggles for leadership, and collective decision- making patterns. Ultimately, T-groups were not a tremendously successful part of the sensitivity-training movement. This was in part because T-group trainers do not actually teach, but help people learn by assuming a more passive role. This sometimes confuses and upsets those who expect and desire more guidance.
- 15. Group types Task groups focus on the here and now, involving learning through doing, activity and processing; and involves daily living skills and work skills. Evaluative groups focus on evaluating the skills, behaviors, needs, and functions of a group and is the first step in a group process. Topical discussion groups focus on a common topic that can be shared by all the members to encourage involvement. Developmental groups encourage the members to develop sequentially organized social interaction skills with the other members
- 16. Self-help groups are supportive and educational, and focus on personal growth around a single major life disrupting problem (for example, Alcoholics Anonymous) Support groups focus on helping others in a crisis and continue to do so until the crisis is gone and is usually before the self-help group. Advocacy groups focus on changing others or changing the system, rather than changing one's self: "getting one from point A to point B". Psychotherapy groups focus on helping individuals in the present that have past conflicts which affect their behavior.
- 17. Controversial Aspects This type of training is controversial as the behaviors it encourages are often self-disclosure and openness, which many people believe some organizations ultimately punish. The feedback used in this type of training can be highly personal, hence it must be given by highly trained observers (trainers). Encounter groups are also controversial because of scientific claims that they can cause serious and lasting psychological damage.
- 18. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (T.A) It is a technique used to do psychological analysis of a group of people considering their interaction with each other. It is a most common approach used to observe and analyse the sensitivity training method It is a system of popular psychology based on the idea that one's behaviour and social relationships reflect an interchange between parental (critical and nurturing), adult (rational), and childlike (intuitive and dependent) aspects of personality established early in life.
- 19. Dr. Eric Berne, the originator of TA understood that there exist three distinct states in all people. People change from one state to another in the course of their transactions. This change can be easily noticed by the manners, appearances, words, gestures, and tones The three distinct states called the ego states are the Parent ego state, the Adult ego state, and the Child ego state
- 20. The Child ego state is the response the little person produced to what he saw, heard, felt and understood. Most of these are feelings because the child has not developed verbal responses at that time. In other words, this ego state may be considered the collection of "felt-concepts" of life. The Parent ego state begins with the biological birth of the individual and extends up to and age of five years. The Child ego state also starts with the physical birth and continues to develop until the social birth (around the age of five).
- 21. The Adult ego state develops after both the Parent and the Child ego states have began to develop. This state begins to develop from about ten months of age. The function of this state is to update both Parent data and Child data by continuous examination of these data with respect to actual reality. Thus only those taught concepts and felt-concepts applicable and appropriate to the present are accepted. Thus the Adult state is said to be the "thought-concepts" of life.
- 22. Transaction between egostates The PAC System Transaction occurs between the tree egostates It can be explained through PAC System, in which each letter represents each ego state
- 23. Types of Transactions Berne identifies two types of transactions: 1. Complementary Transactions Examples of Complementary Transactions Parent-Parent, Adult-Adult, Child-Child, Child-Parent, Parent-Child, Child-Adult, Adult-Child, Adult-Parent, Parent-Adult
- 24. 2. Crossed Transactions Examples of Crossed Transactions Adult-Adult and Parent-Child; Adult-Adult and Child-Parent; Parent-Child and Parent-Child; Child-Parent and Child-Parent
- 25. Thank you