Making Value Judgments: E-Book Pricing for Access and Ownership. Electronic Resources & Libraries, Austin, February 23, 2015.
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This document discusses various models of ebook access and pricing, focusing on the balance between rights, cost, and long-term accessibility. It examines the implications of different purchasing methods, such as subscription packages, title-by-title purchasing, and demand-driven acquisition, highlighting factors like cost per use and ease of access. Additionally, it addresses the challenges in evaluating the value of ownership versus access in electronic resources for libraries.
![Challenges in Evaluating value going
forward
• Annual cost per use not sufficient
• Comparing annual purchase models with
subscription models – what’s valid and what’s
practical
• What is the value of access (to books not [yet] used?)
• What is the value of ownership to titles that
might otherwise be maintained by subscription?](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lcpserlebooks2015final-150224095505-conversion-gate02/85/Making-Value-Judgments-E-Book-Pricing-for-Access-and-Ownership-Electronic-Resources-Libraries-Austin-February-23-2015-58-320.jpg)
Making Value Judgments: E-Book Pricing for Access and Ownership. Electronic Resources & Libraries, Austin, February 23, 2015.
- 1. Making Value Judgments: eBook Pricing for Access and Ownership Electronic Resources & Libraries Austin February 23, 2015 Michael Levine-Clark University of Denver Jason Price SCELC Maria Savova Claremont Colleges
- 2. Elements of Value • Long-Term Stability • Ease of Access (DRM) • Staff Time • Choice/Flexibility • Cost • Usage
- 3. Access Models: Balancing Rights, Cost, Long-Term Access Temporary Access Perpetual LowCurationHigh LowCostPerUseHigh Heavy DRM Light Aggregator Publisher
- 4. Access Models: Balancing Rights, Cost, Long-Term Access Temporary Access Perpetual LowCurationHigh Title-by-Title EBS Package DDA without STL DDA with STL Subscription LowCostPerUseHigh Heavy DRM Light Title-by-Title: • Heavily customizable • Staff time • High cost per unit • No guarantees of usage • Perpetual Access • If on publisher platform, light DRM
- 5. Access Models: Balancing Rights, Cost, Long-Term Access Temporary Access Perpetual LowCurationHigh Title-by-Title EBS Package DDA without STL DDA with STL Subscription LowCostPerUseHigh Heavy DRM Light Subscriptions (especially on an aggregator platform) • Little to no customization • Content can be removed at any time • Heavier DRM • Lots of content for relatively low cost • Not much staff time • Helps build critical mass
- 6. Access Models: Balancing Rights, Cost, Long-Term Access Temporary Access Perpetual LowCurationHigh Title-by-Title EBS Package DDA without STL DDA with STL Subscription LowCostPerUseHigh Heavy DRM Light
- 7. Subscription Packages • ACLS HEBS • Books 24x7 • ebrary • EBSCO • Knovel • Safari DDA • EBL • ebrary • JSTOR EBS • CRC • Palgrave ~$510,000 Perpetual Access • Duke • ebrary • EBSCO • OUP • Springer 19% 49% 25% 7%
- 8. Subscription Packages • ACLS HEBS • Books 24x7 • ebrary • EBSCO • Knovel • Safari DDA • EBL • ebrary • JSTOR Perpetual Access • Duke • ebrary • EBSCO • OUP • Springer EBS • CRC • Palgrave ~575,000 titles 46% 36% 13% 5%
- 11. Assessing Value: Long-Term Stability Temporary Access Perpetual Access
- 12. Long-Term Stability Title-by-Title Purchasing | Publisher-Hosted Packages All content is permanently licensed by the library
- 13. Long-Term Stability Evidence-Based Selection All titles available during selection period, with perpetual access to selected titles.
- 14. Long-Term Stability DDA • Temporary access to consideration pool, and titles can be removed by aggregator. • Perpetual access to purchased titles
- 15. Long-Term Stability Subscription • Temporary access • Titles can be removed
- 17. Ease of Access • Digital Rights Management (DRM) – Restrictions on access (single vs multiple vs unlimited users) – Restrictions on actions • Printing • Downloading • Copying
- 18. Publisher-Hosted Content Typically little or no DRM Packages, Title-by-Title, EDS
- 19. Aggregator Typically more DRM User limits, limits on functionality
- 20. Staff Time • How much time does it take staff to manage selection, deselection, profiling?
- 21. Staff Time Subscription No staff intervention beyond annual renewal, periodic record loads
- 22. Staff Time Publisher-Hosted Packages One transaction to get multiple titles; depending on publisher, may need to select multiple packages
- 23. Staff Time EBS Select publisher package Annual selection of titles
- 24. Staff Time DDA • Initial profiling, periodic adjustments • More staff time if mediated • Record loads
- 25. Staff Time Title-by-Title Selection • Regular selection of titles
- 26. Choice/Flexibility • To what extent do librarians get to select titles for purchase or insertion into consideration pool?
- 27. Choice/Flexibil ity Title-by-Title Selection Full choice of titles (but limited to whatever is available from that vendor)
- 28. Choice/Flexibil ity DDA Creation of profile, ability to manually add/remove titles Limited by title availability from vendor/DDA eligibility
- 29. Choice/Flexibil ity EBS Limited ability to choose initial package Full control of titles purchased
- 30. Choice/Flexibil ity Publisher-Hosted Packages • Must take entire package • Once purchased, titles remain in collection
- 31. Choice/Flexibil ity Subscription Package • No choice – package is preselected • Titles come and go
- 32. COST & USE
- 33. Cost • Cost alone doesn’t tell much • Cost per title available is more meaningful
- 34. Cost per Title Available Subscription Cheapest cost per title available. Tradeoff is no long-term access
- 35. Cost per Title Available DDA Only titles with use paid for, but large pool of titles available. Browse, STL programs cheaper than auto purchase.
- 36. Cost per Title Available EBS Upfront cost, select titles based on use, but large pool available
- 37. Cost per Title Available Publisher Package Discount to purchase in bulk, but more expensive per title than DDA, EBS, or Subscription.
- 38. Cost per Title Available Title-by-Title Purchasing • Generally list price for each title
- 40. Use • Use alone doesn’t tell much • Cost per use more meaningful • Cost per title used has some meaning as well
- 41. A Use is not a Use is not a Use • COUNTER BR2 – Successful Section Requests – Not always defined – Doesn’t say anything about the type of use
- 42. Other Data Problems • Non-use often excluded from reports – Difficult to retroactively determine full title lists – Non-use helps tell the story of use • COUNTER reports often conflate business models (subscription, perpetual access, DDA) • List price for titles generally not included in reports
- 43. Time Series Data is Difficult • How do you account for years in which you pay for backfiles? – Would be easier if you could track usage separately • Need to track owned/not-yet owned content separately – EBS – DDA
- 44. Cost Per Use (CPU) • Measures cost of each use = actual use • Does not account for different types of use – Longer vs shorter use – Different measures by different vendors • Is institution specific – A school that can afford to spend a lot of money (or is forced to because of historical spend) but has a relatively small user base (or large collection relative to user base) may have a high CPU compared to a school with opposite characteristics.
- 46. Cumulative cost per use (package level) • One time book package purchases gain usage over time cost per use (CPU) decreases • Annualized Package purchase CPU cannot be compared to subscription CPU • We need a cumulative definition of CPU
- 47. Cost Per Use – Annual vs Cumulative (Platform Level) Publisher hosted ebook collection Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Total Books Owned 5000 6000 7000 Books Purchased 5000 1000 1000 Cost $50,000 $30,000 $30,000 Use 1000 1300* 1600 Annual Cost per use $50 $23 $19
- 48. Cost Per Use – Annual vs Cumulative (Platform Level) Publisher hosted ebook collection Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Total Books Owned 5000 6000 7000 7000 Books Purchased 5000 1000 1000 0 Cost $50,000 $30,000 $30,000 $500 Use 1000 1300* 1600 1000 Annual Cost per use $50 $23 $19 $0.50
- 49. Cost Per Use – Annual vs Cumulative (Platform Level) Publisher hosted ebook collection Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Total Books Owned 5000 6000 7000 7000 Books Purchased 5000 1000 1000 0 Cost $50,000 $30,000 $30,000 $500 Use 1000 1300* 1600 1000 Annual Cost per use $50 $23 $19 $0.50 Cumulative cost $50,000 $80,000 $110,000 $110,500 Cumulative use 1000 2300 3900 4900 Cumulative Cost per use $50 $35 $28 $22
- 50. Cost Per Use – Annual vs Cumulative (Platform Level) Publisher hosted ebook collection Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Total Books Owned 5000 6000 7000 7000 Books Purchased 5000 1000 1000 0 Cost $50,000 $30,000 $30,000 $500 Use 1000 1300* 1600 1000 Annual Cost per use $50 $23 $19 $0.50 Cumulative cost $50,000 $80,000 $110,000 $110,500 Cumulative use 1000 2300 3900 4900 Cumulative Cost per use $50 $35 $28 $22
- 51. Cost Per Use – Annual vs Cumulative (Platform Level) Publisher hosted ebook collection Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Total Books Owned 5000 6000 7000 7000 Books Purchased 5000 1000 1000 0 Cost $50,000 $30,000 $30,000 $500 Use 1000 1300* 1600* 1000 Annual Cost per use $50 $23 $19 $0.50 Cumulative cost $50,000 $80,000 $110,000 $110,500 Cumulative use 1000 2300 3900 4900 Cumulative Cost per use $50 $35 $28 $22
- 52. Cost Per Use – Annual vs Cumulative (Platform Level) Publisher hosted ebook collection Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Total Books Owned 5000 6000 7000 7000 Books Purchased 5000 1000 1000 0 Cost $50,000 $30,000 $30,000 $500 Use 1000 1300* 1600* 1000 Annual Cost per use $50 $23 $19 $0.50 Cumulative cost $50,000 $80,000 $110,000 $110,500 Cumulative use 1000 2300 3900 4900 Cumulative Cost per use $50 $35 $28 $22
- 53. Cost Per Use – Annual vs Cumulative (Platform Level) Publisher hosted ebook collection Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Total Books Owned 5000 6000 7000 7000 Books Purchased 5000 1000 1000 0 Cost $50,000 $30,000 $30,000 $500 Use 1000 1300* 1600 1000 Annual Cost per use $50 $23 $19 $0.50 Cumulative cost $50,000 $80,000 $110,000 $110,500 Cumulative use 1000 2300 3900 4900 Cumulative Cost per use $50 $35 $28 $22
- 54. Consortium Cumulative CPU – Publisher Package Purchase 1 $577.71 $193.81 $133.52 $0.97 $0.78 $0.71 $25.52 $16.72 $12.72 $0 $1 $10 $100 $1,000 yr1 cum yr2 cum yr3 cum CumulativeCostperUse(LogScale)
- 55. $5.08 $1.33 $0.38 $0.00 $1.00 $2.00 $3.00 $4.00 $5.00 $6.00 FiveYearCumulativecostperuse Institution Consortia subscribed collection Five year cumulative cost per use
- 56. Cumulative CPU comparison $54.36 $8.91 $4.17 $10.94 $8.05 $6.60 $5.59 $4.84$4.83 $2.79 $1.67 $0.69 $0.93 $0.77 $0.74 $0.78 $0.10 $1.00 $10.00 $100.00 After 1 year After 2 years After 3 years After 4 years After 5 years CumulativeCostPerUse(Logscale) Publisher package purchase 2 Individual e-book purchases Publisher package purchase 1 Subscription package
- 57. CPU levels • Title • Package • Platform • Strategy
- 58. Challenges in Evaluating value going forward • Annual cost per use not sufficient • Comparing annual purchase models with subscription models – what’s valid and what’s practical • What is the value of access (to books not [yet] used?) • What is the value of ownership to titles that might otherwise be maintained by subscription?
- 59. Weighing the value of ownership, availability & use 3.5 $28.76 $34.57 12.2 $8.19 $4.23 1.0 $5.23 $24.85 0.4 $0.90 $7.42 $0.17 $1.23 $0.73 $0.92 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 Titles owned per $100 Cost Per Title available Cost per use CostORNumber Publisher A Package Publisher B Package Publisher C EBS DDA with STL Specialized Aggregator Subscription Major Aggregator Subscription
- 60. Questions?
Editor's Notes
- #10: Subs: lower cost to avaialbility ratio Perpetual access: Higher cost to availability ratio These differences are understated here AND in the next two slides: Title by title ordering left off, and subscription includes some significantly higher price specialized content
- #11: Subs: lower cost to avaialbility ratio Perpetual access: Higher cost to availability ratio These differences are understated here AND in the next two slides: Title by title ordering left off, and subscription includes some significantly higher price specialized content
- #44: I might disagree with the latter
- #55: 2012 Purchase Dotted line = Combined Data Bottom line = Lowest CPU institution Top line = Highest CPU institution