Lean Thinking - Lean development and Agile methodologies lesson 2
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This document discusses lean thinking and its application to software development. It begins by describing the traditional waterfall development process and its limitations. Next, it covers the origins of lean manufacturing from Toyota and its principles of eliminating waste, continuous flow, and responding to pull signals. The seven types of waste in development are then mapped to lean manufacturing wastes. The document concludes by outlining seven lean development principles and tools that can help eliminate waste and deliver value faster through techniques like kanban boards and iterative development.
Lean Thinking - Lean development and Agile methodologies lesson 2
- 1. Lean Thinking francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria April 22, 2016
- 2. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 3. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Introduction Waterfall Approach: Building software it's like building an house Analyze requirements Design Build Verify Mantain Linear process: each phase completed before the next one can start francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 4. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Phases Analyze requirements Who are the stakeholders? What is this software supposed to do? Do we have conicting requirements? ... Requirements should be Documented Actionable Measurable Testable Traceable ... The output is a Product Requirement Document francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 5. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Phases Design Architecture of the software How can we satisfy the requirements? What aspects should we maximize? Compatibility? Security? Performance? Modularity? ... Design principles Output is a Design Description francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 6. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Phases Build Actual coding Testing of the single components Integration between various parts Output is the software solution francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 7. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Phases Verify Testing of the entire solution Fix of the issues francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 8. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Phases Maintain Support Maintainance Other xes... francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 9. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Conclusions Advantages Easy to understand Good planning reduces costs Easy to manage francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 10. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Conclusions Useful for projects with clear requirements xed context clear timeframe xed resources francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 11. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Conclusions In the real world it often does not work :( Issues Not exible Late feedbacks High cost for delays No customer interaction Decisions are taken far from the moment they will be applied francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 12. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Conclusions Usually building software is not at all like building an house Answers to a lot of questions changes during the project What do we want? Are we going in the right direction? Does it really work as expected? Does it really feel as expected? Do we still have the same resources available? ... francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 13. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Conclusions Let's get inspired by some other kind of production system... francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 14. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References History of Manufacturing USA - Ford: Continuous system for mass production Model T - 1910s-30s A bomber an hour - 1944 Based on Standardization Assembly line No variation of the product francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 15. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References History of Manufacturing Japan - Toyota - Toyota Production System (1948-1975) Initialy called Just In Time Adapt to changing requirements Reduce setup costs Allow small batches the market requires more customization and personalization Workers can contribute more Availability of component is key Not inventory! Kanban francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 16. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References History of Manufacturing Kanban Inspiration: shelf lling policy in a supermarket When a order comes, the needed parts are taken and assembled, the ticket is sent upstream to the previous step the previous steps prepare what is written on the kanban and send the product with the kanban downstream if at this stage materials from a precedent step are needed, the kanban mechanism works the same with the previous-previous step as well francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 17. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References History of Manufacturing Example customer asks for a bike assembly take the wheels and send the wheel kanban upstream take the frame and send the frame kanban upstream assemble the bike and give it to the customer wheel area recieve the kanban, prepare a new pair of wheels, attach the wheel kanban to the wheels each part needed to build has a kanban, that is sent upstream frame production area recieve the frame kanban, prepare a new frame, attach the kanban to the frame each part needed to build has a kanban, that is sent upstream ... francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 18. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References History of Manufacturing Lean Manufactoring is a concept expressed in 1990 in the book The machine that changed the world In a chapter by John Krafcick, CEO google self driving cars francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 19. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Lean Manufacturing Concepts Lean Manufacturing Focus on reducing everything that does not provide value francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 20. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Lean Manufacturing Concepts Key Concept: Value Value is everything the customer is willing to pay for Value is dened by customer francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 21. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Lean Manufacturing Concepts Key Concept: Waste (MUDA) Waste is bad and undesirable both from an economical and ethical point of view Waste is any activity that does not produce value Is waste so bad? Someone has to pay for the waste. This means minor margin or customer paying more than needed. francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 22. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Lean Manufacturing Concepts The 7 Kind of waste overproduction transportation stocks motion waiting defects overprocessing francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 23. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Waste Overproduction Producing items not needed right now - why? needed = required to satisfy an order coming from a customer francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 24. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Waste Transportation Moving things does not change their value risk and cost producing where it costs less then moving where you sell works only if you think in huge batches: you reduce the cost per unit and if you produce enough you will have an advantage so we somehow produce a lot and move things around to satisfy the process, not the customer francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 25. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Waste stocks raw materials / uncompleted items / nished goods storing, counting, and listing items does not change their value francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 26. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Waste motion Of people or parts during production, useless and risky francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 27. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Waste waiting goods not being processed value is not reaching the end of the ow as fast as possible francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 28. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Waste overprocessing more work than needed producing with higher quality than needed francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 29. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Lean Principles Lean Manufacturing principles 1) Specify Value 2) Identify Value Stream 3) Make the Value Stream ow 4) Implement Pull Scheduling 5) Pursue Perfection francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 30. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Lean Principles Specify value What is value for the customer? Dened by customer In a specic time At a specic price Represents needs of the customer Are you willing to pay... $20 to Bill, so he can add MP3 player to your car? $20 to John so we can store your car for two days? $20 to Marie, so we can x the mp3 player Bill installed upside down? ... francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 31. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Lean Principles Identify Value Stream each step in the entire production creates value creates no value but is (still) needed Muda type 1 does not create value and it is not needed Muda type 2 francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 32. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Lean Principles Make the Value Stream Flow remove type 2 waste work on type 1 waste usually caused by batch queue goods waiting for a next step meanwhile, value is postponed, we're waiting for the economy of scale to be happy rethik process and steps every aspect: position, assumptions, speed, noise small improvements can give more benets than New Big Machines workers are key pieces of this approach as they know better their job francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 33. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Lean Principles Bicycle production - traditional francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 34. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Lean Principles Bicycle production - lean francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 35. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Lean Principles Implement pull scheduling produce something only if a subsequent steps requires so from production for inventory to production for customer resources are used only if there is real demand francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 36. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Lean Principles Pursue perfection focus and iterate francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 37. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Example: Cola value ow Auminum production australia, bauxite, estraction phase 4tons to ll a truck factory, 2tons of alumina powder - 30 mins 500k tons to ll a ship container - 2 weeks travel to norway - 4 weeks wait in the foundry - 2 months melted francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 38. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Example: Cola value ow From Aluminium to can hot rolling, sweden / norway cold rolling, somwhere else (sweden / germany) cut and preparation, uk printing and cap sorting shipment to ller lling deposit supermarket francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 39. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Example: Cola value ow Sumary: Total time of value production: 3 hours Elapsed: 319 days lift up: 30 times 14 storage facilities across the world 4 times pack and unpack 24 percent of aluminim lost francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 40. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Example: Cola value ow Why? A single can is very small Everything in the ow is very large Economy of scale requires so francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 41. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Introduction Lean Development Rethink development with lean principles in mind francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 42. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Waste Types Waste types table Lean Manufacturing Lean Development Overproduction Extra features Transportation Task switching Inventory Work partially done Motion Motion Waiting Waiting Defects Defects Overprocessing Extra processes francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 43. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Waste Types Overproduction - Extra Features Real temptation for Product Owners and Developers Adding extra features is percieved as harmless, it is not needs to be tested needs to be maintained can contain bugs becomes obsolete Cost of development is not always percieved francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 44. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Waste Types Transportation - Task switching People are often assigned to multiple projects Or multiple teams Or multiple roles This may be needed in some scenarios but every context switch creates waste francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 45. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Waste Types Inventory - Work partially done Uncompleted features Something is there, so you do not want to remove it But is not nished so you cannot enable it Will it really work at the end? Is code you have spent resources on, but is not producing value Brings costs and risks for no reason francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 46. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Waste Types Motion Also, accessibility issue How far should I go to get the answer? Artifacts move as well Requirements design docs code code / feature hando francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 47. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Waste Types Waiting Each wait postpones the value for the customer Slower ouput means slower response to request One of the principles of lean development is to decide as late as possible, waiting makes this less ecient francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 48. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Waste Types Defects Waste amount is the impact multiplied the time it goes undetected Finding defects early is crucial test immediatly iterate often release in production soon francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 49. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Waste Types Overprocessing - Extra processes Excessive Paperwork If there is noone waiting for it, it is a waste francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 50. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Principles Seven Principles Eliminate waste Amplify Learning Decide as late as possible Deliver as fast as possible Empower the team Technical decisions taken by techicals Late decisions means not having time to review everything Build integrity in External and internal See the whole francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 51. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Tools Tools to... Eliminate Waste Map the value stream, nd the blocked areas, correct them Amplify Learning Feedback Loops Iterative processes Decide as late as possible Concurrent development Keep options available Wait until the last responsible moment Deliver as fast as possible Pull system: let people gure out what to do Kanban or similar signals francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 52. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Tools This course as a kanban board francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 53. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Tools Tools to... (2) Empower the team Manager Leader Cope with complexity Cope with change Plan and budget Set direction Organize and sta Align people Track and control Enable Motivation hire good people, and leave them alone If you put fences around people you get sheep francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 54. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References Lean from the real world Stories from the real world Reduce Waste in bugs Lean handling of icons and strings francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 55. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References References Bibliography Lean Thinking - Womack and Jones - part 1 Lean Development - Poppendieck and Poppendieck - introduction, chapter 1, concepts from other chapters as well francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking
- 56. Waterfall Development Process Lean Approach Lean Development References References Attribution Diagrams of the bicycle factory layout taken from Lean Thinking and Strategic Asset Management , MRO Software Salami picture by André Karwath aka Aka francesco mapelli (@mapelli) University of Insubria Lean Thinking