Learner as a develpoing individual

Learner as
Developing
Individual
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN
Presented To:
Dr. T. Sangeetha
Assistant Professor
Department of Education
Presented By:
Jagrati Mehra (2020IMSBMT015)
Integrated M.Sc. B.Ed. II Sem
Department of Mathematics

CONTENT
 Learner as Developing Individual
 Learner as Psychosocial Entity
 Stages of Development
 Piaget’s 4 stages of Cognitive Development
 Erikson’s 8 stages of Psychosocial Development

Learner as a
Developing Individual
3
• Life begins in mother’s womb. From that point till
death an individual keeps on changing.
• Such things are not random but orderly follow a
pattern.
• The developmental changes are not always
incremental or evolutionary.
• They may also involve a decline in the functioning
called involution.
• A child loses milk teeth in the process of development
while an old person may show decay in the memory
and physical functioning.

Development of an individual influenced by different factors :
4
FACTOR TREE
EXTERNAL
INTERNAL
1. HEREDITY
2. PYSICAL
3. INTELLIGENCE
4. EMOTIONAL
5. SOCIAL
1. ENVIRONMENT IN THE WOMB
OF MOTHER
2. ENVIRONMENT AVAILABLE
AFTER BIRTH
Learning as a Developing Individual

Learner as Psychosocial Entity
5
o “Psychosocial” means “pertaining to the
influence of social factors on an
individual’s mind or behaviour, and to the
interrelation of behavioural and social
factors.”
o Erikson postulated that the development
of an individual is the result of his
interaction with his social environment.
o So concept of learner as psychosocial
entity is directly related with Erikson’s
theory of psychosocial development.
o Erikson postulated that the development
of an individual is the result of his
interaction with his social environment.

Very Broadly the stages may be categorized two main types:
6
STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT
POSTNATAL
PRENATAL
o IT INCLUDES ALL THE CHANGES
THAT TAKE PLACE IN THE WOMB
OF MOTHER.
o IT IS ALSO CALLED INTRA-
UTERINE DEVELOPMENT.
o IT REFERS TO THE ALL STAGES
THAT FOLLOW AFTER BIRTH TILL
THE VERY END OF LIFE.
Stages of Development

Prenatal Development
7
•It starts with fertilization
and ends in two weeks
Period of Zygote
• It extends from 2 weeks to 2
months.
• In this stage heart starts beating.
• External feature such as heart,
fingers, legs can be clearly seen
Period of Embryo
• It extends from the beginning of
the third month till birth.
• Activity of fetus can be felt.
• Between 2-4 month the nervous
system develops.
• After 9 months or 270 days, the
fetus is ready for the birth.
Period of Fetus

8
THE SENSORIMOTOR
STAGE
o Birth to 2 years
o Child learn by their
senses.
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
o 2 to 7 years
o Children use their ability
to represent objects in a
wide variety of activities.
o Age 11 to beyond
o The child becomes able to
reason hypothetical or
abstract ones.
THE FORMAL
OPERATIONAL STAGE
o 7 to 11 years
o Children become able to
represent ideas & events
more flexibly & logically.
THE CONCRETE
OPERATIONAL STAGE
Piaget’s 4 stages of Cognitive
Development

Erikson’s 8 stages of Development
9
2. TODDLERHOOD
1. INFANCY
6. YOUNG ADULTHOOD
4. LATE CHILDHOOD
5. ADOLESCENCE
3. EARLY CHILDHOOD
GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION (40 TO 60 YEARS)
INTIMACY VS ISOLATION (20S TO EARLY 40S)
IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION (12 TO 19 YEARS)
INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY (6 TO 12 YEARS)
INITIATIVE VS GUILT (3 TO 6 YEARS)
AUTONOMY VS SHAME/DOUBT (1 TO 3 YEARS)
7. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
8. LATE ADULTHOOD INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR (60 TO END LIFE)
TRUST VS MISTRUST (BIRTH TO 1 YEAR)

1. Infancy (0-1)
10
o Psychosocial state: Trust vs Mistrust
o Cognitive stage: Sensorimotor
o Important events: Feeding
o An infant develops their sense of trust
with proper care & attention, the child
trusts. If this does not happen it leads
to mistrust
o Dependent on environment
o Needs security & physical safety
o They see world as unpredictable
o Natural curiosity

2. Toddlerhood (1-3)
11
o Psychosocial state: Autonomy vs Shame/doubt
o Cognitive stage: Sensorimotor
o Important Events: Toilet Training
o Toddlerhood is the period of terrible twos
o No saying, newly oppositional toddlers now want to
do things for themselves
o Child needs to develop a certain level of
independence through exploration
o Use repetition and imitation of information
o Allow play and manipulation of objects
o Explores self and environment

3. Early childhood (3-6)
12
o Psychosocial state: Initiative vs Guilt
o Cognitive stage: preoperational
o Important events: exploration
o This stage also known as Preschool
o Ego centric & separation anxiety
o Active imagination but animistic thinking
o Believes illness self-caused and punitive
o Thinking concrete & literal
o Fears bodily injury
o Prone to fears

4. Late Childhood (6-12)
13
o Psychosocial state: Industry vs Inferiority
o Cognitive stage: Concrete Operations
o Important events: School
o Late childhood is a period of slow and uniform
growth period until changes of puberty begins
o Also known as School Age
o Understands seriousness and consequences of actions
o Wants compare objects and events
o More realistic and objective
o Variable rates of physical growth
o Understands cause and effect
o Establish role models

5. Adolescence (12-19)
14
o Psychosocial state: Identity Vs Role Confusion
o Cognitive stage: Formal Operations
o Important events: Social relationships
o Intense personal preoccupation, appearance extremely
important
o Feels invulnerable, invincible/immune to natural laws
o Reasons by logic and understands scientific principles
o Abstract, hypothetical thinking
o Motivated by desire for social acceptance
o Can build on past learning
o Future orientation
o Easily influenced

6. Young Adulthood (19-40
or early 20-40)
15
o Psychosocial state: Intimacy Vs Isolation
o Important events: Relationships
o Autonomous & Self directed
o Uses personal experiences to enhance or interfere with
learning
o Makes decisions about personal, occupational, and
social roles
o We should allow to set own pace, and let them be self
directed
o Intrinsic Motivation
o Able to analyze critically

7. Middle Adulthood (41-65)
16
o Psychosocial state: Generativity vs Self-absorption and
stagnation
o Important events: Work & Parenthood
o We should provide information to coincide with life
concerns & problems
o Reflects on contribution to family and society
o Desires to modify unsatisfactory aspects of life
o Sense of well-developed
o Concerned with physical changes
o At pick in career
o Reexamines goals & values
o Has confidence in abilities

8. Late Adulthood (65 till death)
17
o Psychosocial state: Ego integrity vs Despair
o Important events: Reflection on Life
o Decreased ability to think abstractly, process
information
o We should always allow time for processing/response
o Decreased short-term memory
o Increased reaction time
o Increased test anxiety
o Focused on past life experiences
o Always speak slowly to them
o Farsighted (needs glasses to read)
o Sensorimotor deficits

18
References
o www.sildeshare.com
Search engines-
o www.google.com
o www.bing.com
o www.duckduckgo.com
o www.ecosia.org

Learner as a develpoing individual

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