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Learning Rails 3 Rails from the Outside In 1st Edition Simon St. Laurent

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Learning Rails 3 Rails from the Outside In 1st Edition Simon St. Laurent Learning Rails 3 Rails from the Outside In 1st Edition Simon St. Laurent Learning Rails 3 Rails from the Outside In 1st Edition Simon St. Laurent

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Learning Rails 3 Rails from the Outside In 1st Edition Simon St. Laurent
Learning Rails 3 Rails from the Outside In 1st Edition Simon St. Laurent
Learning Rails 3 Simon St.Laurent, Edd Dumbill, and Eric J. Gruber Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Tokyo
Learning Rails 3 by Simon St.Laurent, Edd Dumbill, and Eric J. Gruber Copyright © 2012 Simon St.Laurent, Edd Dumbill, Eric J. Gruber. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editor: Simon St.Laurent Production Editor: Iris Febres Proofreader: Jasmine Perez Indexer: Lucie Haskins Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrators: Robert Romano, Rebecca Demarest, and Jessamyn Read July 2012: First Edition. Revision History for the First Edition: 2012-07-11 First release See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449309336 for release details. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Learning Rails 3, the image of the tarpans, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information con- tained herein. ISBN: 978-1-449-30933-6 [M] 1342467902
Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 1. Starting Up Ruby on Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 If You Run Windows, You’re Lucky 2 Getting Started at the Command Line 3 Starting Up Rails 8 Test Your Knowledge 9 Quiz 9 Answers 9 2. Rails on the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Creating Your Own View 11 What Are All Those Folders? 14 Adding Some Data 16 How Hello World Works 18 Adding Logic to the View 20 Test Your Knowledge 22 Quiz 22 Answers 22 3. Adding Web Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 I Want My CSS! 23 Specifying Stylesheets 28 Creating a Layout for a Controller 29 Choosing a Layout from a Controller 31 Sharing Template Data with the Layout 33 Setting a Default Page 34 Test Your Knowledge 36 Quiz 36 Answers 36 iii
4. Managing Data Flow: Controllers and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Getting Started, Greeting Guests 37 Application Flow 42 Keeping Track: A Simple Guestbook 44 Connecting to a Database Through a Model 44 Connecting the Controller to the Model 47 Finding Data with ActiveRecord 52 Test Your Knowledge 54 Quiz 54 Answers 54 5. Accelerating Development with Scaffolding and REST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 A First Look at Scaffolding 57 REST and Controller Best Practices 61 Websites and Web Applications 61 Toward a Cleaner Approach 63 Examining a RESTful Controller 64 Index: An Overview of Data 69 Show: Just One Row of Data 71 New: A Blank Set of Data Fields 71 Edit: Hand Me That Data, Please 72 Create: Save Something New 72 Put This Updated Record In 74 Destroy It 75 Escaping the REST Prison 76 Test Your Knowledge 76 Quiz 76 Answers 77 6. Presenting Models with Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 More Than a Name on a Form 79 Generating HTML Forms with Scaffolding 80 Form as a Wrapper 84 Creating Text Fields and Text Areas 87 Labels 89 Creating Checkboxes 90 Creating Radio Buttons 91 Creating Selection Lists 93 Dates and Times 95 Creating Helper Methods 97 Test Your Knowledge 100 Quiz 100 Answers 100 iv | Table of Contents
7. Strengthening Models with Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Without Validation 103 The Original Model 106 The Power of Declarative Validation 106 Managing Secrets 109 Customizing the Message 109 Limiting Choices 111 Testing Format with Regular Expressions 112 Seen It All Before 112 Numbers Only 113 A Place on the Calendar 114 Testing for Presence 115 Beyond Simple Declarations 115 Test It Only If 115 Do It Yourself 116 Test Your Knowledge 117 Quiz 117 Answers 117 8. Improving Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Adding a Picture by Uploading a File 119 File Upload Forms 120 Model and Migration Changes 120 Results 126 Standardizing Your Look with Form Builders 129 Supporting Your Own Field Types 130 Adding Automation 132 Integrating Form Builders and Styles 134 Test Your Knowledge 137 Quiz 137 Answers 138 9. Developing Model Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Connecting Awards to Students 140 Establishing the Relationship 140 Supporting the Relationship 141 Guaranteeing a Relationship 145 Connecting Students to Awards 146 Removing Awards When Students Disappear 146 Counting Awards for Students 147 Nesting Awards in Students 148 Changing the Routing 149 Changing the Controller 150 Table of Contents | v
Changing the Award Views 153 Connecting the Student Views 156 Is Nesting Worth It? 158 Many-to-Many: Connecting Students to Courses 159 Creating Tables 159 Connecting the Models 161 Adding to the Controllers 162 Adding Routing 164 Supporting the Relationship Through Views 164 What’s Missing? 172 Test Your Knowledge 172 Quiz 172 Answers 173 10. Managing Databases with Migrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 What Migrations Offer You 175 Migration Basics 176 Migration Files 177 Running Migrations Forward and Backward 178 Inside Migrations 180 Working with Tables 181 Data Types 181 Working with Columns 183 Indexes 183 Other Opportunities 184 Test Your Knowledge 185 Quiz 185 Answers 185 11. Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Creating Your Own Debugging Messages 187 Raising Exceptions 188 Logging 188 Working with Rails from the Console 190 The Ruby Debugger 195 Test Your Knowledge 199 Quiz 199 Answers 199 12. Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Test Mode 201 Setting Up a Test Database with Fixtures 202 Unit Testing 206 vi | Table of Contents
Functional Testing 212 Calling Controllers 214 Testing Responses 215 Dealing with Nested Resources 216 Integration Testing 218 Beyond the Basics 220 Test Your Knowledge 221 Quiz 221 Answers 221 13. Sessions and Cookies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Getting Into and Out of Cookies 223 Storing Data Between Sessions 230 Test Your Knowledge 235 Quiz 235 Answers 235 14. Users and Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Installation 237 Storing Identities 239 Storing User Data 239 Wiring OmniAuth into the Application 240 Classifying Users 248 More Options 255 Test Your Knowledge 256 Quiz 256 Answers 256 15. Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Creating Routes to Interpret URIs 258 Specifying Routes with match 258 Globbing 260 Regular Expressions and Routing 261 A Domain Default with root 261 Named Routes 262 Mapping Resources 263 Nesting Resources 264 Route Order and Priority 265 Checking the Map 265 Generating URIs from Views and Controllers 266 Pointing url_for in the Right Direction 266 Adding Options 267 Infinite Possibilities 267 Table of Contents | vii
Test Your Knowledge 268 Quiz 268 Answers 268 16. From CSS to SASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Getting Started 271 Sassy Style 272 Variables 272 Mixins 274 Nesting 275 Making Everything Work Together 276 Becoming Sassier 279 Test Your Knowledge 280 Quiz 280 Answers 280 17. Managing Assets and Bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 The Junk Drawer 281 Sprockets 282 Dissecting The Pipeline 283 Putting It All Together 283 Bundler 286 Test Your Knowledge 290 Quiz 290 Answers 290 18. Sending Code to the Browser: JavaScript and CoffeeScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Sending JavaScript to the Browser 292 Simplifying with CoffeeScript 293 Have Some Sugar with your CoffeeScript 295 Converting to CoffeeScript 297 Test Your Knowledge 298 Quiz 298 Answers 298 19. Mail in Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Sending Mail Messages 299 Receiving Mail 304 Setup 305 Processing Messages 305 Test Your Knowledge 308 Quiz 308 Answers 308 viii | Table of Contents
20. Pushing Further into Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Changing to Production Mode 309 Deploying Is Much More Than Programming 310 Joining the Rails Ecosystem 313 Keep Up with Rails 313 Ruby 313 Working With and Around Rails 314 Keep Exploring 314 A. An Incredibly Brief Introduction to Ruby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 B. An Incredibly Brief Introduction to Relational Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 C. An Incredibly Brief Guide to Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 D. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Table of Contents | ix
Learning Rails 3 Rails from the Outside In 1st Edition Simon St. Laurent
Preface Everyone cool seems to agree: Ruby on Rails is an amazing way to build web applications. Ruby is a powerful and flexible programming language, and Rails takes advantage of that flexibility to build a web application framework that takes care of a tremendous amount of work for the developer. Everything sounds great! Except, well… all the Ruby on Rails books talk about this “Model-View-Controller” thing, and they start deep inside the application, close to the database, most of the time. From an experienced Rails developer’s perspective, this makes sense—the framework’s power lies largely in making it easy for developers to create a data model quickly, layer controller logic on top of that, and then, once all the hard work is done, put a thin layer of interface view on the very top. It’s good programming style, and it makes for more robust applications. Advanced Ajax functionality seems to come almost for free! From the point of view of someone learning Ruby on Rails, however, that race to show off Rails’ power can be extremely painful. There’s a lot of seemingly magical behavior in Rails that works wonderfully—until one of the incantations isn’t quite right and figuring out what happened means unraveling all that work Rails did. Rails certainly makes it easier to work with databases and objects without spending forever thinking about them, but there are a lot of things to figure out before that ease becomes obvious. If you’d rather learn Ruby on Rails more slowly, starting from pieces that are more familiar to the average web developer and then moving slowly into controllers and models,you’reintherightplace.YoucanstartfromtheHTMLyoualreadylikelyknow, and then move more deeply into Rails’ many interlinked components. This updated version of Learning Rails covers version 3.2. There are substantial changes from earlier versions. Rails itself keeps changing, even in ways that affect beginners. Who This Book Is For You’ve probably been working with the Web for long enough to know that writing web applications always seems more complicated than it should be. There are lots of parts xi
to manage, along with lots of people to manage, and hopefully lots of visitors to please. Ruby on Rails has intrigued you as one possible solution to that situation. You may be a designer who’s moving toward application development or a developer who combines some design skills with some programming skills. You may be a programmer who’s familiar with HTML but who lacks the sense of grace needed to create beautiful design—that’s a fair description of one of the authors of this book, anyway. Wherever you’re from, whatever you do, you know the Web well and would like to learn how Rails can make your life easier. The only mandatory technical prerequisite for reading this book is direct familiarity with HTML and a general sense of how programming works. You’ll be inserting Ruby codeintothatHTMLasafirststeptowardwritingRubycodedirectly,sounderstanding HTML is a key foundation. (If you don’t know Ruby at all, you probably want to look over Appendix A or at least keep it handy for reference.) Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) will help you make that HTML look a lot nicer, but it’s not necessary for this book. Similarly, a sense of how JavaScript works may help. Experience with other templating languages (like PHP, ASP, and ASP.NET) can also help, but it isn’t required. You also need to be willing to work from the command line sometimes. The commands aren’t terribly complicated, but they aren’t (yet) completely hidden behind a graphical interface. Who This Book Is Not For We don’t really want to cut anyone out of the possibility of reading this book, but there are some groups of people who aren’t likely to enjoy it. Model-View-Controller purists will probably grind their teeth through the first few chapters, and people who insist that data structures are at the heart of a good application are going to have to wait an even longer time to see their hopes realized. If you consider HTML just a nuisance that programmers have to put up with, odds are good that this book isn’t for you. Most of the other Ruby on Rails books, though, are written for people who want to start from the model! Also, people who are convinced that Ruby and Rails are the one true way may have some problems with this book, which spends a fair amount of time warning readers about potential problems and confusions they need to avoid. Yes, once you’ve worked with Ruby and Rails for a while, their elegance is obvious. However, reaching that level of comfort and familiarity is often a difficult road. This book attempts to ease as many of those challenges as possible by describing them clearly. xii | Preface
What You’ll Learn Building a Ruby on Rails application requires mastering a complicated set of skills. You may find that—depending on how you’re working with it, and who you’re working with—you only need part of this tour. That’s fine. Just go as far as you think you’ll need. At the beginning, you’ll need to install Ruby on Rails. We’ll explore different ways of doing this, with an emphasis on easier approaches to getting Ruby and Rails operational. Next, we’ll create a very simple Ruby on Rails application, with only a basic view and then a controller that does a very few things. From this foundation, we’ll explore ways to create a more sophisticated layout using a variety of tools, learning more about Ruby along the way. Once we’ve learned how to present information, we’ll take a closer look at controllers and what they can do. Forms processing is critical to most web applications, so we’ll build a few forms and process their results, moving from the simple to the complex. Forms can do interesting things without storing data, but after a while it’s a lot more fun to have data that lasts for more than just a few moments. The next step is setting up a database to store information and figuring out how the magic of Rails’ ActiveRecord makes it easy to create code that maps directly to database structures— without having to think too hard about database structures or SQL. Once we have ActiveRecord up and running, we’ll explore scaffolding and its possi- bilities. Rails scaffolding not only helps you build applications quickly, it helps you learn to build them well. The RESTful approach that Rails emphasizes will make it simpler for you to create applications that are both attractive and maintainable. For purposes of illustration, using scaffolding also makes it easier to demonstrate one task at a time, which we hope will make it easier for you to understand what’s happening. Ideally, at this point, you’ll feel comfortable with slightly more complicated data mod- els, and we’ll take a look at applications that need to combine data in multiple tables. Mixing and matching data is at the heart of most web applications. We’ll also take a look at testing and debugging Rails code, a key factor in the frame- work’s success. Migrations, which make it easy to modify your underlying data structures (and even roll back those changes if necessary), are another key part of Rails’ approach to application maintainability. The next step will be to add some common web applications elements like sessions and cookies, as well as authentication. Rails (with the help of gems for authentication) can manage a lot of this work for you. We’ll also let Rails stretch its legs a bit, showing off its recent support for Syntactically Awesome Stylesheets (Sass), CoffeeScript scripting, bundle management, and sending email messages. Preface | xiii
By the end of this tour, you should be comfortable with working in Ruby on Rails. You may not be a Rails guru yet, but you’ll be ready to take advantage of all of the other resources out there for becoming one. Ruby and Rails Style It’s definitely possible to write Ruby on Rails code in ways that look familiar to programmers from other languages. However, that code often isn’t really idiomatic Ruby, as Ruby programmers have chosen other paths. In general, this book will always try to introduce new concepts using syntax that’s likely to be familiar to developers from other environments, and then explain what the local idiom does. You’ll learn to write idiomatic Ruby that way (if you want to), and at the same time you’ll figure out how to read code from the Ruby pros. We’ve tried to make sure that the code we present is understandable to those without a strong background in Ruby. Ruby itself is worth an introductory book (or several), but the Ruby code in a lot of Rails applications is simple, thanks to the hard work the framework’s creators have already put into it. You may want to install Rails in Chap- ter 1, and then explore Appendix: “An Incredibly Brief Introduction to Ruby” before diving in. Other Options There are lots of different ways to learn Rails. Some people want to learn Ruby in detail before jumping into a framework that uses it. That’s a perfectly good option, and if you want to start that way, you should explore the following books: • Learning Ruby by Michael Fitzgerald (O’Reilly, 2007) • The Ruby Programming Language by David Flanagan and Yukhiro Matsumoto (O’Reilly, 2008) • Ruby Pocket Reference by Michael Fitzgerald (O’Reilly, 2007) • Programming Ruby, Third Edition by Dave Thomas with Chad Fowler and Andy Hunt (Pragmatic Programmers, 2008) • The Well-Grounded Rubyist by David A. Black (Manning, 2009) • Eloquent Ruby by Russ Olsen (Addison-Wesley, 2011) • Metaprogramming Ruby by Paolo Perrotta (Pragmatic Programmers, 2010) You may also want to supplement (or replace) this book with other books on Rails. If you want some other resources, you can explore: • For maximum excitement, try http://railsforzombies.com/, a training tool that includes video and exercises. xiv | Preface
• Try http://railscasts.com/ for all kinds of detailed programming demonstrations in a video format. • Ruby on Rails 3 Tutorial by Michael Hartl (Addison-Wesley, 2010), provides a faster-moving introduction that covers many more extensions for Rails. • The Rails 3 Way by Obie Fernandez (Addison-Wesley, 2010), takes a big-book reference approach for developers who already know their way. • Agile Web Development with Rails, Fourth Edition, (Pragmatic Programmers, 2010), by Sam Ruby, Dave Thomas, and David Heinemeier Hansson gives a de- tailed explanation of a wide range of features. Ideally, you’ll want to make sure that whatever books or online documentation you use cover at least Rails 3.0 (or later). Rails’ perpetual evolution has unfortunately made it dangerous to use a lot of formerly great but now dated material (some of it works, some of it doesn’t). Finally, key resources you should always explore are the Ruby on Rails Guides (http:// guides.rubyonrails.org/), which provide an excellent and well-updated overview for a lot of common topics. Sometimes they leave gaps or demand more background knowledge than beginners have, but they’re a wonderful layer of documentation at a level above the basic (though also useful) API documentation at http://api.rubyonrails .org/. Rails Versions The Rails team is perpetually improving Rails and releasing new versions. This book was updated for Rails 3.2.3 and Ruby 1.9.2. If You Have Problems Making Examples Work When you’re starting to use a new framework, error messages can be hard, even impossible, to decipher. We’ve included occasional notes in the book about particular errorsyoumight see,but it seemsverynormal for different peopletoencounterdifferent errors as they work through examples. Sometimes it’s the result of skipping a step or entering code just a little differently than it was in the book. It’s probably not the result of a problem in Rails itself, even if the error message seems to come from deep in the framework. That isn’t likely an error in the framework, but much more likely a problem the framework is having in figuring out how to deal with the unexpected code it just encountered. If you find yourself stuck, here are a few things you should check: What version of Ruby are you running? You can check by entering ruby -v. All of the examples in this book were written with Ruby 1.9.2. You can also use Ruby 1.8.7 with Rails, but many of the examples Preface | xv
here (especially those using hashes) may not always work for you. Versions of Ruby older than 1.8.7 may cause problems for Rails 3.x, and even version 1.9.1 of Ruby causes problems. Chapter 1 explores how to install Ruby, but you may need to find documentation specific to your specific operating system and environment. What version of Rails are you running? You can check by running rails -v. You might think that you should be able to use the examples here with any version of Rails 3.x, but Rails keeps changing in ways that break even simple code even among the 3.x versions. The examples on the book’s site include a number of versions from Rails 2.1 to Rails 3.2. If you’re running a version of Rails other than 3.2, especially an earlier version, you will encounter problems. Are you calling the program the right way? Linux and Mac OS X both use a forward slash, /, as a directory separator, whereas Windows uses a backslash, . This book uses the forward slash, but if you’re in Windows, you may need to use the backslash. Leaving out an argument can also produce some really incomprehensible error messages. Is the database connected? By default, Rails expects you to have SQLite up and running, though some instal- lations use MySQL or other databases. If you’re getting errors that have “sql” in them somewhere, it’s probably the database. Check that the database is installed and running, that the settings in database.yml are correct, and that the permissions, if any, are set correctly. Are all of the pieces there? Most of the time, assembling a Rails application, even a simple one, requires modifying multiple files—at least a view and a controller. If you’ve only built a controller, you’re missing a key piece you need to see your results; if you’ve only built a view, you need a controller to call it. As you build more and more complex applications, you’ll need to make sure you’ve considered routing, models, and maybe even configuration and plug-ins. What looks like a simple call in one part of the application may depend on pieces elsewhere. Eventually, you’ll know what kinds of problems specific missing pieces cause, but at least at first, try to make sure you’ve entered complete examples before running them. It’s also possible to have files present but with the wrong permissions set. If you know a file is there, but Rails can’t seem to get to it, check to make sure that permissions are set correctly. Did you save all the files? Of course this never happens to you. However, making things happen in Rails often means tinkering with multiple files at the same time, and it’s easy to forget to save one as you move along. This can be especially confusing if it was a configuration or migration file. Always take a moment to make sure everything you’re editing has been saved before trying to run your application. xvi | Preface
Are your routes right? If you can’t get a page to come up, you probably have a problem with your routes. This is a more common problem when you’re creating controllers directly, as you will be up through Chapter 4, rather than having Rails generate scaffolding. Check config/routes.rb. Is everything named correctly? Rails depends on naming conventions to establish connections between data and code without you having to specify them explicitly. This works wonderfully, until you have a typo somewhere obscure. Rails also relies on a number of Ruby con- ventions for variables, prefacing instance variables with @ or symbols with :. These special characters make a big difference, so make sure they’re correct. Is the Ruby syntax right? If you get syntax errors, or sometimes even if you get a nil object error, you may have an extra space, missing bracket, or similar issue. Ruby syntax is extremely flexible, so you can usually ignore the discipline of brackets, parentheses, or spaces—but sometimes it really does matter. Is another Rails app running? Jumping quickly between programs can be really confusing. In a normal develop- ment cycle, you’ll just have one app running, and things just work. When you’re reading a book, especially if you’re downloading the examples, it’s easy to start an app, close the window you use to explore it, and forget it’s still running underneath. Definitely stop one server before running another while you’re exploring the apps in this book. Are you running the right program? Yes, this sounds weird. When you’re developing real programs, it makes sense to leave the server running to check back and forth with your changes. If you’re testing out a lot of small application examples quickly, though, you may have problems. Definitely leave the server running while you’re working within a given example, but stop it when you change chapters or set off to create a new application with the rails command. Does your model specify attr_accessible? Rails tightened its security rules in Rails 3.2, requiring that models include an attr_accessible declaration at the start, identifying which fields can be reached through Rails. Older code, even code from earlier versions of this book, generally didn’t do this. If you get error messages like “Can’t mass-assign protected attributes,” this is likely the problem. Did the authors just plain screw up? Obviously, we’re working hard to ensure that all of the code in this book runs smoothly the first time, but it’s possible that an error crept through. You’ll want to check the errata, described in the next section, and download sample code, which will be updated for errata. Preface | xvii
It’s tempting to try Googling errors to find a quick fix. Unfortunately, the issues just described are more likely to be the problem than something else that has clear documentation. The Rails API documentation (http://api.rubyonrails.org/) might be helpful at times, especially if you’re experimenting with extending an example. There shouldn’t be much out there, though, beyond the book example files themselves that you can download to fix an example. If You Like (or Don’t Like) This Book If you like—or don’t like—this book, by all means, please let people know. Amazon reviews are one popular way to share your happiness (or lack of happiness), or you can leave reviews on the site for this book: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/9781449309336/ There’s also a link to errata there. Errata gives readers a way to let us know about typos, errors, and other problems with the book. The errata will be visible on the page immediately, and we’ll confirm it after checking it out. O’Reilly can also fix errata in future printings of the book and on Safari, making for a better reader experience pretty quickly. We hope to keep this book updated for future versions of Rails and will also incorporate suggestions and complaints into future editions. Conventions Used in This Book The following font conventions are used in this book: Italic Indicates pathnames, filenames, and program names; Internet addresses, such as domain names and URLs; and new items where they are defined. Constant width Indicates command lines and options that should be typed verbatim; names and keywords in programs, including method names, variable names, and class names; and HTML element tags. Constant width bold Indicates emphasis in program code lines. Constant width italic Indicates text that should be replaced with user-supplied values. This icon signifies a tip, suggestion, or general note. xviii | Preface
This icon indicates a warning or caution. Using Code Examples The code examples for this book, which are available from http://oreil.ly/Learning Rails3, come in two forms. One is a set of examples, organized by chapter, with each example numbered and named. These examples are referenced from the relevant chap- ter. The other form is a dump of all the code from the book, in the order it was presented in the book. That can be helpful if you need a line that didn’t make it into the final example, or if you want to cut and paste pieces as you walk through the examples. Hopefully, the code will help you learn. So far, the code examples for this electronic version of the book have stayed in sync with the code examples for the print book, updated for errata. This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code in this book in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code. For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission. We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Learning Rails 3 by Simon St.Laurent, Edd Dumbill, and Eric J. Gruber. Copyright 2012 Simon St.Laurent, Edd Dumbill, and Eric Gruber, 978-1-449-30933-6.” If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above, feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com. Safari® Books Online Safari Books Online (www.safaribooksonline.com) is an on-demand digital library that delivers expert content in both book and video form from the world’s leading authors in technology and business. Technology professionals, software developers, web designers, and business and cre- ative professionals use Safari Books Online as their primary resource for research, problem solving, learning, and certification training. Safari Books Online offers a range of product mixes and pricing programs for organi- zations, government agencies, and individuals. Subscribers have access to thousands Preface | xix
of books, training videos, and prepublication manuscripts in one fully searchable database from publishers like O’Reilly Media, Prentice Hall Professional, Addison- Wesley Professional, Microsoft Press, Sams, Que, Peachpit Press, Focal Press, Cisco Press, John Wiley & Sons, Syngress, Morgan Kaufmann, IBM Redbooks, Packt, Adobe Press, FT Press, Apress, Manning, New Riders, McGraw-Hill, Jones & Bartlett, Course Technology, and dozens more. For more information about Safari Books Online, please visit us online. How to Contact Us Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher: O’Reilly Media, Inc. 1005 Gravenstein Highway North Sebastopol, CA 95472 800-998-9938 (in the United States or Canada) 707-829-0515 (international or local) 707-829-0104 (fax) We have a web page for this book, where we list errata, examples, and any additional information. You can access this page at: http://oreil.ly/LearningRails3 To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to: bookquestions@oreilly.com For more information about our books, courses, conferences, and news, see our website at http://www.oreilly.com. Find us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/oreilly Follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/oreillymedia Watch us on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/oreillymedia Acknowledgments Thanks to Mike Loukides for thinking that Rails could use a new and different ap- proach, and for supporting this project along the way. Tech reviewers Gregg Pollack, Shelley Powers, Mike Fitzgerald, Eric Berry, David Schruth, Mike Hendrickson, and Mark Levitt all helped improve the first edition of the book tremendously. For this edition, Aaron Sumner, David DeMello, and Alan Harris went through the details carefully, finding many changes we’d overlooked and making helpful suggestions. The rubyonrails-talk group providedregularinspiration,asdidthe screencastsandpodcasts at http://railscasts.com/. xx | Preface
Edd Dumbill wishes to thank his lovely children, Thomas, Katherine, and Peter, for bashing earnestly on the keyboard, and his coauthor, Simon St.Laurent, for his patient encouragement in writing this book. Simon St.Laurent wants to thank Angelika St.Laurent for her support over the course of writing this, even when it interfered with dinner, and Sungiva and Konrad St.Laurent for their loudly shouted suggestions. Simon would also like to thank Edd Dumbill for his initial encouragement and for making this book possible. Eric would like to thank his lovely wife for enduring many late-night endeavors to learn about this wonderful world of code, his parents and sister for always encouraging him to find his own path, his community of designers and developers in the Lawrence area, Aaron Sumner for being a patient guide in the Ruby world, and his children, who inspire him to learn how to code well enough to teach it to them (if that’s what they want). We’d all like to thank Jasmine Perez for cleaning up our prose, Iris Febres for getting this book through production, and Lucie Haskins for the patient work it takes to build an index. Preface | xxi
Learning Rails 3 Rails from the Outside In 1st Edition Simon St. Laurent
CHAPTER 1 Starting Up Ruby on Rails Before you can use Rails, you have to install it. Even if it’s already installed on your computer, you may need to consider upgrading it. In this chapter, we’ll take a look at some ways of installing Ruby, Rails, and the supporting infrastructure. Please feel very welcome to jump to whatever pieces of this section interest you and skip past those that don’t. Once the software is working, we’ll generate the basic Rails application, which will at least let you know if Rails is working. However you decide to set up Rails, in the end you’re going to have a structure like that shown in Figure 1-1. Figure 1-1. The many components of a Rails installation 1
All of these options are free. You don’t need to spend any money to use Rails, unless maybe you feel like buying a nice text editor. Figure 1-2. The Rails welcome page If You Run Windows, You’re Lucky Windows users (at last) can get a basic installation of Rails and supporting tools— everything you need to use this book—far more easily than anyone else. EngineYard’s Rails Installer, which you can get at http://railsinstaller.org/ , provides all the key components in a one-click installation. Visit the site, download the installer, and watch the video; after that, you should be ready to move ahead to “Starting Up Rails” on page 8. Really, it’s that easy! (Well, except that you may have to tell Windows Defender not to block the port Rails uses to present the site. It’s also possible that you’ll have to install developer tools on newer versions of Windows.) 2 | Chapter 1: Starting Up Ruby on Rails
As this book was going to print, an initial version of RailsInstaller ap- peared for Mac OS X at http://railsinstaller.org/. Macintosh users may also be lucky now. Linux users still await a “coming soon” version. Getting Started at the Command Line Installing Rails by hand requires installing Ruby (preferably 1.9.2 or later), installing Gems,andtheninstallingRails.YouwilleventuallyalsoneedtoinstallSQLite,MySQL, or another relational database, though SQLite is already present on the Mac and in many Linux distributions. As this book was going to print, an initial version of RailsInstaller ap- peared for Mac OS X at http://railsinstaller.org. Macintosh users may also be lucky now, while Linux users still await a “coming soon” version. Ruby comes standard on a number of Linux and Macintosh platforms. To see whether it’s there, and what version it has, enter ruby -v at the command prompt. You’ll want Ruby 1.8.7 or 1.9.2, so you may need to update it to a more recent version: • On Mac OS X, Snow Leopard (10.6) and Lion (10.7) include Ruby 1.8.7, and Leopard (10.5) includes Ruby 1.8.6, but the previous version of OS X included Ruby 1.8.2. If you’re on Tiger (10.4) or an earlier version of OS X, you’ll need to update Ruby itself, a challenge that’s beyond the scope of this book. You may want to investigate MacPorts, and the directions at http://nowiknow.wordpress.com/ 2007/10/07/install-ruby-on-rails-for-mac/. For a more comprehensive installation, explore http://paulsturgess.co.uk/articles/show/46/. (You should ignore the versions of Rails installed with OS X - they’re guaranteed to be out of date.) • Most distributions of Linux include Ruby, but you’ll want to use your package manager to make sure it’s updated to 1.9.2. Some, notably Ubuntu and Debian, will name the gem command gem1.9. • For Windows, unless you’re a hardened tinkerer, it’s much easier to use Rails Installer. If you’re feeling strong, the One-Click Ruby Installer (http://rubyinstaller .rubyforge.org/) is probably your easiest option, though there are other alternatives, including Cygwin (http://www.cygwin.com/), which brings a lot of the Unix envi- ronment to Windows. A saner long-term approach to installing Ruby and Rails also includes installing rvm, the Ruby Version Manager, which frees you from having to worry about what version of Ruby your system decided it should have as well as giving you better options for managing a clean work environment. You can find out more about rvm at http://rvm .beginrescueend.com/. (It was created by Wayne E. Seguin, the same person who created Getting Started at the Command Line | 3
Rails Installer.) If that doesn’t seem right to you, you can also find out more on how to install Ruby on a variety of platforms, see http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/. If rvm isn’t for you, you may also want to explore rbenv (https://github .com/sstephenson/rbenv/), a much smaller and simpler approach to switching between versions of Ruby. RubyGems (often just called Gems) is also starting to come standard on a number of platforms, most recently on Mac OS X Leopard and Snow Leopard, but if you need to install Gems, see the RubyGems User Guide’s instructions at http://www.rubygems.org/ read/chapter/3/. If you use MacPorts, apt-get, or a similar package installer, you may want to use it only to install Ruby, and then proceed from the command line. You certainly can install Gems and Rails with these tools, but Gems can update itself, which can make for very confusing package update issues. Once you have RubyGems installed, Rails and its many dependencies are just a command away (though the output has grown more verbose with every version of Rails): ~ simonstl$ gem install rails SimonMacBook:living_book_2010_rails_3 simonstl$ gem install rails Fetching: i18n-0.6.0.gem (100%) Fetching: [many more].. Depending on your version of ruby, you may need to install ruby rdoc/ri data: <= 1.8.6 : unsupported = 1.8.7 : gem install rdoc-data; rdoc-data --install = 1.9.1 : gem install rdoc-data; rdoc-data --install >= 1.9.2 : nothing to do! Yay! Fetching: railties-3.2.3.gem (100%) Fetching: bundler-1.0.22.gem (100%) Fetching: rails-3.2.3.gem (100%) Successfully installed i18n-0.6.0 Successfully installed multi_json-1.1.0 Successfully installed activesupport-3.2.3 Successfully installed builder-3.0.0 Successfully installed activemodel-3.2.3 Successfully installed rack-1.4.1 Successfully installed rack-cache-1.2 Successfully installed rack-test-0.6.1 Successfully installed journey-1.0.1 Successfully installed hike-1.2.1 Successfully installed tilt-1.3.3 Successfully installed sprockets-2.1.2 Successfully installed erubis-2.7.0 Successfully installed actionpack-3.2.3 4 | Chapter 1: Starting Up Ruby on Rails
Successfully installed arel-3.0.0 Successfully installed tzinfo-0.3.31 Successfully installed activerecord-3.2.3 Successfully installed activeresource-3.2.3 Successfully installed mime-types-1.17.2 Successfully installed polyglot-0.3.3 Successfully installed treetop-1.4.10 Successfully installed mail-2.4.4 Successfully installed actionmailer-3.2.3 Successfully installed thor-0.14.6 Successfully installed rack-ssl-1.3.2 Successfully installed json-1.6.5 Successfully installed rdoc-3.12 Successfully installed railties-3.2.3 Successfully installed bundler-1.0.22 Successfully installed rails-3.2.3 30 gems installed Installing ri documentation for i18n-0.6.0... [lots more documentation notices] You may need to use sudo, which gives your command the power of the root (admin- istrative) account, if you’re working in an environment that requires root access for the installation—otherwise, you can just type gem install rails. That will install the latest version of Rails, which may be more recent than 3.2.3, as well as all of its dependencies. gem install rails will install the latest official release of Rails, which at present is 3.2.3. It will not install any Rails betas. (To see which version of Rails is installed, enter rails -v at the command line.) You may also need to install the sqlite3 gem, which isn’t automatically installed by the Rails gem but is needed for development. That’s gem install sqlite3. If you’re ever wondering which gems (and which versions of gems) are installed, type gem list --local. For more information on gems, just type gem, or visit http://rubygems .rubyforge.org/. You can see the documentation that gems have installed by running the command gem server, and visiting the URL (usually http://localhost: 8808) that command reports. When you’re done, you can turn off the server with Ctrl-C. Once you have Rails installed, you can create a Rails application easily from the command line. Here’s what it looks like in its extended glory, but you don’t need to read it every time: Getting Started at the Command Line | 5
~ $ rails new hello01 create create README.rdoc create Rakefile create config.ru create .gitignore create Gemfile create app create app/assets/images/rails.png create app/assets/javascripts/application.js create app/assets/stylesheets/application.css create app/controllers/application_controller.rb create app/helpers/application_helper.rb create app/mailers create app/models create app/views/layouts/application.html.erb create app/mailers/.gitkeep create app/models/.gitkeep create config create config/routes.rb create config/application.rb create config/environment.rb create config/environments create config/environments/development.rb create config/environments/production.rb create config/environments/test.rb create config/initializers create config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb create config/initializers/inflections.rb create config/initializers/mime_types.rb create config/initializers/secret_token.rb create config/initializers/session_store.rb create config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb create config/locales create config/locales/en.yml create config/boot.rb create config/database.yml create db create db/seeds.rb create doc create doc/README_FOR_APP create lib create lib/tasks create lib/tasks/.gitkeep create lib/assets create lib/assets/.gitkeep create log create log/.gitkeep create public create public/404.html create public/422.html create public/500.html create public/favicon.ico create public/index.html create public/robots.txt 6 | Chapter 1: Starting Up Ruby on Rails
Exploring the Variety of Random Documents with Different Content
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The text on this page is estimated to be only 29.32% accurate gap: ASSENBie PEVISIHN U6 CF AGC FRCGRAi" LUPINAPY PY NASA 2021112-Wl lS:rc /siJG. ll,lSfS PAGE 1615 OCTAL LISTING FOP PARAGRAPH 4 062, WITH PARI‘'Y BIT IN FINARY AT THE RIGHT CF EACH WORE, " J" CENOTES UNUSED FIXED ^'EMCRY ALL VALID RCRCS ARF BAS IC INSTRUCT TCNS EXCEPT THOSE HARKED "I" (INTERPRETIVE OPEPATCR WCPO S ) CR "C " (CCNSTANTS) 10, 300C 30 15A 1 5CG64 n 54154 r 33016 0 13224 J 50 154 1 33533 1 73535 C n,3on 0355 5 1 C: 74I'U4 50154 1 34747 1 64 75 1 Q 03545 0 C: 02765 1 30 100 0 10,3020 7A751 1 1 10 Vi 0 0 2 400 1 12537 0 34 75 5 1 54 16C 1 50 160 C 33525 0 10,3030 6A75 1 0 03555 1 C ; 40010 1 50160 0 3351 1 1 0O0C4 0 05137 1 1 333 6 c 10,3040 31071 1 } 54003 0 30366 1 04727 1 7773C C C5146 1 46250 1 6C374 1 10,3050 I 4640 0 00003 1 31072 0 54156 1 3.jirc 0 77743 1 lOCCO C 13C62 1 10,3060 13472 1 1240Q c "5 ‘=£14 ( C: ecu' 5 0 34736 1 70100 1 inoco I'. 12545 C 10,3070 12616 0 02420 0 3 1 160 0 74757 1 54CC ! 1 44737 1 50164 1 71C67 c 10,3100 50 164 1 55C6 7 c 74744 r 541 41 1 30156 0 5 4 16 5 1 55072 1 5C 164 1 10,3110 10367 1 13120 0 1 3234 0 4037C 1 543 7C 1 76C77 0 63516 0 6014 1 0 10,^120 6475 3 1 C4 1 5 5 1 1 3 246 ' ' 04433 1 024 1 6 0 C 5 5 1 6 c C : COl C2 1 0 5 5 16 c 10,3130 C: 00103 0 C 5 5 1 6 r C : 00104 1 30160 n 042 5 5 1 13071 0 34747 1 7C 16C 1 1 0 ,3 140 lOOOO 0 13164 0 34 7 50 1 7016C 1 lOCCC 0 132 61 c 40160 1 74746 1 10, 3150 10000 0 13156 1 50164 1 30372 1 54157 0 13354 I 50 164 1 3C367 c 1 T,3160 76077 0 0'10;)6 1 1326 1 0 15155 1 3C16C 0 74737 1 10000 0 13142 1 10, 31 7C 34737 0 50164 1 27067 0 2200 7 0 0000 6 1 6244 1 1 74 74C 1 00006 1 10, 32CC 13204 n 41U66 1 63542 1 13121 1 3350 1 ■J 13121 1 44747 0 GCCC6 1 10,3210 03''M 1 1 30100 r 735 17 0 lOOOC 0 34753 1 54CC1 1 34755 1 50001 0 10,3220 5704! 0 00GC4 c ■JO 00 2 0 34217 1 56064 0 CCCC6 1 632 3 2 1 56C64 c 10,3230 50064 0 541 6 4 c 10003 1 C00C2 0 37723 0 05105 0 C: 04231 c C: 04C60 0 1C ,324f 13262 0 B'li.n 0 73267 0 C0006 1 12576 c 15 155 1 11C41 1 15155 1 10, "'2'=0 1 32 52 0 15 15 5 1 3Q162 1 73520 1 ■J3545 J r:
24100 0 50 164 1 33 5 1C c 10,3260 ■'444 2 1 04427 1 30164 1 54157 c 30 16 2 1 73011 c 03545 0 C J 40C40 1 10,3270 31073 1 5 j 1 6 4 1 74751 1 i'lOOO 0 1336 1 1 1 IC41 1 1324 1 1 13 301 1 10,3300 1324 1 1 C42C7 c 13373 1 13412 1 43527 0 60154 1 00006 1 26CCC c 10 ,3310 0n0')6 1 13 462 0 34752 0 54161 G 30icr c 74101 1 10000 0 13322 0 10, 332C 13430 1 13414 1 4'1U25 1 61164 0 10000 0 400C0 0 67734 c 647 53 1 n,3?30 63571 1 000 OF 1 62 545 1 1343C 1 34753 1 13025 1 10161 c 64753 1 10,33Ar 13342 ri 15155 1 50157 1 60*3 7 2 1 54 157 0 30 1 62 1 73350 c 03555 1 10,3350 C: 74044 1 46250 1 C4154 0 13354 1 30163 0 77730 0 C5146 1 30 15 f 1 1 0 ,3360 1 464.1 0 50164 1 4 4 7 = 1 1 71073 0 55C75 Q 34755 1 04727 1 36250 0 1C,337C 50 164 1 60372 1 1464 1 34755 1 13 3 13 1 4Q 1 60 1 74736 c ICCCC c
G4P: /^SSFI^BtF RFVISTON 116 CF AFC FPCGRAR LUPINAPY PY NASA 2C21112-071 19:CS AUG. 11,1969 PAGE 1616 nCTAL listing for PARAGRAPH # T6T, UITH PARITY BIT IN BINARY AT THE RIGHT CF EACH WORC, ”S" CENOTES tJNLSED FIXED PEPCRY ALL VALID NCRCS APE BASK INSTRUCTIONS EXCEPT THOSE PARKED "I" (INTERPRETIVE OPERATGR HCRDS) CR "C" (CCNSTANTS) 10, 3ACC 16762 1 601 57 0 50166 1 60372 1 GOOD 6 1 136C7 0 0O0C2 C lieu 1 1 1 ,36 10 05155 1) 0000 2 0 36 753 1 13313 1 66265 0 7010‘0 1 00006 0 56 ICC 1 10,362C ooona 1 13336 0 3 7 7 5 2 0 56161 C 30 IOC 0 76 3 5 5 1 ICCCO c 13062 1 10, 3630 30100 0 7 352 5 1 lOCOO 0 13026 0 33100 3 73526 1 lorcc c 13 336 1 10 ,3660 31071 n 76771 0 lOCOO c 13336 0 3037 1 1 CCCC6 1 13336 c 3 5^25 0 10,3650 no j'i6 0 G5C72 1 C : 02616 1 C: 20060 0 13 3 3 6 0 30 ICO 0 73 5 25 1 ICCCC c 1 1,3660 1515'^ 1 1375 5 r 50157 1 30367 0 76077 .1 60000 0 60155 0 CCCC6 1 10,3670 13312 0 13051 1 66250 1 C 6 1 5 6 C 15155 1 15155 1 C : 000 26 1 C: CC231 1 10, 35CO r ; C16Q7 0 C : 166' ,1 C : 000 30 1 C : 01006 0 C: ■J'J'i 16 1 C: 200 10 1 C : 60231 1 0 : 6CC36 c 10,3510 r : 20 56 3 1 C: 206 JO 1 r ; 206 16 1 C : C36CC 0 C : 1121C 1 C: 66521 1 C : 01177 1 C : 00700 c 10,3520 C. : 00706 1 C : 60030 1 r ; 36300 0 C : 60100 1 C; 001 1C 1 C : 02C2C 1 C : 010 1C 1 C : 00C26 c 10,3530 C : 77730 0 C : 000 50 1 C : 20166 1 C : 62626 0 C: 112 5 6 1 C: 767C6 1 C: 67777 1 C : 6C62C c 1 0 ,3560 r : 02567 n C; 102. i 1 1 C: 3O20'J 0 C : 20100 1 C : 2603C 1 000C6 0 75650 0 56001 1 10,3550 60100 1 70001 1 26100 1 0000 3 1 16762 1 C0006 0 756 5C c 6CCCC c 10,3560 7010it 1 561 '.C 1 1 3 5 5 3 0 CCC06 0 560C1 1 30 133 0 55363 1 30 136 1 10,3570 05576 0 C : 776 6 7 1 35006 1 12505 1 C00C6 1 300 2 5 0 16C6C c 10156 0 10,3600 36755 1 136' 6 1 13603 0 66736 0 56155 1 36 755 1 56 156 1 CCCC6 1 10,3610 76736 0 20155 1 16C66 1 C72 62 c 1 60 6 A 1 03665 0 36755 1 56155 1 10,3620 16063 0 0 3 66 5 0 52 102 0 52155 1 0366 5 0 56 156 1 5216C 1 52155 1 10,3630 03 66 5 0 56155 1 30161 1 561 56 0 36753 1 16063 0 03665 0 52 160 1 10,3660 ■=2155 1 ,0 3 66 5 fj 56001 1 30157 1 16C6C c 52155 1 20001 1 incco 0 10, 365C 66753 1 13653 0 6O.J0'3 0 561 56 n 00 00
2 0 50000 1 36736 c 26156 c 10,3660 OO00 2 ,1 56162 1 50130 0 lOCCC c 66753 1 13671 0 66753 1 66753 1 10,367C 60000 0 60162 0 10000 0 66753 1 13676 1 Aorco c 56162 1 13703 1 10, 37CC 50000 1 36736 c 60162 0 5(.il3C 0 5600C ■J OOCC2 0 50 120 1 30C66 c 10,3710 16616 1 C: 17315 0 16066 1 OO0Q6 1 3 6 7 3 3 1 52155 1 lonoo 0 36755 1 10,3720 16062 1 13723 1 )0006 1 66733 c 1606C 3 367 53 1 1373C 1 36755 1 10,3730 60120 1 56156 1 C66 16 1 C : CIO IQ 1 10156 T 13771 1 13760 0 13 7 7 1 1 10,376C 10157 0 137 ?1 1 13766 1 13 7 71 1 10 16 1 0 1 2 7 7 1 1 137 50 1 13771 1 10,3750 30155 0 00006 1 76736 0 20155 1 3 J16C 0 00006 1 76736 c 2C 16C 1 10,3760 30162 1 1 76 136 c 20162 c 3676 1 0 50156 n 560 6 5 1 06635 c 10,3770 C : 01026 0 36755 1 13765 1 06616 1 c; 01 J ir 1 060 66 vl C. : i C3776 1 CK SP 64507 0
GAP: ASSPNetE REVISITN 116 CF AGC FPCGRAF LU^'INARY BY NASA 2021112-t?l IS :CS AUG. 1 1 , ISf S PAGE 1617 OCTAL LISTING poR '’ARAGR.APH # Y6A, N I TH PARITY PIT IN BINARY AT TFE PIGFT CF EACH WORC, "5" CENOTFS UNILSED FIXED MEHOPY ALL VALir kCRCS ARE PASK INSTRUCTIONS EXCEPT THOSE HARKED "I" ( I N TER FRET I Y E CFEFATCR XCPCS) CR "C" (CCNSTANTS) ii,2ccn I : 776 16 1 C : ‘0675 1 1 : 66 175 1 C : 03666 0 C: 03663 0 C: 036 72 C I : 77666 C C : C 3 723 1 11,2^10 I : 661 3S 1 r : ; 3000 1 C : 22C26 0 I ; 72 57 5 0 C : 02323 1 C : 26323 1 C : '1233 1 1 I: 7 7 752 1 1 1 , 2^?n C : 26331 ] C : 03672 :) I : 77752 1 C: 0 36 72 r I : 7 766 6 C C : C 37 23 1 I : 71331 C C: C3617 1 1 1. 20 20 C: 77776 1 I : 70566 1 C : 17667 0 I : 67156 0 C : TO 156 1 C: 02701 0 I : 77775 1 C : 02323 1 1 1,2060 C : 26655 0 C : '336 7 2 0 r : 16663 0 C : C36 52 1 C : 0267 1 0 I : 772C.1 1 C: 00001 0 C : 02323 1 1 1 .ZOSO I : 61 656 0 1 : 53435 C: 3 2 3 31 1 C: 26676 0 C: 036 7 2 0 I : 502 56 c I : 63015 1 C : 03667 0 11, 2060 r : T366^ 1 C : L3667 f I : 63CA6 c C : 22105 0 C : 03665 0 I: 61575 0 C: 0 2663 0 I : 63266 1 1 1 ,207C I : 66 206 1 C: 126 76 0 T : 51352 1 I : 7 6 2 5 6 c I : 77772 0 C : C2663 0 I : 67351 1 C : 26007 0 11,2100 C : 03617 1 I : 77266 1 ' C : 22 105 0 C : 02663 0 C : 03672 0 l: 63 365 0 C : 260C7 1 C : C2663 c 11,21 10 I : 63256 n C : 02655 1 1 T : 61656 0 I : 57635 1 r : 1000 3 1 I : 77606 1 I : 713 50 1 C: 0 2776 c 11,2120 C : C0023 0 I : 6206 1 1 C: 22126 0 C : 777 67 1 I : 673 K 1 C : 000 12 1 C : CCC67 1 I : 77230 0 11. 2130 C : 22132 1 ! ; 6 1676 1 I : 7 7 7 7 5 1 I : 50235 0 I : 71266 0 C: 22137 1 I ; 61676 1 I : 67 156 c 11,2160 C : 000 VT 1 C: 02672 ■: I : 663 50 1 C : C2776 c C : C0C27 1 C : 00026 1 I : 776 26 1 C : 252 1 2 1 11,-’ lEO I : 77216 0 C : 00675 0 C : J2766 1 C : 16337 1 C: 02702 0 I : 65030 c r : 22233 0 C : 2 76 12 c 11,2160 I : 63135 1 C : C3O00 1 r : CC263 f I : 6303C c C : 22166 0 C : 00 '16 3 1 I : 77775 1 C: C 2 3 2 3 1 1 1,2170 C: 02655 fi C: 25535 0 C: 02337 1 C : 1 5 563 1 C : C361C 0 C : C1517 0 1 : 630 15 1 C: 03652 1 11, 22CC C : 0 1673 1 C : 36-';61 n C : 27 in 1 I: 77775 1 C : Tfi0 2 5 ') C : 027C3 1 ! : 63 156 1 C : 03616 c 11,2210 C: OOO ) 1 (. I : 55136 1 C : 036 16 G C: C27C1 r 1 : 661 35 1 C : 000 5) 1 C: 22230
0 I : 52375 1 11,2220 C : 03672 0 C: u.JO 1 7 1 I : 77655 1 C: 02663 0 C: 1666 3 0 C : C 3 6 6 7 c I : 7765C 1 C : 22C62 0 11, 2230 I : 77775 1 C : C2663 c C : 03672 0 I : 52375 1 C : 02337 1 C: 02331 1 C: 26366 r C : 0 2 703 1 11 ,2260 C : 13566 1 I : 66135 1 C: :i3 )00 1 C: 22260 c I : 70575 1 C : G3566 1 C : 27566 1 C : 02337 1 1 1 ,22EC I : 77762 o C : 263 3 7 1 C : 33 6 72 .0 I : 77762 0 C: 27672 0 C : 0 23 66 c I ; 77762 C C : C 2 3 6 6 c 11,2260 T : 7075'1 C: 02776 n C : iorc3 0 I : 612f 6 c C : 02762 1 I : 56362 1 C: 000 6 1 1 C: 1772 1 0 11,227C I : 77661 0 C : 206U7 1 C: 0 3 7 17 0 I : 772C1 1 C; OOOC 1 0 C : C 36 72 0 C : 03666 c I : 52C16 0 1 1, 230C C: ':126 7 0 C : 03663 c 56C16 0 00006 1 220 12 1 0 5 3 21 1 C; OOlCO c 15 27C c 11 ,2310 000 16 1 OOO’ 1 0 6QCCQ G 7 26 1 1 1 55666 Q 36752 c 55663 1 36756 1 11 ,232C 05173 1 C: C2326 1 15270 0 55663 1 36757 0 05226 0 C0CC6 1 QCC31 c 11,2320 60000 0 7261' 1 1 57666 1 56001 1 11 666 0 12326 1 10001 1 12 367 1 11,2360 1 1 663 1 12323 0 060 2 2 1 36T6C c 00006 1 CSC 13 0 15261 c 36737 0 1 1, 23E0 00006 1 02U31 1 00006 1 12362 1 3'> Ml ■1 76766 1 lUOCO c 62602 1 11,2360 27665 1 ?. JOr 1 76 7^7 c icorc 0 32602 0 27665 1 30001 0 76753 0 1 1 , 2 3 7 C I'lOOO 0 62603 I 27666 1 3000 1 0 76752 1 lOOCO c 326C3 1 27666 1
GAP: ASSE^8LE REVISION 116 CF A PC FPCGPAM LUPINARY BY NASA 20211 12-Ca 1S:09 AUG. 11 ,1S6S FACE 1618 OCTAL LISTING FOP PARAGRAPH # H6F , WITH FAPITV BIT IN BINARY AT THE RIGHT CF EACH WORC, "5" DENOTES UNLSED FIXED PENCRY ALL VALID WORDS APE BASIC INSTRUCT TONS EXCEPT THOSE MARKED "I" ( I NTER FRFT I ,E CFEPATCP WCFCS) CF "C" (CCNSTANTS) 1 1 ,?Acr 1 2 34 2 1 C : 0006 3 1 C: 01074 0 c ; 002 17 0 I : 40354 1 C : 02C30 0 C : COCCI 0 I : 7 5 5 4 3 1 11,2410 C : 51770 0 I : 53515 C C : C1535 c I : 60325 0 C : 00045 0 C: 0PK)47 1 I : 77715 1 I : 6 524 1 C 1 1 ,2420 C ; : 01543 1 C: 'I2C74 0 I ; 6 3 2 2 5 1 C : 01551 1 C : CCC5 1 0 I : 77742 C I : 6527 1 0 C : 00003 1 1 1 , 2A30 I : 4140 = 0 C : 000 0 5 1 I : 65316 0 P : 0030 5 1 I: 64716 0 C; 5 1773 0 I : 40442 1 I : 4 7 5 1 5 0 1 1,2440 C : 01543 1 l: 4421 5 n C : P.00 4 5 0 I : 412 71 c C : 00003 1 I : 53605 1 C: 13772 1 C: 20 176 0 1 1 ,24E0 I : 43260 1 C : 000 5 1 1 T : 45257 0 C: 20 2 1 1 1 I : 412C5 0 C: OOOC 1 0 C : C00C5 1 I : 53657 0 11,246, C : 20211 1 C : 20 2i 1 c I : 652 1 5 1 C : C1553 0 1 : 53605 1 C: COCCI 0 C: 20202 0 I : 4 3 204 c 1 1 ,2470 C : 57753 1 I : 77626 0 C: 75647 0 I : 74020 0 C : 02112 1 C : 00012 1 I : 74014 1 C: 00203 1 1 l,25CC C : 24C23 0 r : C00C2 n I : 77650 1 C : 24023 0 I : 663 5C 1 C : C 1500 c C : 000 5 1 C C : 7 7 7 6 2 1 1 1 , 25 10 I : 54345 1 C : 02( 76 1 r : 206 1 2 0 I : 615CC 0 C : 22515 0 I: 43206 1 C: 01551 1 C: 16074 0 1 1,252C I : 7761 5 0 C : ■115 17 0 C : 35517 1 C : 22404 1 I ; 7315f. 1 C : C20 30 0 C; 02030 c I : 77775 1 11,2530 C, : 240-) 7 0 C: 2606 2 1 C : 02C32 1 I : 53257 1 C: 57605 3 C: 01535 0 C: 02J4C 1 I : 65C 14 1 1 1 ,2540 C : 01756 1 C: 22546 c C: C 1 5C0 0 C : 12 132 1 1 ; 77724 0 C: C 1500 0 I : 53575 0 C : 02032 1 11,2550 C : 16032 1 C : 0006 5 0 C ; 36070 n C : 22655 1 I : 6617 5 1 C: 02040 1 C : 000 5 1 c C : 16032 1 11,2560 r ; 02072 0 C: r207C 1 T : 71214 0 C : C0342 1 r ; 23026 1 C: 01517 0 I: 77624 1 C : 2264 7 1 11 ,2570 I : 72174 0 C; 'too 02 0 C : 00051 0 1 : 7 7 6 14 1 C: C0343 Q C : 226C0 1 I : 77076 0 C : COOOO 1 1 1,?60L C : 020 40 1 C : 261 ( 5 1 C : oonn 3 1 C : 02122 1 I : 45335 0 C: 0 10 11 0 C : 13774 1 I : 42C3C c 11,2610 C ; 22613 o C : ■'1 1 7 5 6 1 C : 22627 1 I : 74375 c P : 02032 1 C :
02070 1 I : 52257 0 C: 57 175 0 1 1 ,262C C : 02040 1 1 : 77724 0 C : 0 1 500 0 C: 12140 1 C : 0 2114 1 I : 7 7 7 24 0 C : 01500 0 I : 62 175 0 ll,263P c : 02 l')5 1 C : n 1! "4 ( I : 43C 14 c C : C4260 1 C : 00343 n C: 22642 1 I : 5326 1 1 C : 206 1 2 c 1 1 ,2640 C : 12122 1 C: 02122 1 I ; 77624 1 C : 226 5 5 1 I : 62174 1 C : C0OC4 0 C : 00004 0 I : 77775 1 1 1 ,?65C C ; '1 2 12 2 1 C : 36C4C c C : 22655 1 1 : 77650 1 C: 23026 i I : 7 4 5 7 5 0 C : C'2040 1 I ; 4C236 1 1 1,2660 C : OOOOl n I: 6150 1 1 C : 00040 0 I : 60325 c C : 0207C 1 C : O' 10 41 1 I : 63342 1 C: C2C40 1 11,267C I : 77656 1 C : 16040 1 r : 00045 0 C: 02072 C I : 553C 1 0 C : C0042 1 I : 41562 c I : 77743 1 1 1 , 270C C I 27733 0 C : COO 5 1 c I : 5 7124 1 C : 000 50 1 C : 00040 0 I : 71264 1 C: 0004 1 1 C : 00003 1 11,2710 I : 65057 1 : C: 57177 1 C: 000 50 1 I : 744'"6 c 1 : 5u 3 1 5 0 C: C2032 1 C : 02040 1 I : 44372 1 1 1 ,27?P I : 57206 1 C : Oi'lO C 5 1 r : 77752 1 I ; 43206 1 C : 25766 1 I : 75406 1 I : 414 7 5 1 C : 00013 0 1 1, 2730 I : 43 352 1 C : 25766 1 I : 43325 1 C : C0013 0 C : 24'»0 5 1 I: 72475 1 C: 000 1 1 1 1 : 5 6 2 1 5 1 1 1 ,2740 C ; 2 5760 1 C: 000 17 1 I : 74275 1 C : 0000 7 c C : C204C 1 I : 64515 1 C. : 0 20 3 2 1 I : 41455 0 11,2750 I : ^13^5 0 C : COCHU t) C : 00015 0 I : 61501 1 C: 000 3 7 0 I : 40665 0 C ; 0000 2 1 C : 5177C 0 1 1 ,2760 1 : 74276 1 1: 571 24 1 C : ’>00 50 1 C : CCC51 c I : 5 5 C 6 4 0 C : 'K)0 36 1 C: 00037 0 1 : 53604 0 11,?7-(C C : 57753 1 C : 57177 1 I : 53324 1 C: C00 5C 1 C : 02062 1 C: 02062 1 I : 434CC 1 C : 23000 0
GAP: ASSP^BL6 PEVISinN 116 CF AGC FPCC-PAM LUMINARY BY NASA 2051112-CU 1 S :C9 ALG. 11 ,1969 FACE 1619 OCTAL LISTING FOR PARAGRAPH # -'66, WITH PARITY BIT IN PINARY AT THE RIGHT CF EACH WORD, ''5" CENGTES UNLSED FI>EC MEROPV ALL VALID WORDS APE EAS IC INSTRUrr irws EXCEPT those MARKED "I" ( I NTERPPETI E CPEPATCF ! WGRDS) CF "C ' (CCNSTANTS) 11 ,TCCC 1 : 51575 1 C : 01521 0 I : 77654 ( . C: 2 3023 1 I : 54345 1 C : 02 ICO 1 C : 20612 C I : 44206 C ii,T'a!i r • U 1 5 5 1, 1 C : 16'.’'74 C : 01517 C I : 45425 0 C; 42260 0 C: 224C4 1 I : 77624 1 C : 276 73 0 1 1 ,T1':20 I : 7761A 1 C: ii4’ 20 1 C: 27260 0 I : 7 7 7 7 6 1 C5642 1 C : 20430 1 I : 71354 0 C : 02C30 0 1 1, 3f'3C r : C2070 1 I : 446C1 0 C : OnoOl f' r : 50030 1 I : 43044 0 C ; 23264 0 C : CC34? c c ; 23273 C 1 1, 3'‘AO 1 : 65375 0 C : ■'2''32 1 C : 01517 c I : 4512 5 0 C : 25756 1 C : 51677 0 r : 24017 1 C: 24CP 1 0 1 1 , 3C5C I : 45 006 0 C : 2.330 1 1 I : 7 7 7 15 1 C : 24CC 5 1 1 : 450C6 r. C ; 2 3 3C 1 1 I : 777 72 c C : 24041 1 11, 3H6R I : 77772 f C : 14025 n C : CCr23 ( I : 65275 1 r : 25770 j C: OOD23 0 I : 573 16 1 C : 25772 1 1 1 ,3C70 I : 41425 1 C: 2576A c I : 41275 1 C : COO 2 3 0 C : 13764 c I : 6 5272 1 C : oonoi 0 I : 44275 1 1 l,’10O C : 13772 1 T : 572: 6 1 C : 000 23 0 I : 65275 1 C: 1 3 7 6 6 1 C: CCCG3 1 I : 442 75 1 C : 13770 c 11,3110 I ; 56203 0 C: 51764 c C : ;207C 1 I : 56615 0 C : 0000 5 1 G : 51760 1 I : 43271 1 C: 0ZC7G 1 11 .3 120 r ; OOOT3 1 I: 777 6 1 1 C : 02032 1 C : 14033 1 I : 7L4C3 1 C : 51764 0 1 : 432 71 1 C : 02070 1 11, 3120 r : 50A73 I C : 5176C 1 T : 43271 1 r : 02U70 1 I : 76561 1 C: 000 2 5 0 I : 77645 G C : 00C33 1 11,31A0 C: 14033 1 C: 0 2070 1 I : 63 5C1 C : 000 4 7 1 I : 60316 0 C : 000 51 0 I : 54606 0 C : 51754 c 11 ,31 5H T : 401 61 0 C : 000 3 3 1 C : 23153 1 1 : 5607C n C: 000 4 6 0 c ; 00CA6 c I : 5367C 0 C : 00C50 1 11,3160 C : 20 1 53 1 I : 4 1055 1, C : 02062 1 C : 23000 0 C : 16')6 2 1 C: 000 17 1 I : 414 14 0 C : CC 543 c 11,3170 C : 23264 n I: 653 16 C; 0G0 21 1 I : 453 1 6 1 I : 742C5 c C : 27735 0 C : 02032 1 I: 65332 0 1 1, 3?C0 T : 53361 r! C : 000 4 1 1 T : 47315 n C : 000 4 1 1 C : CIOC2 5 0 I : 74372 1 C : 0002 1 1 I : 41X55 c 11,3210 I : 77745 1 C: OOC2 3 0 I : 41516 C I : 65205 0 C : 27735
0 I : 43302 1 C: 000 1 1 1 I : 41221 c 1 1 ,3220 r : 11025 0 C: 00017 1 T : 74205 0 C: 2773 5 c ( : C2C22 1 I : 6 52 72 0 I : 74225 1 C : 11C25 c 1 1 , 32 3C C : 00041 1 1 : 53372 1 T : 413 2 5 C r : 00017 1 C : 000 2 3 0 I : 74205 0 C: 2773 5 c C : CCC25 c 1 1 ,32AC 1 : 53352 U I : 60325 0 C: 0207C 1 C : LCf 5C 1 I : 672C6 1 C: 01351 1 I : 74271 0 1 : 63257 1 ll,32SO C : 576 1 1 1 I : 672C6 1 C : 013 50 0 I : 5336 1 n 1 ; 702 5 7 0 C: 20 1X6 c I : 40C55 c C : 0 20 6 2 1 11,3260 c ; 23000 n C : C2C62 1 I : 77754 1 C : C20 3C 0 I : 72135 0 C: 01501 1 C: 00 154 1 I : 7 3 2C5 1 11 ,3270 C : 27737 1 C: 0015 5 0 C : 23306 0 I : 7774 5 1 C : C2036 0 C : 24023 c C : 2400 1 0 I : 77650 1 11, 33CC C : 23061 1 I : 57435 1 C : 02013 1 I : 77655 1 I: 43505 0 C: 000 2 5 0 C : 2347 5 c C : 23501 1 11,3310 C : 23512 0 I: 77214 0 C : -.1342 1 C : 23342 G C : 01535 0 I : 41241 0 C; 01543 1 C : 02076 1 1 1 , 3 3 2C I : 7764C Ci C : 23342 1 I : 43014 0 C: 00 303 1 C : 234 1 7 1 C : 04540 1 C : 23414 1 I : 45 145 0 1 1, 3330 C : 01517 r, C : 33647 I C : C21C5 1 I : 77754 1 C : 0 20 30 0 l: 5 1445 c C: 01535 0 I: 5C025 c 1 1 ,33A0 C : 27743 1 C: 23434 0 I : 51575 1 C : 01521 C I : 776CC 1 C : 23370 1 I : 51025 1 C : 13 762 0 11,3360 C : 23370 1 1 : 53615 0 C : 13762 0 C : 57605 0 I : 4527 1 1 r : COO 13 0 C : 277x1 1 I : 7 7 244 c 1 1 ,3360 C: 23370 1 C ; 7 1^27 c I : 45246 n C : 13762 c I : 7760C 1 C : 2337') 1 I ; 7764C 0 C: 2 3572 c 1 1 ,33 7C I : 77624 1 C : 27673 0 1 : 777 75 1 C: 01527 c C : 2513X C C : C 1 5 2 1 c C: Cl 126 c I : 77614 1
G4P: asSPNBLE RFVISION 116 CF AGC FRCGPAf' LLMINflPY BY NASA a021112-C?l 19:C‘3 AUG. 11.1969 FAGF 162C octal listing FCR PARAG1?APH # 067, tilTI- PARITY BIT IN BINARY AT T MS RIGFT CF FACF WORD, ”i" CFNOTFS UNLSBD FI >60 REFCRY ALL VALir NOFCS ARE BASIC IN STR T I ON S EXCEPT THCSF PARKED "I" ( I N T E R F R E T I V F GFEPATCR NCFCS) CR "C" (CCNSTANTS) 11 ,34CC C : 00261 1 I : 66375 o 11.3A1C I : 52014 0 c; 'M3"l 0 1 1 ,3421. C: OOC' 1 3 0 I : 50( 2 5 u 11,345C I : 77624 1 C : 3364 7 1 1 1 ,3440 I : 4 5020 1 f : C 2 1 1 2 1 11 ,34 5 C 0* • • 575T4 0 r : 015 13 0 11, 3460 C : 57576 1 1 : 77651 0 1 1,3471 C: 0005 2 l: 52i- 1 4 11 ,39CC C : 23655 fl 1 : 745 75 n 1 1,3910 C : 36046 n C : 236‘15 0 1 1 ,3520 C : 01134 0 T: 53361 1 11, 3530 I : 76561 1 I : 77655 1 11,^540 I : 77354 0 0 : 11116 11,3550 C : 23 7 Vi 1 C: 12401 1 11,3560 I : 67114 1 C : nor, 0 6 1 1 1 ,35 70 C : •'1116 0 T: 77624 1 1 1,3 600, I : 76173 0 C : 7531 0 1 1 1 ,3610 0: Oil 34 0 C: 25527 c 1 1 , 362‘t 0 : 27360 n I : 77776 1 11, ■’630 C: 00053 1 C : 23636 c 11,3640 C : '1117 1 C: 7774 1 1 1 , 375C I : 52 3.6 1 1 C : 13762 0 11,3760 r : 10043 0 Ct •120 72 G 1 1 , 3 7 70 C : 00 051 0 C: •’ 1142 1 C: ■j1126 0 C : C15Q1 1 c : ooooc 1 r : 23714 1 C : 22524 1 J : 52175 0 C: 2 7743 1 C : 23342 r 1 : 712 14 0 I : 77676 0 C : 0210 5 1 1: 7762^ 1 C : 27673 I : 537 75 1 C : 01535 0 C ! 015 3 5 0 I : 574 14 1 C : CC343 c I : 7 7657 c C: 57574 0 C : 115 11 0 C: '!'J30 3 1 C : 267 1 2 1 C : 26717 1 C: 12062 1 I : 53216 n C: ■12146 1 I : 57345 1 C : G2100 1 r : 13772 1 0 ; 0 2100 1 C : 'S1126 C C : 25126 c C : 01134 Cl C: 01134 0 I : 4501 4 0 C : 01 134 0 I : 7 7 7 3 2 1 C ; 12467 1 I : 77624 1 C: 11226 1 I : 66354 0 C : C1125 0 I : 45114 0 C : 2365 1 1 C: 11226 1 I : 76754 f> C : C1116 c C ; ')J lOO 1 I : 77722 0 C : 35 1 1 C : C1126 0 C : r 1521 c I : 43C14 1 153 53 1 C: G4022 c G55C4 c I : 52014 0 C : 01714 1 C : 26662 1 I : 662 14 i C : C 1 7 5 5 1 C : 2357 1 0 r • 11115 (1 C: 340 41 0 C : 27142 0 C ; 615C0 c C : 02100 1 I : 74561 0 C: 11126 J C; C2032 1 I : 5?C 14 0 C ; 01671 0 I : 77614 1 C: 02676 1 I : 7 76 50 1 0 : 27266 0 I : 7:1754 0 I : 62014 0 C; 00342 1 C : 2 3 2 6 4 c C : 23 742 1 I : 50414 0 C : 1130 3 1 I : 6C575 C : f 2U3 2 1 I : 53 5 13 0 1 : 6 C 3 2 5 fl C ; O 't-.) 4 5 0 C: 000 5 2 0 I : 56 342 1 I
: 7 7 7 6 1 1 I : 57154 0 I : 43457 0 C : 57606 0 C; C 3 7 7 4 c C 1 16C 32 1 C : 24CC7 C C : 02100 1 C : 02105 1 C : 23335 C 1 ; 6C545 c C : C434 J 1 C : 23434 0 C : 01517 c C: 2 34 40 C I : 77 6 5C 1 C : 23372 c C : 5 7576 1 1 : 536 5 1 0 C; C2 105 1 C : 2 3 4 56 1 I : 53 7 15 1 C : 01543 1 C; 01543 1 I : 67154 C C : 02112 1 I : 64575 1 C: 02062 1 C : 36C46 0 C; 26G54 1 1 : 53362 0 C ; 02C46 1 I : 74206 U C : 112046 1 I : 5 3 3 7 2 1 C : 02062 1 I : 53322 1 C: U2C54 1 C ; 00 341 1 C; 23606 c C: 11226 1 I : 77775 1 C: 01126 0 1: 40 132 0 C: 0 1116 0 C : n0052 G C : OOCOO 1 C: 1 1226 1 I: 67 154 C C: G 1 1 25 0 C : 75376 1 I : 77722 0 C: 01126 0 C: 234C1 c I : 772CC c C : 23COC c C : 147 15 0 r : 2763 1 0 C : 01756 1 C : 0C2 36 0 06042 1 1: 77731 1 C: 26735 1 1 : 662 14 c C : CCC 61 c C : 01117 1 C: 777 17 0 1 : 7765C 1 I : 43345 ! C : 02076 1 C : 02100 1 C: J2062 1 1: 74255 c C : 01134 c C : 003C1 0 C : 23714 1 C : 22504 0 I : 774 14 0 C : 014 7 2 1 C5567 c C : 0203U 0 C: 51770 0 C : 36C72 1 C: 7 7 7 7 1 c 1 ; 7C744 1 C : 02C30 0 C: 23736 1 I: 776 55 1 r : C2C62 1 C : 02132 0 I : 46315 1 C : 02032 1 I : 6 34C6 r 1 : 776C5 1 I : 65301 c C : 0 )'l 5 1 ■1 C : 000 5 1 0 I : 57C74 0 C ; 03775 1 CKSR 12143 1 a
GAP: ASSENBLE REVISION 116 CF A C-C FROGPAA LIMINARY BY NASA 20211 12-Cfl 1S:09 AUG. 11 ,196S PAGE 1621 OCTAL LISTING ^OR PARAGRAPH H .17'^', V»ITH PARITY BIT IN BINARY AT THE RIGHT CF FACE WORD, "S" CENOTFS UNLSED FINED NENCPY ALL VALID NORCS ARR BASIC IN STkI 1C T I ON 5 EXCEPT THOSE WARNED "I" (INTERPRETUE CFERATCR V,CRCS) CF "C" (CCNSTANTS) 12,2CCC C : ooooo ! r : O'TU I ) 1 C: OOTOO 1 C: OOOOC 1 C; 200CC C C : cooco 1 C : OCCCO 1 C : OOGOO 1 12, P'- 'IC r ; occoo 1 C : 0 )00 } 1 C ; CCOCO 1 c ; COOOO 1 C : 77777 ■■) C: 7777 1 0 C: 77763 C C : 2 7 7 7 7 1 1 2,2020 C : 37777 1 C: 37777 1 C : 37777 1 I : 4GCC 1 1 C : OCCC 1 0 C: 24C26 G 1 ; 77773 1 r : 10005 0 1 2,2CTC r : 240 17 ! r : 015; 3 0 I : 66256 0 C : 000 2 7 1 C: 000 2^ 1 C; 1 6647 0 C : 00C45 r C : 24C41 1 12,20A0 r : 01503 0 I : 7644 1 1 r : 015 11 c I : 764C5 1 C : 00023 J C; 24043 ■1 C : 015 11 C I : 5 7 2 3 6 1 12,2hEh C: 00017 1 I : 52405 1 C : 1004 1 1 I : 614 2 5 0 C : 1 1C 1 7 1 C : CCC45 0 I ; 744 21 0 C; 1 1C 17 1 12, 2060 I : 7767 1 1 C : 00C41 1 r ; 00011 1 I : 71244 •) C: 240 7 3 0 C: 1 1025 i I : 40C7 1 c C : CCCll 1 12,2070 C: 24l>77 1 I: 52 166 1 r • 24C77 1 I : 55366 1 C ; 11037 0 I : 77600 1 C: 24'i7 7 1 C : 00013 0 12,2100 I : 6 5205 '.1 C : 0002 3 ■ ) C: OOoll 1 I : 65301 (1 C: 000 4 7 1 I : E 62 57 1 C : 20173 c I : 50C00 1 12, 2110 C : 24124 C : 24124 0 I : '^1525 1 C : C2074 0 I : 5 1025 0 C: onnci 0 C: 24124 0 I : 7 7 7 6 5 C 12 ,2120 C : T207 4 n C; 16074 0 I : 77650 1 C : 24112 0 I : 7 12 Cl 1 C : COOCl 0 C : 02 13'T 1 C ; 00025 0 12,2120 I : E316E c C : (2074 C : 24 302 0 l: 5144C 0 C: 243C2 0 I: 51C25 1 C ; one 13 c C : 243C2 c 12,2160 I : 5114 5 0 C : 02074 C : 24 152 1 I : 5 7 5 4 5 1 C • 00013 0 C : 14015 0 C : 24007 0 C : OCC 13 0 12, 21 EC I : 7765C 1 C : 241 55 1 I : 77745 1 C; 24007 r C; 000 1 5 0 I : E 7 3 4 5 1 C : C2C74 c C : 11030 1 12, 21 6C I : 7 7 6 4 6 0 C : 16 177 1 C : '■15 53 0 I : 77621 1 C : ),)025 0 r : 02643 1 I : 62545 c C : OCC 25 c 12,21 70 I : 41501 0 r : 'lO'iA 7 1 I ! 536C5 1 C ; CG'Ol 1 1 C : 215 7 3 0 C : 34031 1 C : 24421 0 I : 44200 0 12,22CC C : 24 2 1 1 1 C : ■:2’ 74 c C : '12645 1 I : 44246 1 C: 02177 1 I: 7 1244 0 C : 24 3 23 1 C : CCC37 c 12 ,22 10 I : 602 2 5 1 C : '1551 1 C ; 00C47 1 I : 60325 0
C : 02643 1 C: 00050 1 I : 41260 0 C: 0CC47 1 12 ,2220 C : 02645 1 I: 56257 1 C : 2 1202 1 I : 41542 1 I : 71244 0 C : 24246 1 C : 000 2 5 0 C : 00C13 0 12, 2220 I : 4522 1 1 C : 000 1 5 0 I : 51000 C: 24240 1 C: 24240 1 I : 52145 '1 C : OOOC 1 c C : 2 4 2 6 C c 12,2240 I : 45345 1 C: Oi, lO 1 5 a C: 000 2 5 r I : 52075 1 C: 11032 1 C: 24260 0 I: 77745 1 C: 00025 0 12,22 EC C : 00C.15 0 I : 45221 1 C: 00013 n I : 500:00 1 C: 24274 c C: 24 2 74 0 I : 77745 1 C : UOOOl 0 12,2260 C : 0 264? 1 I : 43 2 5 4 f C : 24 3 33 1 C : G0025 0 C : 140 2 5 0 C : 00037 c C : 015 51 1 I : 4 6 C 3 4 1 12,2270 C : 24644 1 C: 2 4 ?• ? 3 1 I : 77650 1 C ; 24166 r I : 45345 1 C : one 13 0 C : 000 2 5 0 I : 52075 1 1 1 2 , 2300 C I 1 1033 1 C : 242 6 J c I : 7'J545 1 C : 00 n 1 3 0 I : 7776 E 0 C : C 2C 74 0 C : CQC 2 E c I : 7 7 6 5C 12,2310 C : 2414'.) 1 I : 50145 1 C : 000 2 5 1 C : 24330 1 C : 00C13 u I : 7,)545 1 C: 02643 1 C: C 2 6 4 3 1 12,232C I : 442 54 1 C : 02112 1 C : 0002 5 0 f; 14025 c C : Cl E E 1 1 C : oon ;-7 Q I : 7 76 EC 1 C : 24267 1 12,2330 C : TOO 1 5 n T : 7765
GAP: ASSENBLF RFVISir'N 116 CF AGC FRCGR.M LUMINARV B V NASA 20 2 1 1 1 2-*'^ ll 19 :Q9 AIG. 11 ,1'36G PAGE 1622 FTP PARAGRAPH If (i71, WITH P.ARITV BIT IN BINARY AT THE SIGHT CF EACH wORC, CENCTFS CNLSED fixED nCTAL LISTING ALL VALIC WORCR ARF BASIC INSTRUCTTONS fyCFPT THCSF PARKED "I” (INTERPRETIVE CPERATCP wCPCS) CR "C" (CCNSTANTS) 12,24uo I ; 65372 1 0 : 00, >35 1 I : 56257 1 C; S66C2 C C: COCAS C I : 742 21 0 r. : 11C31 C r : 12,2410 I : 42455 n I ; 7 762.6 C : 62234 i) C; 00037 0 C : 15551 1 C : 000 25 0 C : 01553 0 I : 12 ,7420 C: ■'2! 1? 1 I : 77776 1 .'1 7 2 2 5 , C: tccic C C : Q2525 1 C: 125 26 C46A5 0 1 C: 67356 0 0 C: 12 ,243C C : 150 n 1 C : 23771 1 C: 64342 0 C: 4 3674 0 C : 0 6 5 6 S 1 C : C : 75173 C J 12, 2440 C : 00656 ] 0 : 1433 1 0 C : 77633 1 C : 40512 rt C : .3-JO 2 3 0 C: 11211 1 C: 77774 0 C : 12,2450 ■16042 1 C: I4'i33 1 C: 00 O' 31 0 I : 777 7 6 1 0722 5 G C : CCOlO 0 C : 01000 0 C : 12,246C c ; 72525
gap: ASSEN6LE REVISION 116 CF AGC PROGRAM LUMINARY BY NASA 20iU12-C71 19:09 AUG. 11 ,1969 FACE 1623 nCTAI LISTING FfR PARAGRAPH tf 07 2 , WITH PARITY B IT IN BINARY AT THE 1 RIGHT CF 1 EACH WORD, i " CENGTES LNLSFD FIXED NFNCFY ALL valid WORDS ARF BA SK INSTRUC TIONS EXC 5PT thoSF NARXEO "I" ( I NTERPRETIVE CFEPATCR WCRCSI CR "C" ' (CCNSTANTS) 1 2 ,3000 C : 11021 1 I : 56325 1 C: .,12 7 3.1 1 C : 2 160 7 0 I : 77671 1 I : 776CO 1 C : 25122 L I : 61225 1 12,3010 C : 02766 1 I : 6',1 32 0 C : 25 122 1 I : 63606 0 I : 65351 0 c ; 00155 0 C : 02762 1 I : 762C2 C 12,3020 I : 79660 n C : 2520 5 1 T : 6 3306 0 I : 61C00 C C : 2512C 0 c : 250 13 1 I : 600 6 5 0 C: 1 10 15 0 12,303C C : 29205 1 I : 61660 1 C: 252>'’5 1 I : 77716 1 I : 613CI 0 c : CCCX7 1 C : 02762 1 I : 77657 1 12,3060 C : 21567 0 07225 r C : J 300 5 1 c : 20000 t) c : I'l.OOO 1 c : 72525 0 C: 5267 1 1 C : 03 166 1 1 2 ,305i! C : 15003 (1 r : 75556 < C : 6 5 2 10 C c : 01615 1 c : 13553 c r : 76371 0 C : 63777 C: 01232 c 12,306'' C : 27367 0 ■'’6i'62 1 1 : 76605 1 I : 63006 (3 c : 06316 1 c ; 25172 1 I : 603 16 C C : CCC67 1 12,3070 I : 53605 1 C : 02762 ! C : 21565 1 c : 16C31 C c : 00061 1 I : 75562 u I : 61306 1 I : 776 32 0 12, 31C" r : 00025 0 I : 60316 n C: 0)')67 1 I : 61325 C c : 0276C c c : CCCxi 1 I : 75652 0 1 : 56605 0 12,3110 C : 02766 1 r : 16C63 0 C : 02 762 1 I : 63021 0 c : 11 '17 1 c : 0627) 0 C : OOC65 0 I : 776 16 c 12,312'' I : 77776 0 C : ■ 1 ■!(iG3 1 I : 5 ICC 1 1 c : fO'. Ol C c ; 25127 1 I : 77616 1 C: i)6U 7 6 1 I : ^ c c ^ ^ 1 12,3130 C : C2760 0 I : 61’25 0 C : •>2733 1 c : 02766 1 I : 65352 0 c : C2722 n I : 632C2 0 C : 11C25 0 12,3160 T : 61225 1 I : 5 53“ 1 C C : rOC67 1 c : C273T 1 I : 51657 0 c : 21176 .1 i: 636C6 0 C : 16C63 c 12 ,31 30 c : ll')23 h T : 636.06 I : 65236 1 c : 21636 (; c : C2762 1 I : 606C5 1 C : 00063 0 I : 77771 0 12, ’160 I : 75660 0 C : 25205 1 I : 7 76 15 0 I : 60306 0 c : 25151 0 c : 01)067 1 I : 776 6 5 1 I : 52C57 1 12,3170 c : 21172 0 C : 25U3 1 1 I : 50 16 5 1 c : C 2 7 6 2 1 c : 252C5 1 I : 60366 1 C : OU067 1 I : 5 3 665 1 12,32FC r : 11. >37 0 C : 20176 0 I : 6 1625 1 I ; 77650 1 c : 25066 r I : 6DC01 1 C : OOCCl c C : 25210 0 12,3210 I : 63616 1 C : 06070 1 I : 6C220 r c : 02710 6 r : O'OOO 1 0 I : 776CC 1 C: 252 17 1 I : 76 6 1 6 c 12
,3220 C : '2676 0 r : 1 iu0 5 0 r : 160 17 1 c : C2671 r. I : 77675 C c : 11026 1 C : 02766 0 I : 772 16 0 12,3230 r : 00676 0 C: 02 6 55 u I : 65115 0 c : 02663 0 c : 11112 c c : 16730 1 C : 0272C c I : 653C1 c 12,3260 C : 00067 1 C : C0C6 1 1 T : 56 3X2 1 I : 65257 1 c : 20173 0 I : 77626 0 C : 75-065 1 I : 66 362 1 12,32Sr C : 11'21 1 C : 02 73 6 '1 I : 53106 f c : 25673 0 I : 6 53 Cl 0 c : C0067 1 C : OOOCl c I : 56362 1 12, 32 6C I : 75657 0 C : 20176 I : 56325 1 c : 0273O 1 c : 20607 1 1 : 63271 1 f : 027 3 6 c I : 7 7 6 2 6 c 12,3270 C; : 77760 0 I : 5) 1 I: 77600 1 C : 2 5 5 1 3 1 12 ,3320 C : : 00011 1 I : 66216 n C : ‘30 7 ! 5 1 C : 25677 1 c : C0C51 0 c : COOCl 0 1 : 77765 1 C : 02766 1 12,3330 T : : 77605 1 C : 02730 1 I : 65362 0 c : 02736 1 I : 653C1 0 c : 00067 1 C : C2736 c I : 56 257 1 12,3360 c; 20170 0 T : 53"6Q 0 C : 2562 7 1 c : 25627 1 c : 16760 0 c : 02766 1 I : 63316 1 C: 1 1027 1 12,333r I : 61301 n C : 1 C : U276U 0 I : 66257 1 c : 20571 0 c : 11025 0 C : 16762 1 C : 02760 0 12, ■’■’60 I ; ; 65000 0 r : 256 3 2 c C : 26767 1 I : 77765 1 r. : 00037 0 c : 16762 0 C : 00C31 c I : 650 16 c 12 ,3370 r : 06310 1 r : 25627 1 C: 26621 0 I : 662CC 0 c : 25667 1 c : 02671 0 C : 02760 1 I : 66266 1
G&P: /'SSENBLE REVISION 116 CF A HC PRCGRAF I.UMNAFV RASA 2C21112-(71 1S:09 AUG. 11 ,1969 FACE 162A OCTAL LISTING FCR PARAGRAPH 4 iTi , WITH PARITY BIT IN BINARY AT THE RIGHT CF EACH WORD, "a" DENOTES LNLSEC FIXED NENCFV ALL VALID WORDS ARE BASIC INSTRUCTICNS EXCEPT THOSE PARKED "I" (IRTEPPPETIVE CFERATCR WCRCS) CR "C" (CCNSTARTS) 1? ,3400 0 : : 12764 fl I; 47u44 1 C; 255 16 1 C : 24644 1 I : 4303C C C : 25460 1 C : 00714 0 C: 25415 0 12,341D I : 45345 I r : C'H’3 7 :/ C: 02762 0 r ; 77654 0 C: 2546C 1 I ; 77624 1 C ; 24536 1 I : 53145 1 12,3420 C : 0015^ C: 25460 I I : 7 7 6 15 0 C : C2766 1 C : C2766 1 I : 77650 1 C: 25330 0 I : 5 1145 C 12,343C C : 00015 0 c •• 25452 0 I : 71201 1 C: 00001 0 C: C276 6 1 C : coon 1 I : 70545 1 C : 00C15 0 12,3440 C : COO 15 0 I : 44254 1 C : 25460 1 C : C2766 1 C : 02766 1 l: 77650 1 C: 2 5 3 3 C c I : 7 7 7 4 5 1 12 ,3450 C : .'276? n C: 0.00 3 7 n I : 71201 1 C : CCOC 1 () C ; C27f 6 1 C : 00017 1 I : 77650 1 C ; 25436 1 12 ,346f I : 51545 1 C : 02 76'J 1 I : 41325 0 C : 02671 0 C: 11012 1 I; 45 2 1 5 0 C : 11 C.4 1 1 I : 43C44 c 12,3470 0 : 25-= 16 I C : C2434 0 C : 25 5 16 1 I : 43001 1 C ; oooci n C : 02434 0 C: 02 7 10 0 I : 7 1331 c 12,35’in C: 00051 0 C : 1 0000 C : ..100 1 1 1 I ; 6 5342 1 C : 000 17 1 I ; 43342 0 1 : 77626 0 C: 75C11 c 12, 3510 C : 00C15 n I : 77650 1 C : 25 330 0 I : 52145 0 C: 11045 0 C : 25320 i I : 60345 c C: CCC41 1 12, 3520 0 : 10047 1 I : 7-I525 1 C ' : 2 740 c I : 77671 1 I : 75457 1 C I 20175 0 I : 724C5 0 C: 00C21 1 12,3530 I : 41206 n C : 02766 1 I: 74261 1 C: 20206 1 C: 027 2 2 1 I : 77725 1 I : 76561 1 C : 02674 0 12,3540 I : 53235 n C : 02722 1 I : 77 772 c C : C2744 1 I : 53135 ) C: 02702 0 C: 25551 1 l: 776 5C 1 12,3550 C : 02710 0 I; 46145 f’ C: 0272 ) 0 C: 247C1 1 C : C27C 2 1 I : 77650 1 C : 02710 0 I : 40 2 20 0 12,3560 C : r 2 7 1 D 0 C : 00001 0 I : 77600 1 C : 25564 1 I: 6 3 3 7 5 0 C: 02655 0 C : 02744 1 I : 7 7 6 24 1 12,3570 C: 11046 0 I: 712fo .o C : 24 76 4 1 C : 1 1 f, 2 5 c I : 4122 5 1 C : 02742 1 C ; 02740 c I : 41366 1 12,3tCC C : 02766 1 I : 7421? 0 C; 027 12 1 I: 4532 5 1 C : 110 17 1 C : C27R2 1 I : 52361 1 C : 02722 1 1 2 , 3 6 1 C I : 535 1? 1 1 ; 776.,' 1 C : 2567C 1 I : 60325 0 r ; 12756 1 C: 00047 1 I: 41325 C C : CCC41 1
12 ,362r 0 : 02740 ri I : 562 57 1 C: 20 20 1 0 I : 56225 1 r : 11023 0 C: 00045 0 C : 00031 0 I : 63400 0 12,3630 C : 25674 0 I : 50021 1 C : 11T21 1 C : 25674 0 I : 75366 0 C: C 2 7 5 5 1 I : 776 14 1 C : 0 4 2 7 2 1 12,3640 I : 76,56 1 1 r : 026 74 c I : 63235 c C : COCCI I : 53361 0 C : 0.-)0 31 ) I : 415 7 2 1 I : 56 2 4 1 c 12,3650 C : 0272? 1 C : 25766 1 I : 40 142 1 C : 2565R 1 C: 26 7 2 2 c C : 02722 1 I : 76435 1 I : 72441 0 12,3660 r : '267 4 0 C : 16730 1 C : i274) 0 I : 77624 1 C: 24767 1 l: 776 14 1 C : 02634 1 C : 24 74 7 c 12,3670 I : 4300 1 1 C : 0J(,',1 C : 02434 0 C : 2 5 7 52 L I : 75345 1 C ; 24005 1 C: 00031 0 C : 14031 c 1 2 , 3 7 C C r ; 24007 0 I : 77614 1 C : 04032 1 C: 25640 1 I : 40 2 20 0 C : C 2 7 10 0 C : OOOCl c I ; 776CQ 1 12,3710 C : 2571 ! 1 I : 633 75 c C : C2655 r C : C2744 1 I : 77624 1 C: 1 1046 ') 1: 7760C 1 C : 2 5 7 20 c 12,3720 I : 42 40 5 f. r : 027 42 1 I : 75421 1 C: 11017 1 C : C27 52 c 1 : 65215 1 C : 11013 0 C: Q'7C41 1 1 2, 373D 1 : 72405 0 c •• C2 74C c I : 77671 1 I : 60325 0 C: G2742 1 C : 00047 1 T : 53725 1 C : CCC41 1 12,3740 C: 20174 1 I : 4527 1 1 I : 500CQ 1 C ; 25747 1 C : 25747 1 I : 77650 1 C: 02710 0 I ; 52 145 0 12,3750 C I 24020 n C : 0271 ) T I : 77776 1 C5642 1 C : 206G7 1 C: 04631 1 C ; 23146 0 C : 14000 1 12, 3760 0 ; .,10000 1 r : 02314 c C : 31463 1 C : C14!.f' 1 C: QOOOD 1 C: 10000 0 C: OOCCC 1 C : C3CC0 1 12 ,3770 C : 1 JOUO 1 r : 36f>?Ki 1 C: COOCO 1 C : C377 3 1 C : C3 7 74 c CK SP 51153 1 a 5
GAP: /SSSEPBLE REVISION 116 OF AC-C PRCGRAP LUPINflPY E V NASA 2021112-U71 19;0S AUG. 11,196? FAC-E 1625 OCTAL LISTING FCR PARAGRAPH # '''74, WITH PARITY BIT IN RINAPY AT THE RIGHT fp EACH WORD, "S" CENCTES LNLSFC FIXED NEFCFY ALL VALID WORDS ARE BASIC INSTRUCTICNC FxCFPT THOSE NARKED "I" (INTERPRETIVE CFEPATCP WCRDS) CR "C" (CCNSTANTS) 1 3 ,2000 r ; 07112 1 C: 066 20 C: 2 7 4 46 1 C: 1462G 0 C : 164 7 1 1 C : C1352 1 C : 22437 1 C; 16C67 1 13,201{. C : 00000 1 C : OOCCO 1 C : 02 30 2 1 r : 24736 Cl C: 7765 1 0 C : 76237 0 C : 77776 1 C : 5 3C32 C 13,20 20 C: 10407 0 C : 05344 1 r : 137 10 C C : 2532C C C : 1216C 0 C : 12124 0 I : 43014 C C: C 1474 1 13,2030 C : 04347 0 C : 26f'36 0 I ; 43014 0 C: 02756 1 C: 26C36 c C : C 14 76 0 I : 45014 0 C : 01667 1 13, 20^0 C : 27135 0 I : 71214 r C : 04307 1 C : 26063 0 C : 01571 0 C: 34041 c C : 274 12 C I ; 45C 14 c 1 3,2050 C : •U674 n C: 266 4 5 1 I : 77 6 1 4 1 C : C2756 1 C : 26C6C c I : 43C14 0 c ; 01476 0 C : 01475 0 13,206^ I ; 45014 0 r : C146,7 0 C : 27135 0 I : 776 14 1 C : 01236 1 C: 266 3 3 0 I : 43414 1 C : 0 1674 c 13,2070 1 : 434 14 ] r : 04756 1 C : 2 6 0 7 3 1 I : 53775 1 C : ',1521 0 C: 57605 0 I : 536 55 1 C : 01535 c 13 ,21)0 C : 57576 1 r : 2522 ) 0 C : •11527 C I : 532 5 7 1 C : 576C2 1 C : C l 543 1 1 : 7 7657 C C; 57576 1 13,2110 C ; 15226 0 r : 01517 C : 01234 0 I : 77616 0 I: 53775 1 C : 0 152 1 0 C : 576C5 c I : 53 6 5 5 1 13,2120 C : ■'1535 C : 5 75 /6 1 C : 2 5 7 20 t C : C1527 c I : 53257 1 C : 57602 1 r : 01543 1 l: 77657 c 13,2130 r ; 57576 1 r : 61726 0 I: 77616 C C: 000 4 1 1 I: 5754 5 1 C : G0C43 0 I : 674C1 0 C : 00001 0 13, 21 A'l I : 44206 0 C : 240C5 1 r : 14CC5 1 r ; 24007 0 r : 24043 0 C: CC041 1 I; 41056 1 c ; 52^32 c 13 ,21 50 r : 14041 1 r: 0')041 1 I : 44 1 42 0 C : C0051 0 C : 14023 0 C : 00C45 c I : 77742 0 C: 34021 0 13, 2160 C : 47322 1 I : 432C6 1 C : 24005 1 C: 24007 0 C: OOOC 5 1 I: 77634 0 C : 21636 1 C : 25111 1 13,2170 C: 0009 1 0 I : 77634 V C : 2 16 3 6 1 C : C 1 1 0 7 0 I : 7 77 7 6 1 40 1 10 0 7474C 1 lOCCO 0 13,22C( 12204 1 53107 1 53111 0 53107 1 G6C4 2 1 I : 7 7 6 50 1 C ; C0C51 c 05504 0 13, 22 10 C : 00031 0 C6C42 1 I : 77 775 1 C : 03434 1 C : 02223 0 l: 77776 1 32337 1 C46 16 1 13,2220 r : 20477 1 12333 1 0 2 2 2 4 1
02216 0 32336 0 G46 16 1 C: 20477 1 12333 1 13,223c 02232 0 02224 1 ■:)6n42 1 I : 77745 1 C: 0344 2 0 C: 34C41 c C ; 27044 1 I : 53575 0 13,2240 C: 000 '1 0 I : 77676 c C : 00031 c I : 53435 0 C : CO0C7 0 C: 000 2 3 0 I : 534 3 5 c C: 00C31 c 13 ,22 5''' C : 24015 0 C: 02223 0 T ; 76505 0 C: OOD 1 5 0 I : 77655 1 C : 00007 0 C : 00007 0 T : 77624 1 13, 2260 0 : 27412 n I : 77624 1 C : 26343 1 I : 53775 1 C : 00007 0 C : 57 176 0 C : 25543 1 C : CCCCl c 13,2270 I : 77657 0 r : 57176 c C : 1 5 5 3 5 r C : C3442 c C : 01517 0 T : 712 14 0 C : 01673 1 C: 01643 1 13,23CC C : 34J41 0 C : 27111 1 I : 77624 1 C: 27412 0 1 : 77775 1 C: COC 17 1 C : 015C3 c C : 15535 0 13,2310 C: 00015 0 r : 255 1 7 c C : 00025 0 I : 77624 1 C: 27707 1 I; 77776 1 05353 1 C : 04C24 c 13 ,2320 05504 n f : 00236 0 06C42 1 I ; 77624 1 C : 2 6 6 6 2 1 I : 77531 0 C : 000 53 1 C: 26332 1 13,2330 .046 16 1 C : 27443 1 I : 77776 1 34755 1 5546 2 1 urci 1 C : 01524 c C: C 1441 1 13,2340 I : 43174 1 r : 00002 1 C : 0PO6 3 1 I : 77C14 1 C : 04303 0 C : 00052 0 C: 00000 1 I : 434 14 1 13,2350 C : 00263 n 1 : 4J220 0 C: 1)36 74 1 C: COOCl c C: 24C07 0 C ; C 2032 1 1 : 514C6 1 C : 16C70 1 13,2360 r 2400 7 0 I : 714 14 0 C : '1743 r C : 26364 1 I : 77624 1 C : 5 1677 0 I: 77656 1 C ; 36C32 c 13,2 3 7;-. C : 2655T 0 I : 77624 1 C: 26560 { I ; 6 3 545 c C : 0 2032 1 I : 63525 0 C : 02034 1 1 : 754 15 0
GAP ASSP^BLE REVISION 116 CF AGC PRCGRA^ LLRINAPY BV FASA 2021112-071 19:09 AUG. 11 ,1969 FACE 1626 OCTAl LISTING FCR PARAGPAFF H .i76, wITF PARITY BIT IN BINARY AT T|-e RIGHT CF EACH VsORO , "i" CENCTES LNLSEC FIXFC NENCFY ALL VALIC l»QRCS APF PASIC INSTRUCTIONS EXCEPT THCSF NARKEC "I" ( I NT E R FRF T I v E GFERATCR V«CRCS) OR "C" (CCNSTANTS) 13,2400 T : 764 15 1 C: 000 1 1 1 C: 14021 1 C ; 02036 C C : 34023 1 C : 26510 1 C : 15 120 0 C: 02C32 1 13,24 If C : 14021 1 r : 02 03 4 1 0 ; 34023 1 C: 265 13 1 C: 15 122 1 C: 0 2C70 1 I : 77625 C C : C3673 C 13,2420 C: 35124 0 C: C3674 1 I : 4C220 C C : C36 74 1 C : Oi'COl 0 C : 34007 1 C : 265 50 c I : 7 3 5 4 5 1 1 3 ,243C 0 : 01120 t ' I : 65275 1 C : 1 )0 1 1 1 C: C112C r I : 65346 C C : C 1122 1 I : 57356 c 1 : 71525 C 13, 244C C : ■ 1 120 0 I : 71525 C C ; 01122 1 I : 55475 1 1 : 41456 0 C: 36032 0 C: 2656C c I ; 43 145 C 13 ,24 50 0 : 240 17 C: 0174P c 0 : 2 6 4 5 4 c I : 7 7 7 4 6 1 I : 7 76 24 1 C : 55716 1 r : 16032 1 C: 03673 0 13,246' I : 742 1 5 1 C : C1124 1 0 : 02032 1 I : 77772 0 C: 36C32 0 C : C 3 6 74 1 T : '''63 545 c C : C2C36 C 13,2470 I : 44352 0 0 : 240C5 1 I : 44 2 75 1 C : 26 50 7 1 0 : 2400 5 1 I : 75465 1 f. : 26503 0 I : 7 7622 1 13,2‘^CC C : 03673 (. 1 : 77616 0 r : 004 46 1 C; C03C 5 1 0 : 17711 0 C : C 5 2 5 4 1 C : ■00155 c C : 2 5250 1 13, 251C I : 77600 1 C : 265 1 2 c 1 : 63545 c C : C0023 0 T : 6352 5 0 C : 00021 1 I : 776 1 5 c I : 7 54 54 C 1 3,2520 C : 26536 0 I : 40t',6 5 r r ; Q0023 c r ; 26543 1 I : 67542 a C ; CC(j25 0 I : 50125 1 C : 00021 1 13,253C C : 26532 1 1 : 43545 1 I ; 57545 1 I : 43244 1 C: 2654C 1 C : 240 0 5 1 r : C0025 c 1 : 77616 0 13,2540 I : 52025 1 C: 246 5 1 C : 26 536 c 1 : 75345 1 C : 11021 1 C: 00023 0 c : 000 2 5 c I : 7 7 6 16 c 1 3 ,2550 I : 43145 0 0: 26505 0 C : 01743 n C : 2 6 5 5 6 0 I : 77 73 5 G C : 240C5 1 C : 0001 1 1 I : 776 16 0 13,2560 I : 71220 1 C : 00051 0 C : ri003 0 I : 71214 0 0 : 01703 1 C: 2657 5 1 C : lOCC 1 1 I : 450 14 c 13,2570 C : 00742 0 C: 26573 1 C : 26466 1 C : 37673 1 C : OOU51 0 I ; 77214 0 C: 00702 1 C; 26573 1 13,26fC C : 02 ‘,12 3 1 I : 64^4 6 1 T : 77650 1 C: 26573 1 C 5 3 5 3 1 C : CCC 52 r 35C 17 1 05 105 0 13,2610 C : ■126 13 1 C : 260 63 0 05261 1 C6C42 1 1 : 470 14 1 C: C47 12 1
C: 26654 1 C : 2 1574 1 1 3 ,2620 C : 00 141 1 I: 77624 1 C : 274 12 c I : 4 5 f 1 4 0 C : C1C76 1 C : 2 6 6 4 5 1 1 ; 52014 0 C : 0 1460 1 1 3, 26 20 0. : 26026 1 C : 000 1 C : 25140 0 I : 77414 0 C: 0 16 7 2 0 C 53 5 3 1 C : 20C32 1 (CC 06 1 13,2640 3 2632 1 05277 c C : 0 2 6 0 4 1 C : 26C63 c 15155 J I : 4 3014 0 C: 01472 1 C : C 1673 1 13,26SC I : 43C14 0 C : 01676 1 0 : 01675 1 I; 77616 c I : 7 7 7 7 6 1 0 5"^^ 1 C : C0CC2 c 05516 c 13,266f C : 0022 1 0 05 155 c T : 47C20 0 C: 000 51 y C : 26675 1 l: 45014 0 C: 04063 c C : 26114 1 13,2670 I : 43014 0 C : O') 30 3 1 C : CO C 5-1 0 C : C 4223 c C : Q0C5 1 Q 0 3037 c 55500 1 51500 c 13 ,2700 3150 2 1 515C0 c 55554 0 11500 1 12676 C C6C64 c 1 : 43034 1 C : 26724 1 13,2710 0 : 04 30 3 n C : 267 1 7 1 I ; 662 14 c 0, : C0263 0 C : ■3 20 3 1 1 C: COOC ) 1 1 : 776 16 0 I : 6 6 2 1 4 c 13 ,2720 C : iO:16 3 1 C; 0203 1 1 C : 00002 0 I : 776 16 0 C3C27 r 5 55CQ 1 51500 0 31554 1 13,2730 51500 0 555C2 r 1 15 10 1 12725 1 06064 0 I : 47020 0 C : 0005 1 c C : 2 6 7 5 C 1 13,2740 I : 45014 0 r : 0406 4 1 C : 26C70 1 I : 43014 c C : 003C3 1 C : 000 51 1 C : 042 24 1 C : 0005 1 0 13,2750 0303 7 0 5 5 5 ' ‘ 1 1 5 1500 c 31502 1 5 15CC c 5 5626 c 115C0 1 12751 1 12,2760 C6C64 0 I : 4?:, 14 1 C : 043C 7 1 C ; 27CC2 0 C : 2677 1 1 I: 5 20 14 0 C : 043C4 1 C : 26 7 1 7 1 13 ,2770 C : 26712 1 0 3037 5 5 500 1 51500 n 31626 1 S15C0 0 55502 0 11500 1
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  • 8. Learning Rails 3 by Simon St.Laurent, Edd Dumbill, and Eric J. Gruber Copyright © 2012 Simon St.Laurent, Edd Dumbill, Eric J. Gruber. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editor: Simon St.Laurent Production Editor: Iris Febres Proofreader: Jasmine Perez Indexer: Lucie Haskins Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrators: Robert Romano, Rebecca Demarest, and Jessamyn Read July 2012: First Edition. Revision History for the First Edition: 2012-07-11 First release See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449309336 for release details. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Learning Rails 3, the image of the tarpans, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information con- tained herein. ISBN: 978-1-449-30933-6 [M] 1342467902
  • 9. Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 1. Starting Up Ruby on Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 If You Run Windows, You’re Lucky 2 Getting Started at the Command Line 3 Starting Up Rails 8 Test Your Knowledge 9 Quiz 9 Answers 9 2. Rails on the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Creating Your Own View 11 What Are All Those Folders? 14 Adding Some Data 16 How Hello World Works 18 Adding Logic to the View 20 Test Your Knowledge 22 Quiz 22 Answers 22 3. Adding Web Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 I Want My CSS! 23 Specifying Stylesheets 28 Creating a Layout for a Controller 29 Choosing a Layout from a Controller 31 Sharing Template Data with the Layout 33 Setting a Default Page 34 Test Your Knowledge 36 Quiz 36 Answers 36 iii
  • 10. 4. Managing Data Flow: Controllers and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Getting Started, Greeting Guests 37 Application Flow 42 Keeping Track: A Simple Guestbook 44 Connecting to a Database Through a Model 44 Connecting the Controller to the Model 47 Finding Data with ActiveRecord 52 Test Your Knowledge 54 Quiz 54 Answers 54 5. Accelerating Development with Scaffolding and REST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 A First Look at Scaffolding 57 REST and Controller Best Practices 61 Websites and Web Applications 61 Toward a Cleaner Approach 63 Examining a RESTful Controller 64 Index: An Overview of Data 69 Show: Just One Row of Data 71 New: A Blank Set of Data Fields 71 Edit: Hand Me That Data, Please 72 Create: Save Something New 72 Put This Updated Record In 74 Destroy It 75 Escaping the REST Prison 76 Test Your Knowledge 76 Quiz 76 Answers 77 6. Presenting Models with Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 More Than a Name on a Form 79 Generating HTML Forms with Scaffolding 80 Form as a Wrapper 84 Creating Text Fields and Text Areas 87 Labels 89 Creating Checkboxes 90 Creating Radio Buttons 91 Creating Selection Lists 93 Dates and Times 95 Creating Helper Methods 97 Test Your Knowledge 100 Quiz 100 Answers 100 iv | Table of Contents
  • 11. 7. Strengthening Models with Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Without Validation 103 The Original Model 106 The Power of Declarative Validation 106 Managing Secrets 109 Customizing the Message 109 Limiting Choices 111 Testing Format with Regular Expressions 112 Seen It All Before 112 Numbers Only 113 A Place on the Calendar 114 Testing for Presence 115 Beyond Simple Declarations 115 Test It Only If 115 Do It Yourself 116 Test Your Knowledge 117 Quiz 117 Answers 117 8. Improving Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Adding a Picture by Uploading a File 119 File Upload Forms 120 Model and Migration Changes 120 Results 126 Standardizing Your Look with Form Builders 129 Supporting Your Own Field Types 130 Adding Automation 132 Integrating Form Builders and Styles 134 Test Your Knowledge 137 Quiz 137 Answers 138 9. Developing Model Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Connecting Awards to Students 140 Establishing the Relationship 140 Supporting the Relationship 141 Guaranteeing a Relationship 145 Connecting Students to Awards 146 Removing Awards When Students Disappear 146 Counting Awards for Students 147 Nesting Awards in Students 148 Changing the Routing 149 Changing the Controller 150 Table of Contents | v
  • 12. Changing the Award Views 153 Connecting the Student Views 156 Is Nesting Worth It? 158 Many-to-Many: Connecting Students to Courses 159 Creating Tables 159 Connecting the Models 161 Adding to the Controllers 162 Adding Routing 164 Supporting the Relationship Through Views 164 What’s Missing? 172 Test Your Knowledge 172 Quiz 172 Answers 173 10. Managing Databases with Migrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 What Migrations Offer You 175 Migration Basics 176 Migration Files 177 Running Migrations Forward and Backward 178 Inside Migrations 180 Working with Tables 181 Data Types 181 Working with Columns 183 Indexes 183 Other Opportunities 184 Test Your Knowledge 185 Quiz 185 Answers 185 11. Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Creating Your Own Debugging Messages 187 Raising Exceptions 188 Logging 188 Working with Rails from the Console 190 The Ruby Debugger 195 Test Your Knowledge 199 Quiz 199 Answers 199 12. Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Test Mode 201 Setting Up a Test Database with Fixtures 202 Unit Testing 206 vi | Table of Contents
  • 13. Functional Testing 212 Calling Controllers 214 Testing Responses 215 Dealing with Nested Resources 216 Integration Testing 218 Beyond the Basics 220 Test Your Knowledge 221 Quiz 221 Answers 221 13. Sessions and Cookies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Getting Into and Out of Cookies 223 Storing Data Between Sessions 230 Test Your Knowledge 235 Quiz 235 Answers 235 14. Users and Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Installation 237 Storing Identities 239 Storing User Data 239 Wiring OmniAuth into the Application 240 Classifying Users 248 More Options 255 Test Your Knowledge 256 Quiz 256 Answers 256 15. Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Creating Routes to Interpret URIs 258 Specifying Routes with match 258 Globbing 260 Regular Expressions and Routing 261 A Domain Default with root 261 Named Routes 262 Mapping Resources 263 Nesting Resources 264 Route Order and Priority 265 Checking the Map 265 Generating URIs from Views and Controllers 266 Pointing url_for in the Right Direction 266 Adding Options 267 Infinite Possibilities 267 Table of Contents | vii
  • 14. Test Your Knowledge 268 Quiz 268 Answers 268 16. From CSS to SASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Getting Started 271 Sassy Style 272 Variables 272 Mixins 274 Nesting 275 Making Everything Work Together 276 Becoming Sassier 279 Test Your Knowledge 280 Quiz 280 Answers 280 17. Managing Assets and Bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 The Junk Drawer 281 Sprockets 282 Dissecting The Pipeline 283 Putting It All Together 283 Bundler 286 Test Your Knowledge 290 Quiz 290 Answers 290 18. Sending Code to the Browser: JavaScript and CoffeeScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Sending JavaScript to the Browser 292 Simplifying with CoffeeScript 293 Have Some Sugar with your CoffeeScript 295 Converting to CoffeeScript 297 Test Your Knowledge 298 Quiz 298 Answers 298 19. Mail in Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Sending Mail Messages 299 Receiving Mail 304 Setup 305 Processing Messages 305 Test Your Knowledge 308 Quiz 308 Answers 308 viii | Table of Contents
  • 15. 20. Pushing Further into Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Changing to Production Mode 309 Deploying Is Much More Than Programming 310 Joining the Rails Ecosystem 313 Keep Up with Rails 313 Ruby 313 Working With and Around Rails 314 Keep Exploring 314 A. An Incredibly Brief Introduction to Ruby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 B. An Incredibly Brief Introduction to Relational Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 C. An Incredibly Brief Guide to Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 D. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Table of Contents | ix
  • 17. Preface Everyone cool seems to agree: Ruby on Rails is an amazing way to build web applications. Ruby is a powerful and flexible programming language, and Rails takes advantage of that flexibility to build a web application framework that takes care of a tremendous amount of work for the developer. Everything sounds great! Except, well… all the Ruby on Rails books talk about this “Model-View-Controller” thing, and they start deep inside the application, close to the database, most of the time. From an experienced Rails developer’s perspective, this makes sense—the framework’s power lies largely in making it easy for developers to create a data model quickly, layer controller logic on top of that, and then, once all the hard work is done, put a thin layer of interface view on the very top. It’s good programming style, and it makes for more robust applications. Advanced Ajax functionality seems to come almost for free! From the point of view of someone learning Ruby on Rails, however, that race to show off Rails’ power can be extremely painful. There’s a lot of seemingly magical behavior in Rails that works wonderfully—until one of the incantations isn’t quite right and figuring out what happened means unraveling all that work Rails did. Rails certainly makes it easier to work with databases and objects without spending forever thinking about them, but there are a lot of things to figure out before that ease becomes obvious. If you’d rather learn Ruby on Rails more slowly, starting from pieces that are more familiar to the average web developer and then moving slowly into controllers and models,you’reintherightplace.YoucanstartfromtheHTMLyoualreadylikelyknow, and then move more deeply into Rails’ many interlinked components. This updated version of Learning Rails covers version 3.2. There are substantial changes from earlier versions. Rails itself keeps changing, even in ways that affect beginners. Who This Book Is For You’ve probably been working with the Web for long enough to know that writing web applications always seems more complicated than it should be. There are lots of parts xi
  • 18. to manage, along with lots of people to manage, and hopefully lots of visitors to please. Ruby on Rails has intrigued you as one possible solution to that situation. You may be a designer who’s moving toward application development or a developer who combines some design skills with some programming skills. You may be a programmer who’s familiar with HTML but who lacks the sense of grace needed to create beautiful design—that’s a fair description of one of the authors of this book, anyway. Wherever you’re from, whatever you do, you know the Web well and would like to learn how Rails can make your life easier. The only mandatory technical prerequisite for reading this book is direct familiarity with HTML and a general sense of how programming works. You’ll be inserting Ruby codeintothatHTMLasafirststeptowardwritingRubycodedirectly,sounderstanding HTML is a key foundation. (If you don’t know Ruby at all, you probably want to look over Appendix A or at least keep it handy for reference.) Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) will help you make that HTML look a lot nicer, but it’s not necessary for this book. Similarly, a sense of how JavaScript works may help. Experience with other templating languages (like PHP, ASP, and ASP.NET) can also help, but it isn’t required. You also need to be willing to work from the command line sometimes. The commands aren’t terribly complicated, but they aren’t (yet) completely hidden behind a graphical interface. Who This Book Is Not For We don’t really want to cut anyone out of the possibility of reading this book, but there are some groups of people who aren’t likely to enjoy it. Model-View-Controller purists will probably grind their teeth through the first few chapters, and people who insist that data structures are at the heart of a good application are going to have to wait an even longer time to see their hopes realized. If you consider HTML just a nuisance that programmers have to put up with, odds are good that this book isn’t for you. Most of the other Ruby on Rails books, though, are written for people who want to start from the model! Also, people who are convinced that Ruby and Rails are the one true way may have some problems with this book, which spends a fair amount of time warning readers about potential problems and confusions they need to avoid. Yes, once you’ve worked with Ruby and Rails for a while, their elegance is obvious. However, reaching that level of comfort and familiarity is often a difficult road. This book attempts to ease as many of those challenges as possible by describing them clearly. xii | Preface
  • 19. What You’ll Learn Building a Ruby on Rails application requires mastering a complicated set of skills. You may find that—depending on how you’re working with it, and who you’re working with—you only need part of this tour. That’s fine. Just go as far as you think you’ll need. At the beginning, you’ll need to install Ruby on Rails. We’ll explore different ways of doing this, with an emphasis on easier approaches to getting Ruby and Rails operational. Next, we’ll create a very simple Ruby on Rails application, with only a basic view and then a controller that does a very few things. From this foundation, we’ll explore ways to create a more sophisticated layout using a variety of tools, learning more about Ruby along the way. Once we’ve learned how to present information, we’ll take a closer look at controllers and what they can do. Forms processing is critical to most web applications, so we’ll build a few forms and process their results, moving from the simple to the complex. Forms can do interesting things without storing data, but after a while it’s a lot more fun to have data that lasts for more than just a few moments. The next step is setting up a database to store information and figuring out how the magic of Rails’ ActiveRecord makes it easy to create code that maps directly to database structures— without having to think too hard about database structures or SQL. Once we have ActiveRecord up and running, we’ll explore scaffolding and its possi- bilities. Rails scaffolding not only helps you build applications quickly, it helps you learn to build them well. The RESTful approach that Rails emphasizes will make it simpler for you to create applications that are both attractive and maintainable. For purposes of illustration, using scaffolding also makes it easier to demonstrate one task at a time, which we hope will make it easier for you to understand what’s happening. Ideally, at this point, you’ll feel comfortable with slightly more complicated data mod- els, and we’ll take a look at applications that need to combine data in multiple tables. Mixing and matching data is at the heart of most web applications. We’ll also take a look at testing and debugging Rails code, a key factor in the frame- work’s success. Migrations, which make it easy to modify your underlying data structures (and even roll back those changes if necessary), are another key part of Rails’ approach to application maintainability. The next step will be to add some common web applications elements like sessions and cookies, as well as authentication. Rails (with the help of gems for authentication) can manage a lot of this work for you. We’ll also let Rails stretch its legs a bit, showing off its recent support for Syntactically Awesome Stylesheets (Sass), CoffeeScript scripting, bundle management, and sending email messages. Preface | xiii
  • 20. By the end of this tour, you should be comfortable with working in Ruby on Rails. You may not be a Rails guru yet, but you’ll be ready to take advantage of all of the other resources out there for becoming one. Ruby and Rails Style It’s definitely possible to write Ruby on Rails code in ways that look familiar to programmers from other languages. However, that code often isn’t really idiomatic Ruby, as Ruby programmers have chosen other paths. In general, this book will always try to introduce new concepts using syntax that’s likely to be familiar to developers from other environments, and then explain what the local idiom does. You’ll learn to write idiomatic Ruby that way (if you want to), and at the same time you’ll figure out how to read code from the Ruby pros. We’ve tried to make sure that the code we present is understandable to those without a strong background in Ruby. Ruby itself is worth an introductory book (or several), but the Ruby code in a lot of Rails applications is simple, thanks to the hard work the framework’s creators have already put into it. You may want to install Rails in Chap- ter 1, and then explore Appendix: “An Incredibly Brief Introduction to Ruby” before diving in. Other Options There are lots of different ways to learn Rails. Some people want to learn Ruby in detail before jumping into a framework that uses it. That’s a perfectly good option, and if you want to start that way, you should explore the following books: • Learning Ruby by Michael Fitzgerald (O’Reilly, 2007) • The Ruby Programming Language by David Flanagan and Yukhiro Matsumoto (O’Reilly, 2008) • Ruby Pocket Reference by Michael Fitzgerald (O’Reilly, 2007) • Programming Ruby, Third Edition by Dave Thomas with Chad Fowler and Andy Hunt (Pragmatic Programmers, 2008) • The Well-Grounded Rubyist by David A. Black (Manning, 2009) • Eloquent Ruby by Russ Olsen (Addison-Wesley, 2011) • Metaprogramming Ruby by Paolo Perrotta (Pragmatic Programmers, 2010) You may also want to supplement (or replace) this book with other books on Rails. If you want some other resources, you can explore: • For maximum excitement, try http://railsforzombies.com/, a training tool that includes video and exercises. xiv | Preface
  • 21. • Try http://railscasts.com/ for all kinds of detailed programming demonstrations in a video format. • Ruby on Rails 3 Tutorial by Michael Hartl (Addison-Wesley, 2010), provides a faster-moving introduction that covers many more extensions for Rails. • The Rails 3 Way by Obie Fernandez (Addison-Wesley, 2010), takes a big-book reference approach for developers who already know their way. • Agile Web Development with Rails, Fourth Edition, (Pragmatic Programmers, 2010), by Sam Ruby, Dave Thomas, and David Heinemeier Hansson gives a de- tailed explanation of a wide range of features. Ideally, you’ll want to make sure that whatever books or online documentation you use cover at least Rails 3.0 (or later). Rails’ perpetual evolution has unfortunately made it dangerous to use a lot of formerly great but now dated material (some of it works, some of it doesn’t). Finally, key resources you should always explore are the Ruby on Rails Guides (http:// guides.rubyonrails.org/), which provide an excellent and well-updated overview for a lot of common topics. Sometimes they leave gaps or demand more background knowledge than beginners have, but they’re a wonderful layer of documentation at a level above the basic (though also useful) API documentation at http://api.rubyonrails .org/. Rails Versions The Rails team is perpetually improving Rails and releasing new versions. This book was updated for Rails 3.2.3 and Ruby 1.9.2. If You Have Problems Making Examples Work When you’re starting to use a new framework, error messages can be hard, even impossible, to decipher. We’ve included occasional notes in the book about particular errorsyoumight see,but it seemsverynormal for different peopletoencounterdifferent errors as they work through examples. Sometimes it’s the result of skipping a step or entering code just a little differently than it was in the book. It’s probably not the result of a problem in Rails itself, even if the error message seems to come from deep in the framework. That isn’t likely an error in the framework, but much more likely a problem the framework is having in figuring out how to deal with the unexpected code it just encountered. If you find yourself stuck, here are a few things you should check: What version of Ruby are you running? You can check by entering ruby -v. All of the examples in this book were written with Ruby 1.9.2. You can also use Ruby 1.8.7 with Rails, but many of the examples Preface | xv
  • 22. here (especially those using hashes) may not always work for you. Versions of Ruby older than 1.8.7 may cause problems for Rails 3.x, and even version 1.9.1 of Ruby causes problems. Chapter 1 explores how to install Ruby, but you may need to find documentation specific to your specific operating system and environment. What version of Rails are you running? You can check by running rails -v. You might think that you should be able to use the examples here with any version of Rails 3.x, but Rails keeps changing in ways that break even simple code even among the 3.x versions. The examples on the book’s site include a number of versions from Rails 2.1 to Rails 3.2. If you’re running a version of Rails other than 3.2, especially an earlier version, you will encounter problems. Are you calling the program the right way? Linux and Mac OS X both use a forward slash, /, as a directory separator, whereas Windows uses a backslash, . This book uses the forward slash, but if you’re in Windows, you may need to use the backslash. Leaving out an argument can also produce some really incomprehensible error messages. Is the database connected? By default, Rails expects you to have SQLite up and running, though some instal- lations use MySQL or other databases. If you’re getting errors that have “sql” in them somewhere, it’s probably the database. Check that the database is installed and running, that the settings in database.yml are correct, and that the permissions, if any, are set correctly. Are all of the pieces there? Most of the time, assembling a Rails application, even a simple one, requires modifying multiple files—at least a view and a controller. If you’ve only built a controller, you’re missing a key piece you need to see your results; if you’ve only built a view, you need a controller to call it. As you build more and more complex applications, you’ll need to make sure you’ve considered routing, models, and maybe even configuration and plug-ins. What looks like a simple call in one part of the application may depend on pieces elsewhere. Eventually, you’ll know what kinds of problems specific missing pieces cause, but at least at first, try to make sure you’ve entered complete examples before running them. It’s also possible to have files present but with the wrong permissions set. If you know a file is there, but Rails can’t seem to get to it, check to make sure that permissions are set correctly. Did you save all the files? Of course this never happens to you. However, making things happen in Rails often means tinkering with multiple files at the same time, and it’s easy to forget to save one as you move along. This can be especially confusing if it was a configuration or migration file. Always take a moment to make sure everything you’re editing has been saved before trying to run your application. xvi | Preface
  • 23. Are your routes right? If you can’t get a page to come up, you probably have a problem with your routes. This is a more common problem when you’re creating controllers directly, as you will be up through Chapter 4, rather than having Rails generate scaffolding. Check config/routes.rb. Is everything named correctly? Rails depends on naming conventions to establish connections between data and code without you having to specify them explicitly. This works wonderfully, until you have a typo somewhere obscure. Rails also relies on a number of Ruby con- ventions for variables, prefacing instance variables with @ or symbols with :. These special characters make a big difference, so make sure they’re correct. Is the Ruby syntax right? If you get syntax errors, or sometimes even if you get a nil object error, you may have an extra space, missing bracket, or similar issue. Ruby syntax is extremely flexible, so you can usually ignore the discipline of brackets, parentheses, or spaces—but sometimes it really does matter. Is another Rails app running? Jumping quickly between programs can be really confusing. In a normal develop- ment cycle, you’ll just have one app running, and things just work. When you’re reading a book, especially if you’re downloading the examples, it’s easy to start an app, close the window you use to explore it, and forget it’s still running underneath. Definitely stop one server before running another while you’re exploring the apps in this book. Are you running the right program? Yes, this sounds weird. When you’re developing real programs, it makes sense to leave the server running to check back and forth with your changes. If you’re testing out a lot of small application examples quickly, though, you may have problems. Definitely leave the server running while you’re working within a given example, but stop it when you change chapters or set off to create a new application with the rails command. Does your model specify attr_accessible? Rails tightened its security rules in Rails 3.2, requiring that models include an attr_accessible declaration at the start, identifying which fields can be reached through Rails. Older code, even code from earlier versions of this book, generally didn’t do this. If you get error messages like “Can’t mass-assign protected attributes,” this is likely the problem. Did the authors just plain screw up? Obviously, we’re working hard to ensure that all of the code in this book runs smoothly the first time, but it’s possible that an error crept through. You’ll want to check the errata, described in the next section, and download sample code, which will be updated for errata. Preface | xvii
  • 24. It’s tempting to try Googling errors to find a quick fix. Unfortunately, the issues just described are more likely to be the problem than something else that has clear documentation. The Rails API documentation (http://api.rubyonrails.org/) might be helpful at times, especially if you’re experimenting with extending an example. There shouldn’t be much out there, though, beyond the book example files themselves that you can download to fix an example. If You Like (or Don’t Like) This Book If you like—or don’t like—this book, by all means, please let people know. Amazon reviews are one popular way to share your happiness (or lack of happiness), or you can leave reviews on the site for this book: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/9781449309336/ There’s also a link to errata there. Errata gives readers a way to let us know about typos, errors, and other problems with the book. The errata will be visible on the page immediately, and we’ll confirm it after checking it out. O’Reilly can also fix errata in future printings of the book and on Safari, making for a better reader experience pretty quickly. We hope to keep this book updated for future versions of Rails and will also incorporate suggestions and complaints into future editions. Conventions Used in This Book The following font conventions are used in this book: Italic Indicates pathnames, filenames, and program names; Internet addresses, such as domain names and URLs; and new items where they are defined. Constant width Indicates command lines and options that should be typed verbatim; names and keywords in programs, including method names, variable names, and class names; and HTML element tags. Constant width bold Indicates emphasis in program code lines. Constant width italic Indicates text that should be replaced with user-supplied values. This icon signifies a tip, suggestion, or general note. xviii | Preface
  • 25. This icon indicates a warning or caution. Using Code Examples The code examples for this book, which are available from http://oreil.ly/Learning Rails3, come in two forms. One is a set of examples, organized by chapter, with each example numbered and named. These examples are referenced from the relevant chap- ter. The other form is a dump of all the code from the book, in the order it was presented in the book. That can be helpful if you need a line that didn’t make it into the final example, or if you want to cut and paste pieces as you walk through the examples. Hopefully, the code will help you learn. So far, the code examples for this electronic version of the book have stayed in sync with the code examples for the print book, updated for errata. This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code in this book in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code. For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission. We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Learning Rails 3 by Simon St.Laurent, Edd Dumbill, and Eric J. Gruber. Copyright 2012 Simon St.Laurent, Edd Dumbill, and Eric Gruber, 978-1-449-30933-6.” If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above, feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com. Safari® Books Online Safari Books Online (www.safaribooksonline.com) is an on-demand digital library that delivers expert content in both book and video form from the world’s leading authors in technology and business. Technology professionals, software developers, web designers, and business and cre- ative professionals use Safari Books Online as their primary resource for research, problem solving, learning, and certification training. Safari Books Online offers a range of product mixes and pricing programs for organi- zations, government agencies, and individuals. Subscribers have access to thousands Preface | xix
  • 26. of books, training videos, and prepublication manuscripts in one fully searchable database from publishers like O’Reilly Media, Prentice Hall Professional, Addison- Wesley Professional, Microsoft Press, Sams, Que, Peachpit Press, Focal Press, Cisco Press, John Wiley & Sons, Syngress, Morgan Kaufmann, IBM Redbooks, Packt, Adobe Press, FT Press, Apress, Manning, New Riders, McGraw-Hill, Jones & Bartlett, Course Technology, and dozens more. For more information about Safari Books Online, please visit us online. How to Contact Us Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher: O’Reilly Media, Inc. 1005 Gravenstein Highway North Sebastopol, CA 95472 800-998-9938 (in the United States or Canada) 707-829-0515 (international or local) 707-829-0104 (fax) We have a web page for this book, where we list errata, examples, and any additional information. You can access this page at: http://oreil.ly/LearningRails3 To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to: bookquestions@oreilly.com For more information about our books, courses, conferences, and news, see our website at http://www.oreilly.com. Find us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/oreilly Follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/oreillymedia Watch us on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/oreillymedia Acknowledgments Thanks to Mike Loukides for thinking that Rails could use a new and different ap- proach, and for supporting this project along the way. Tech reviewers Gregg Pollack, Shelley Powers, Mike Fitzgerald, Eric Berry, David Schruth, Mike Hendrickson, and Mark Levitt all helped improve the first edition of the book tremendously. For this edition, Aaron Sumner, David DeMello, and Alan Harris went through the details carefully, finding many changes we’d overlooked and making helpful suggestions. The rubyonrails-talk group providedregularinspiration,asdidthe screencastsandpodcasts at http://railscasts.com/. xx | Preface
  • 27. Edd Dumbill wishes to thank his lovely children, Thomas, Katherine, and Peter, for bashing earnestly on the keyboard, and his coauthor, Simon St.Laurent, for his patient encouragement in writing this book. Simon St.Laurent wants to thank Angelika St.Laurent for her support over the course of writing this, even when it interfered with dinner, and Sungiva and Konrad St.Laurent for their loudly shouted suggestions. Simon would also like to thank Edd Dumbill for his initial encouragement and for making this book possible. Eric would like to thank his lovely wife for enduring many late-night endeavors to learn about this wonderful world of code, his parents and sister for always encouraging him to find his own path, his community of designers and developers in the Lawrence area, Aaron Sumner for being a patient guide in the Ruby world, and his children, who inspire him to learn how to code well enough to teach it to them (if that’s what they want). We’d all like to thank Jasmine Perez for cleaning up our prose, Iris Febres for getting this book through production, and Lucie Haskins for the patient work it takes to build an index. Preface | xxi
  • 29. CHAPTER 1 Starting Up Ruby on Rails Before you can use Rails, you have to install it. Even if it’s already installed on your computer, you may need to consider upgrading it. In this chapter, we’ll take a look at some ways of installing Ruby, Rails, and the supporting infrastructure. Please feel very welcome to jump to whatever pieces of this section interest you and skip past those that don’t. Once the software is working, we’ll generate the basic Rails application, which will at least let you know if Rails is working. However you decide to set up Rails, in the end you’re going to have a structure like that shown in Figure 1-1. Figure 1-1. The many components of a Rails installation 1
  • 30. All of these options are free. You don’t need to spend any money to use Rails, unless maybe you feel like buying a nice text editor. Figure 1-2. The Rails welcome page If You Run Windows, You’re Lucky Windows users (at last) can get a basic installation of Rails and supporting tools— everything you need to use this book—far more easily than anyone else. EngineYard’s Rails Installer, which you can get at http://railsinstaller.org/ , provides all the key components in a one-click installation. Visit the site, download the installer, and watch the video; after that, you should be ready to move ahead to “Starting Up Rails” on page 8. Really, it’s that easy! (Well, except that you may have to tell Windows Defender not to block the port Rails uses to present the site. It’s also possible that you’ll have to install developer tools on newer versions of Windows.) 2 | Chapter 1: Starting Up Ruby on Rails
  • 31. As this book was going to print, an initial version of RailsInstaller ap- peared for Mac OS X at http://railsinstaller.org/. Macintosh users may also be lucky now. Linux users still await a “coming soon” version. Getting Started at the Command Line Installing Rails by hand requires installing Ruby (preferably 1.9.2 or later), installing Gems,andtheninstallingRails.YouwilleventuallyalsoneedtoinstallSQLite,MySQL, or another relational database, though SQLite is already present on the Mac and in many Linux distributions. As this book was going to print, an initial version of RailsInstaller ap- peared for Mac OS X at http://railsinstaller.org. Macintosh users may also be lucky now, while Linux users still await a “coming soon” version. Ruby comes standard on a number of Linux and Macintosh platforms. To see whether it’s there, and what version it has, enter ruby -v at the command prompt. You’ll want Ruby 1.8.7 or 1.9.2, so you may need to update it to a more recent version: • On Mac OS X, Snow Leopard (10.6) and Lion (10.7) include Ruby 1.8.7, and Leopard (10.5) includes Ruby 1.8.6, but the previous version of OS X included Ruby 1.8.2. If you’re on Tiger (10.4) or an earlier version of OS X, you’ll need to update Ruby itself, a challenge that’s beyond the scope of this book. You may want to investigate MacPorts, and the directions at http://nowiknow.wordpress.com/ 2007/10/07/install-ruby-on-rails-for-mac/. For a more comprehensive installation, explore http://paulsturgess.co.uk/articles/show/46/. (You should ignore the versions of Rails installed with OS X - they’re guaranteed to be out of date.) • Most distributions of Linux include Ruby, but you’ll want to use your package manager to make sure it’s updated to 1.9.2. Some, notably Ubuntu and Debian, will name the gem command gem1.9. • For Windows, unless you’re a hardened tinkerer, it’s much easier to use Rails Installer. If you’re feeling strong, the One-Click Ruby Installer (http://rubyinstaller .rubyforge.org/) is probably your easiest option, though there are other alternatives, including Cygwin (http://www.cygwin.com/), which brings a lot of the Unix envi- ronment to Windows. A saner long-term approach to installing Ruby and Rails also includes installing rvm, the Ruby Version Manager, which frees you from having to worry about what version of Ruby your system decided it should have as well as giving you better options for managing a clean work environment. You can find out more about rvm at http://rvm .beginrescueend.com/. (It was created by Wayne E. Seguin, the same person who created Getting Started at the Command Line | 3
  • 32. Rails Installer.) If that doesn’t seem right to you, you can also find out more on how to install Ruby on a variety of platforms, see http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/. If rvm isn’t for you, you may also want to explore rbenv (https://github .com/sstephenson/rbenv/), a much smaller and simpler approach to switching between versions of Ruby. RubyGems (often just called Gems) is also starting to come standard on a number of platforms, most recently on Mac OS X Leopard and Snow Leopard, but if you need to install Gems, see the RubyGems User Guide’s instructions at http://www.rubygems.org/ read/chapter/3/. If you use MacPorts, apt-get, or a similar package installer, you may want to use it only to install Ruby, and then proceed from the command line. You certainly can install Gems and Rails with these tools, but Gems can update itself, which can make for very confusing package update issues. Once you have RubyGems installed, Rails and its many dependencies are just a command away (though the output has grown more verbose with every version of Rails): ~ simonstl$ gem install rails SimonMacBook:living_book_2010_rails_3 simonstl$ gem install rails Fetching: i18n-0.6.0.gem (100%) Fetching: [many more].. Depending on your version of ruby, you may need to install ruby rdoc/ri data: <= 1.8.6 : unsupported = 1.8.7 : gem install rdoc-data; rdoc-data --install = 1.9.1 : gem install rdoc-data; rdoc-data --install >= 1.9.2 : nothing to do! Yay! Fetching: railties-3.2.3.gem (100%) Fetching: bundler-1.0.22.gem (100%) Fetching: rails-3.2.3.gem (100%) Successfully installed i18n-0.6.0 Successfully installed multi_json-1.1.0 Successfully installed activesupport-3.2.3 Successfully installed builder-3.0.0 Successfully installed activemodel-3.2.3 Successfully installed rack-1.4.1 Successfully installed rack-cache-1.2 Successfully installed rack-test-0.6.1 Successfully installed journey-1.0.1 Successfully installed hike-1.2.1 Successfully installed tilt-1.3.3 Successfully installed sprockets-2.1.2 Successfully installed erubis-2.7.0 Successfully installed actionpack-3.2.3 4 | Chapter 1: Starting Up Ruby on Rails
  • 33. Successfully installed arel-3.0.0 Successfully installed tzinfo-0.3.31 Successfully installed activerecord-3.2.3 Successfully installed activeresource-3.2.3 Successfully installed mime-types-1.17.2 Successfully installed polyglot-0.3.3 Successfully installed treetop-1.4.10 Successfully installed mail-2.4.4 Successfully installed actionmailer-3.2.3 Successfully installed thor-0.14.6 Successfully installed rack-ssl-1.3.2 Successfully installed json-1.6.5 Successfully installed rdoc-3.12 Successfully installed railties-3.2.3 Successfully installed bundler-1.0.22 Successfully installed rails-3.2.3 30 gems installed Installing ri documentation for i18n-0.6.0... [lots more documentation notices] You may need to use sudo, which gives your command the power of the root (admin- istrative) account, if you’re working in an environment that requires root access for the installation—otherwise, you can just type gem install rails. That will install the latest version of Rails, which may be more recent than 3.2.3, as well as all of its dependencies. gem install rails will install the latest official release of Rails, which at present is 3.2.3. It will not install any Rails betas. (To see which version of Rails is installed, enter rails -v at the command line.) You may also need to install the sqlite3 gem, which isn’t automatically installed by the Rails gem but is needed for development. That’s gem install sqlite3. If you’re ever wondering which gems (and which versions of gems) are installed, type gem list --local. For more information on gems, just type gem, or visit http://rubygems .rubyforge.org/. You can see the documentation that gems have installed by running the command gem server, and visiting the URL (usually http://localhost: 8808) that command reports. When you’re done, you can turn off the server with Ctrl-C. Once you have Rails installed, you can create a Rails application easily from the command line. Here’s what it looks like in its extended glory, but you don’t need to read it every time: Getting Started at the Command Line | 5
  • 34. ~ $ rails new hello01 create create README.rdoc create Rakefile create config.ru create .gitignore create Gemfile create app create app/assets/images/rails.png create app/assets/javascripts/application.js create app/assets/stylesheets/application.css create app/controllers/application_controller.rb create app/helpers/application_helper.rb create app/mailers create app/models create app/views/layouts/application.html.erb create app/mailers/.gitkeep create app/models/.gitkeep create config create config/routes.rb create config/application.rb create config/environment.rb create config/environments create config/environments/development.rb create config/environments/production.rb create config/environments/test.rb create config/initializers create config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb create config/initializers/inflections.rb create config/initializers/mime_types.rb create config/initializers/secret_token.rb create config/initializers/session_store.rb create config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb create config/locales create config/locales/en.yml create config/boot.rb create config/database.yml create db create db/seeds.rb create doc create doc/README_FOR_APP create lib create lib/tasks create lib/tasks/.gitkeep create lib/assets create lib/assets/.gitkeep create log create log/.gitkeep create public create public/404.html create public/422.html create public/500.html create public/favicon.ico create public/index.html create public/robots.txt 6 | Chapter 1: Starting Up Ruby on Rails
  • 35. Exploring the Variety of Random Documents with Different Content
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  • 37. The text on this page is estimated to be only 29.32% accurate gap: ASSENBie PEVISIHN U6 CF AGC FRCGRAi" LUPINAPY PY NASA 2021112-Wl lS:rc /siJG. ll,lSfS PAGE 1615 OCTAL LISTING FOP PARAGRAPH 4 062, WITH PARI‘'Y BIT IN FINARY AT THE RIGHT CF EACH WORE, " J" CENOTES UNUSED FIXED ^'EMCRY ALL VALID RCRCS ARF BAS IC INSTRUCT TCNS EXCEPT THOSE HARKED "I" (INTERPRETIVE OPEPATCR WCPO S ) CR "C " (CCNSTANTS) 10, 300C 30 15A 1 5CG64 n 54154 r 33016 0 13224 J 50 154 1 33533 1 73535 C n,3on 0355 5 1 C: 74I'U4 50154 1 34747 1 64 75 1 Q 03545 0 C: 02765 1 30 100 0 10,3020 7A751 1 1 10 Vi 0 0 2 400 1 12537 0 34 75 5 1 54 16C 1 50 160 C 33525 0 10,3030 6A75 1 0 03555 1 C ; 40010 1 50160 0 3351 1 1 0O0C4 0 05137 1 1 333 6 c 10,3040 31071 1 } 54003 0 30366 1 04727 1 7773C C C5146 1 46250 1 6C374 1 10,3050 I 4640 0 00003 1 31072 0 54156 1 3.jirc 0 77743 1 lOCCO C 13C62 1 10,3060 13472 1 1240Q c "5 ‘=£14 ( C: ecu' 5 0 34736 1 70100 1 inoco I'. 12545 C 10,3070 12616 0 02420 0 3 1 160 0 74757 1 54CC ! 1 44737 1 50164 1 71C67 c 10,3100 50 164 1 55C6 7 c 74744 r 541 41 1 30156 0 5 4 16 5 1 55072 1 5C 164 1 10,3110 10367 1 13120 0 1 3234 0 4037C 1 543 7C 1 76C77 0 63516 0 6014 1 0 10,^120 6475 3 1 C4 1 5 5 1 1 3 246 ' ' 04433 1 024 1 6 0 C 5 5 1 6 c C : COl C2 1 0 5 5 16 c 10,3130 C: 00103 0 C 5 5 1 6 r C : 00104 1 30160 n 042 5 5 1 13071 0 34747 1 7C 16C 1 1 0 ,3 140 lOOOO 0 13164 0 34 7 50 1 7016C 1 lOCCC 0 132 61 c 40160 1 74746 1 10, 3150 10000 0 13156 1 50164 1 30372 1 54157 0 13354 I 50 164 1 3C367 c 1 T,3160 76077 0 0'10;)6 1 1326 1 0 15155 1 3C16C 0 74737 1 10000 0 13142 1 10, 31 7C 34737 0 50164 1 27067 0 2200 7 0 0000 6 1 6244 1 1 74 74C 1 00006 1 10, 32CC 13204 n 41U66 1 63542 1 13121 1 3350 1 ■J 13121 1 44747 0 GCCC6 1 10,3210 03''M 1 1 30100 r 735 17 0 lOOOC 0 34753 1 54CC1 1 34755 1 50001 0 10,3220 5704! 0 00GC4 c ■JO 00 2 0 34217 1 56064 0 CCCC6 1 632 3 2 1 56C64 c 10,3230 50064 0 541 6 4 c 10003 1 C00C2 0 37723 0 05105 0 C: 04231 c C: 04C60 0 1C ,324f 13262 0 B'li.n 0 73267 0 C0006 1 12576 c 15 155 1 11C41 1 15155 1 10, "'2'=0 1 32 52 0 15 15 5 1 3Q162 1 73520 1 ■J3545 J r:
  • 38. 24100 0 50 164 1 33 5 1C c 10,3260 ■'444 2 1 04427 1 30164 1 54157 c 30 16 2 1 73011 c 03545 0 C J 40C40 1 10,3270 31073 1 5 j 1 6 4 1 74751 1 i'lOOO 0 1336 1 1 1 IC41 1 1324 1 1 13 301 1 10,3300 1324 1 1 C42C7 c 13373 1 13412 1 43527 0 60154 1 00006 1 26CCC c 10 ,3310 0n0')6 1 13 462 0 34752 0 54161 G 30icr c 74101 1 10000 0 13322 0 10, 332C 13430 1 13414 1 4'1U25 1 61164 0 10000 0 400C0 0 67734 c 647 53 1 n,3?30 63571 1 000 OF 1 62 545 1 1343C 1 34753 1 13025 1 10161 c 64753 1 10,33Ar 13342 ri 15155 1 50157 1 60*3 7 2 1 54 157 0 30 1 62 1 73350 c 03555 1 10,3350 C: 74044 1 46250 1 C4154 0 13354 1 30163 0 77730 0 C5146 1 30 15 f 1 1 0 ,3360 1 464.1 0 50164 1 4 4 7 = 1 1 71073 0 55C75 Q 34755 1 04727 1 36250 0 1C,337C 50 164 1 60372 1 1464 1 34755 1 13 3 13 1 4Q 1 60 1 74736 c ICCCC c
  • 39. G4P: /^SSFI^BtF RFVISTON 116 CF AFC FPCGRAR LUPINAPY PY NASA 2C21112-071 19:CS AUG. 11,1969 PAGE 1616 nCTAL listing for PARAGRAPH # T6T, UITH PARITY BIT IN BINARY AT THE RIGHT CF EACH WORC, ”S" CENOTES tJNLSED FIXED PEPCRY ALL VALID NCRCS APE BASK INSTRUCTIONS EXCEPT THOSE PARKED "I" (INTERPRETIVE OPERATGR HCRDS) CR "C" (CCNSTANTS) 10, 3ACC 16762 1 601 57 0 50166 1 60372 1 GOOD 6 1 136C7 0 0O0C2 C lieu 1 1 1 ,36 10 05155 1) 0000 2 0 36 753 1 13313 1 66265 0 7010‘0 1 00006 0 56 ICC 1 10,362C ooona 1 13336 0 3 7 7 5 2 0 56161 C 30 IOC 0 76 3 5 5 1 ICCCO c 13062 1 10, 3630 30100 0 7 352 5 1 lOCOO 0 13026 0 33100 3 73526 1 lorcc c 13 336 1 10 ,3660 31071 n 76771 0 lOCOO c 13336 0 3037 1 1 CCCC6 1 13336 c 3 5^25 0 10,3650 no j'i6 0 G5C72 1 C : 02616 1 C: 20060 0 13 3 3 6 0 30 ICO 0 73 5 25 1 ICCCC c 1 1,3660 1515'^ 1 1375 5 r 50157 1 30367 0 76077 .1 60000 0 60155 0 CCCC6 1 10,3670 13312 0 13051 1 66250 1 C 6 1 5 6 C 15155 1 15155 1 C : 000 26 1 C: CC231 1 10, 35CO r ; C16Q7 0 C : 166' ,1 C : 000 30 1 C : 01006 0 C: ■J'J'i 16 1 C: 200 10 1 C : 60231 1 0 : 6CC36 c 10,3510 r : 20 56 3 1 C: 206 JO 1 r ; 206 16 1 C : C36CC 0 C : 1121C 1 C: 66521 1 C : 01177 1 C : 00700 c 10,3520 C. : 00706 1 C : 60030 1 r ; 36300 0 C : 60100 1 C; 001 1C 1 C : 02C2C 1 C : 010 1C 1 C : 00C26 c 10,3530 C : 77730 0 C : 000 50 1 C : 20166 1 C : 62626 0 C: 112 5 6 1 C: 767C6 1 C: 67777 1 C : 6C62C c 1 0 ,3560 r : 02567 n C; 102. i 1 1 C: 3O20'J 0 C : 20100 1 C : 2603C 1 000C6 0 75650 0 56001 1 10,3550 60100 1 70001 1 26100 1 0000 3 1 16762 1 C0006 0 756 5C c 6CCCC c 10,3560 7010it 1 561 '.C 1 1 3 5 5 3 0 CCC06 0 560C1 1 30 133 0 55363 1 30 136 1 10,3570 05576 0 C : 776 6 7 1 35006 1 12505 1 C00C6 1 300 2 5 0 16C6C c 10156 0 10,3600 36755 1 136' 6 1 13603 0 66736 0 56155 1 36 755 1 56 156 1 CCCC6 1 10,3610 76736 0 20155 1 16C66 1 C72 62 c 1 60 6 A 1 03665 0 36755 1 56155 1 10,3620 16063 0 0 3 66 5 0 52 102 0 52155 1 0366 5 0 56 156 1 5216C 1 52155 1 10,3630 03 66 5 0 56155 1 30161 1 561 56 0 36753 1 16063 0 03665 0 52 160 1 10,3660 ■=2155 1 ,0 3 66 5 fj 56001 1 30157 1 16C6C c 52155 1 20001 1 incco 0 10, 365C 66753 1 13653 0 6O.J0'3 0 561 56 n 00 00
  • 40. 2 0 50000 1 36736 c 26156 c 10,3660 OO00 2 ,1 56162 1 50130 0 lOCCC c 66753 1 13671 0 66753 1 66753 1 10,367C 60000 0 60162 0 10000 0 66753 1 13676 1 Aorco c 56162 1 13703 1 10, 37CC 50000 1 36736 c 60162 0 5(.il3C 0 5600C ■J OOCC2 0 50 120 1 30C66 c 10,3710 16616 1 C: 17315 0 16066 1 OO0Q6 1 3 6 7 3 3 1 52155 1 lonoo 0 36755 1 10,3720 16062 1 13723 1 )0006 1 66733 c 1606C 3 367 53 1 1373C 1 36755 1 10,3730 60120 1 56156 1 C66 16 1 C : CIO IQ 1 10156 T 13771 1 13760 0 13 7 7 1 1 10,376C 10157 0 137 ?1 1 13766 1 13 7 71 1 10 16 1 0 1 2 7 7 1 1 137 50 1 13771 1 10,3750 30155 0 00006 1 76736 0 20155 1 3 J16C 0 00006 1 76736 c 2C 16C 1 10,3760 30162 1 1 76 136 c 20162 c 3676 1 0 50156 n 560 6 5 1 06635 c 10,3770 C : 01026 0 36755 1 13765 1 06616 1 c; 01 J ir 1 060 66 vl C. : i C3776 1 CK SP 64507 0
  • 41. GAP: ASSPNetE REVISITN 116 CF AGC FPCGRAF LU^'INARY BY NASA 2021112-t?l IS :CS AUG. 1 1 , ISf S PAGE 1617 OCTAL LISTING poR '’ARAGR.APH # Y6A, N I TH PARITY PIT IN BINARY AT TFE PIGFT CF EACH WORC, "5" CENOTFS UNILSED FIXED MEHOPY ALL VALir kCRCS ARE PASK INSTRUCTIONS EXCEPT THOSE HARKED "I" ( I N TER FRET I Y E CFEFATCR XCPCS) CR "C" (CCNSTANTS) ii,2ccn I : 776 16 1 C : ‘0675 1 1 : 66 175 1 C : 03666 0 C: 03663 0 C: 036 72 C I : 77666 C C : C 3 723 1 11,2^10 I : 661 3S 1 r : ; 3000 1 C : 22C26 0 I ; 72 57 5 0 C : 02323 1 C : 26323 1 C : '1233 1 1 I: 7 7 752 1 1 1 , 2^?n C : 26331 ] C : 03672 :) I : 77752 1 C: 0 36 72 r I : 7 766 6 C C : C 37 23 1 I : 71331 C C: C3617 1 1 1. 20 20 C: 77776 1 I : 70566 1 C : 17667 0 I : 67156 0 C : TO 156 1 C: 02701 0 I : 77775 1 C : 02323 1 1 1,2060 C : 26655 0 C : '336 7 2 0 r : 16663 0 C : C36 52 1 C : 0267 1 0 I : 772C.1 1 C: 00001 0 C : 02323 1 1 1 .ZOSO I : 61 656 0 1 : 53435 C: 3 2 3 31 1 C: 26676 0 C: 036 7 2 0 I : 502 56 c I : 63015 1 C : 03667 0 11, 2060 r : T366^ 1 C : L3667 f I : 63CA6 c C : 22105 0 C : 03665 0 I: 61575 0 C: 0 2663 0 I : 63266 1 1 1 ,207C I : 66 206 1 C: 126 76 0 T : 51352 1 I : 7 6 2 5 6 c I : 77772 0 C : C2663 0 I : 67351 1 C : 26007 0 11,2100 C : 03617 1 I : 77266 1 ' C : 22 105 0 C : 02663 0 C : 03672 0 l: 63 365 0 C : 260C7 1 C : C2663 c 11,21 10 I : 63256 n C : 02655 1 1 T : 61656 0 I : 57635 1 r : 1000 3 1 I : 77606 1 I : 713 50 1 C: 0 2776 c 11,2120 C : C0023 0 I : 6206 1 1 C: 22126 0 C : 777 67 1 I : 673 K 1 C : 000 12 1 C : CCC67 1 I : 77230 0 11. 2130 C : 22132 1 ! ; 6 1676 1 I : 7 7 7 7 5 1 I : 50235 0 I : 71266 0 C: 22137 1 I ; 61676 1 I : 67 156 c 11,2160 C : 000 VT 1 C: 02672 ■: I : 663 50 1 C : C2776 c C : C0C27 1 C : 00026 1 I : 776 26 1 C : 252 1 2 1 11,-’ lEO I : 77216 0 C : 00675 0 C : J2766 1 C : 16337 1 C: 02702 0 I : 65030 c r : 22233 0 C : 2 76 12 c 11,2160 I : 63135 1 C : C3O00 1 r : CC263 f I : 6303C c C : 22166 0 C : 00 '16 3 1 I : 77775 1 C: C 2 3 2 3 1 1 1,2170 C: 02655 fi C: 25535 0 C: 02337 1 C : 1 5 563 1 C : C361C 0 C : C1517 0 1 : 630 15 1 C: 03652 1 11, 22CC C : 0 1673 1 C : 36-';61 n C : 27 in 1 I: 77775 1 C : Tfi0 2 5 ') C : 027C3 1 ! : 63 156 1 C : 03616 c 11,2210 C: OOO ) 1 (. I : 55136 1 C : 036 16 G C: C27C1 r 1 : 661 35 1 C : 000 5) 1 C: 22230
  • 42. 0 I : 52375 1 11,2220 C : 03672 0 C: u.JO 1 7 1 I : 77655 1 C: 02663 0 C: 1666 3 0 C : C 3 6 6 7 c I : 7765C 1 C : 22C62 0 11, 2230 I : 77775 1 C : C2663 c C : 03672 0 I : 52375 1 C : 02337 1 C: 02331 1 C: 26366 r C : 0 2 703 1 11 ,2260 C : 13566 1 I : 66135 1 C: :i3 )00 1 C: 22260 c I : 70575 1 C : G3566 1 C : 27566 1 C : 02337 1 1 1 ,22EC I : 77762 o C : 263 3 7 1 C : 33 6 72 .0 I : 77762 0 C: 27672 0 C : 0 23 66 c I ; 77762 C C : C 2 3 6 6 c 11,2260 T : 7075'1 C: 02776 n C : iorc3 0 I : 612f 6 c C : 02762 1 I : 56362 1 C: 000 6 1 1 C: 1772 1 0 11,227C I : 77661 0 C : 206U7 1 C: 0 3 7 17 0 I : 772C1 1 C; OOOC 1 0 C : C 36 72 0 C : 03666 c I : 52C16 0 1 1, 230C C: ':126 7 0 C : 03663 c 56C16 0 00006 1 220 12 1 0 5 3 21 1 C; OOlCO c 15 27C c 11 ,2310 000 16 1 OOO’ 1 0 6QCCQ G 7 26 1 1 1 55666 Q 36752 c 55663 1 36756 1 11 ,232C 05173 1 C: C2326 1 15270 0 55663 1 36757 0 05226 0 C0CC6 1 QCC31 c 11,2320 60000 0 7261' 1 1 57666 1 56001 1 11 666 0 12326 1 10001 1 12 367 1 11,2360 1 1 663 1 12323 0 060 2 2 1 36T6C c 00006 1 CSC 13 0 15261 c 36737 0 1 1, 23E0 00006 1 02U31 1 00006 1 12362 1 3'> Ml ■1 76766 1 lUOCO c 62602 1 11,2360 27665 1 ?. JOr 1 76 7^7 c icorc 0 32602 0 27665 1 30001 0 76753 0 1 1 , 2 3 7 C I'lOOO 0 62603 I 27666 1 3000 1 0 76752 1 lOOCO c 326C3 1 27666 1
  • 43. GAP: ASSE^8LE REVISION 116 CF A PC FPCGPAM LUPINARY BY NASA 20211 12-Ca 1S:09 AUG. 11 ,1S6S FACE 1618 OCTAL LISTING FOP PARAGRAPH # H6F , WITH FAPITV BIT IN BINARY AT THE RIGHT CF EACH WORC, "5" DENOTES UNLSED FIXED PENCRY ALL VALID WORDS APE BASIC INSTRUCT TONS EXCEPT THOSE MARKED "I" ( I NTER FRFT I ,E CFEPATCP WCFCS) CF "C" (CCNSTANTS) 1 1 ,?Acr 1 2 34 2 1 C : 0006 3 1 C: 01074 0 c ; 002 17 0 I : 40354 1 C : 02C30 0 C : COCCI 0 I : 7 5 5 4 3 1 11,2410 C : 51770 0 I : 53515 C C : C1535 c I : 60325 0 C : 00045 0 C: 0PK)47 1 I : 77715 1 I : 6 524 1 C 1 1 ,2420 C ; : 01543 1 C: 'I2C74 0 I ; 6 3 2 2 5 1 C : 01551 1 C : CCC5 1 0 I : 77742 C I : 6527 1 0 C : 00003 1 1 1 , 2A30 I : 4140 = 0 C : 000 0 5 1 I : 65316 0 P : 0030 5 1 I: 64716 0 C; 5 1773 0 I : 40442 1 I : 4 7 5 1 5 0 1 1,2440 C : 01543 1 l: 4421 5 n C : P.00 4 5 0 I : 412 71 c C : 00003 1 I : 53605 1 C: 13772 1 C: 20 176 0 1 1 ,24E0 I : 43260 1 C : 000 5 1 1 T : 45257 0 C: 20 2 1 1 1 I : 412C5 0 C: OOOC 1 0 C : C00C5 1 I : 53657 0 11,246, C : 20211 1 C : 20 2i 1 c I : 652 1 5 1 C : C1553 0 1 : 53605 1 C: COCCI 0 C: 20202 0 I : 4 3 204 c 1 1 ,2470 C : 57753 1 I : 77626 0 C: 75647 0 I : 74020 0 C : 02112 1 C : 00012 1 I : 74014 1 C: 00203 1 1 l,25CC C : 24C23 0 r : C00C2 n I : 77650 1 C : 24023 0 I : 663 5C 1 C : C 1500 c C : 000 5 1 C C : 7 7 7 6 2 1 1 1 , 25 10 I : 54345 1 C : 02( 76 1 r : 206 1 2 0 I : 615CC 0 C : 22515 0 I: 43206 1 C: 01551 1 C: 16074 0 1 1,252C I : 7761 5 0 C : ■115 17 0 C : 35517 1 C : 22404 1 I ; 7315f. 1 C : C20 30 0 C; 02030 c I : 77775 1 11,2530 C, : 240-) 7 0 C: 2606 2 1 C : 02C32 1 I : 53257 1 C: 57605 3 C: 01535 0 C: 02J4C 1 I : 65C 14 1 1 1 ,2540 C : 01756 1 C: 22546 c C: C 1 5C0 0 C : 12 132 1 1 ; 77724 0 C: C 1500 0 I : 53575 0 C : 02032 1 11,2550 C : 16032 1 C : 0006 5 0 C ; 36070 n C : 22655 1 I : 6617 5 1 C: 02040 1 C : 000 5 1 c C : 16032 1 11,2560 r ; 02072 0 C: r207C 1 T : 71214 0 C : C0342 1 r ; 23026 1 C: 01517 0 I: 77624 1 C : 2264 7 1 11 ,2570 I : 72174 0 C; 'too 02 0 C : 00051 0 1 : 7 7 6 14 1 C: C0343 Q C : 226C0 1 I : 77076 0 C : COOOO 1 1 1,?60L C : 020 40 1 C : 261 ( 5 1 C : oonn 3 1 C : 02122 1 I : 45335 0 C: 0 10 11 0 C : 13774 1 I : 42C3C c 11,2610 C ; 22613 o C : ■'1 1 7 5 6 1 C : 22627 1 I : 74375 c P : 02032 1 C :
  • 44. 02070 1 I : 52257 0 C: 57 175 0 1 1 ,262C C : 02040 1 1 : 77724 0 C : 0 1 500 0 C: 12140 1 C : 0 2114 1 I : 7 7 7 24 0 C : 01500 0 I : 62 175 0 ll,263P c : 02 l')5 1 C : n 1! "4 ( I : 43C 14 c C : C4260 1 C : 00343 n C: 22642 1 I : 5326 1 1 C : 206 1 2 c 1 1 ,2640 C : 12122 1 C: 02122 1 I ; 77624 1 C : 226 5 5 1 I : 62174 1 C : C0OC4 0 C : 00004 0 I : 77775 1 1 1 ,?65C C ; '1 2 12 2 1 C : 36C4C c C : 22655 1 1 : 77650 1 C: 23026 i I : 7 4 5 7 5 0 C : C'2040 1 I ; 4C236 1 1 1,2660 C : OOOOl n I: 6150 1 1 C : 00040 0 I : 60325 c C : 0207C 1 C : O' 10 41 1 I : 63342 1 C: C2C40 1 11,267C I : 77656 1 C : 16040 1 r : 00045 0 C: 02072 C I : 553C 1 0 C : C0042 1 I : 41562 c I : 77743 1 1 1 , 270C C I 27733 0 C : COO 5 1 c I : 5 7124 1 C : 000 50 1 C : 00040 0 I : 71264 1 C: 0004 1 1 C : 00003 1 11,2710 I : 65057 1 : C: 57177 1 C: 000 50 1 I : 744'"6 c 1 : 5u 3 1 5 0 C: C2032 1 C : 02040 1 I : 44372 1 1 1 ,27?P I : 57206 1 C : Oi'lO C 5 1 r : 77752 1 I ; 43206 1 C : 25766 1 I : 75406 1 I : 414 7 5 1 C : 00013 0 1 1, 2730 I : 43 352 1 C : 25766 1 I : 43325 1 C : C0013 0 C : 24'»0 5 1 I: 72475 1 C: 000 1 1 1 1 : 5 6 2 1 5 1 1 1 ,2740 C ; 2 5760 1 C: 000 17 1 I : 74275 1 C : 0000 7 c C : C204C 1 I : 64515 1 C. : 0 20 3 2 1 I : 41455 0 11,2750 I : ^13^5 0 C : COCHU t) C : 00015 0 I : 61501 1 C: 000 3 7 0 I : 40665 0 C ; 0000 2 1 C : 5177C 0 1 1 ,2760 1 : 74276 1 1: 571 24 1 C : ’>00 50 1 C : CCC51 c I : 5 5 C 6 4 0 C : 'K)0 36 1 C: 00037 0 1 : 53604 0 11,?7-(C C : 57753 1 C : 57177 1 I : 53324 1 C: C00 5C 1 C : 02062 1 C: 02062 1 I : 434CC 1 C : 23000 0
  • 45. GAP: ASSP^BL6 PEVISinN 116 CF AGC FPCC-PAM LUMINARY BY NASA 2051112-CU 1 S :C9 ALG. 11 ,1969 FACE 1619 OCTAL LISTING FOR PARAGRAPH # -'66, WITH PARITY BIT IN PINARY AT THE RIGHT CF EACH WORD, ''5" CENGTES UNLSED FI>EC MEROPV ALL VALID WORDS APE EAS IC INSTRUrr irws EXCEPT those MARKED "I" ( I NTERPPETI E CPEPATCF ! WGRDS) CF "C ' (CCNSTANTS) 11 ,TCCC 1 : 51575 1 C : 01521 0 I : 77654 ( . C: 2 3023 1 I : 54345 1 C : 02 ICO 1 C : 20612 C I : 44206 C ii,T'a!i r • U 1 5 5 1, 1 C : 16'.’'74 C : 01517 C I : 45425 0 C; 42260 0 C: 224C4 1 I : 77624 1 C : 276 73 0 1 1 ,T1':20 I : 7761A 1 C: ii4’ 20 1 C: 27260 0 I : 7 7 7 7 6 1 C5642 1 C : 20430 1 I : 71354 0 C : 02C30 0 1 1, 3f'3C r : C2070 1 I : 446C1 0 C : OnoOl f' r : 50030 1 I : 43044 0 C ; 23264 0 C : CC34? c c ; 23273 C 1 1, 3'‘AO 1 : 65375 0 C : ■'2''32 1 C : 01517 c I : 4512 5 0 C : 25756 1 C : 51677 0 r : 24017 1 C: 24CP 1 0 1 1 , 3C5C I : 45 006 0 C : 2.330 1 1 I : 7 7 7 15 1 C : 24CC 5 1 1 : 450C6 r. C ; 2 3 3C 1 1 I : 777 72 c C : 24041 1 11, 3H6R I : 77772 f C : 14025 n C : CCr23 ( I : 65275 1 r : 25770 j C: OOD23 0 I : 573 16 1 C : 25772 1 1 1 ,3C70 I : 41425 1 C: 2576A c I : 41275 1 C : COO 2 3 0 C : 13764 c I : 6 5272 1 C : oonoi 0 I : 44275 1 1 l,’10O C : 13772 1 T : 572: 6 1 C : 000 23 0 I : 65275 1 C: 1 3 7 6 6 1 C: CCCG3 1 I : 442 75 1 C : 13770 c 11,3110 I ; 56203 0 C: 51764 c C : ;207C 1 I : 56615 0 C : 0000 5 1 G : 51760 1 I : 43271 1 C: 0ZC7G 1 11 .3 120 r ; OOOT3 1 I: 777 6 1 1 C : 02032 1 C : 14033 1 I : 7L4C3 1 C : 51764 0 1 : 432 71 1 C : 02070 1 11, 3120 r : 50A73 I C : 5176C 1 T : 43271 1 r : 02U70 1 I : 76561 1 C: 000 2 5 0 I : 77645 G C : 00C33 1 11,31A0 C: 14033 1 C: 0 2070 1 I : 63 5C1 C : 000 4 7 1 I : 60316 0 C : 000 51 0 I : 54606 0 C : 51754 c 11 ,31 5H T : 401 61 0 C : 000 3 3 1 C : 23153 1 1 : 5607C n C: 000 4 6 0 c ; 00CA6 c I : 5367C 0 C : 00C50 1 11,3160 C : 20 1 53 1 I : 4 1055 1, C : 02062 1 C : 23000 0 C : 16')6 2 1 C: 000 17 1 I : 414 14 0 C : CC 543 c 11,3170 C : 23264 n I: 653 16 C; 0G0 21 1 I : 453 1 6 1 I : 742C5 c C : 27735 0 C : 02032 1 I: 65332 0 1 1, 3?C0 T : 53361 r! C : 000 4 1 1 T : 47315 n C : 000 4 1 1 C : CIOC2 5 0 I : 74372 1 C : 0002 1 1 I : 41X55 c 11,3210 I : 77745 1 C: OOC2 3 0 I : 41516 C I : 65205 0 C : 27735
  • 46. 0 I : 43302 1 C: 000 1 1 1 I : 41221 c 1 1 ,3220 r : 11025 0 C: 00017 1 T : 74205 0 C: 2773 5 c ( : C2C22 1 I : 6 52 72 0 I : 74225 1 C : 11C25 c 1 1 , 32 3C C : 00041 1 1 : 53372 1 T : 413 2 5 C r : 00017 1 C : 000 2 3 0 I : 74205 0 C: 2773 5 c C : CCC25 c 1 1 ,32AC 1 : 53352 U I : 60325 0 C: 0207C 1 C : LCf 5C 1 I : 672C6 1 C: 01351 1 I : 74271 0 1 : 63257 1 ll,32SO C : 576 1 1 1 I : 672C6 1 C : 013 50 0 I : 5336 1 n 1 ; 702 5 7 0 C: 20 1X6 c I : 40C55 c C : 0 20 6 2 1 11,3260 c ; 23000 n C : C2C62 1 I : 77754 1 C : C20 3C 0 I : 72135 0 C: 01501 1 C: 00 154 1 I : 7 3 2C5 1 11 ,3270 C : 27737 1 C: 0015 5 0 C : 23306 0 I : 7774 5 1 C : C2036 0 C : 24023 c C : 2400 1 0 I : 77650 1 11, 33CC C : 23061 1 I : 57435 1 C : 02013 1 I : 77655 1 I: 43505 0 C: 000 2 5 0 C : 2347 5 c C : 23501 1 11,3310 C : 23512 0 I: 77214 0 C : -.1342 1 C : 23342 G C : 01535 0 I : 41241 0 C; 01543 1 C : 02076 1 1 1 , 3 3 2C I : 7764C Ci C : 23342 1 I : 43014 0 C: 00 303 1 C : 234 1 7 1 C : 04540 1 C : 23414 1 I : 45 145 0 1 1, 3330 C : 01517 r, C : 33647 I C : C21C5 1 I : 77754 1 C : 0 20 30 0 l: 5 1445 c C: 01535 0 I: 5C025 c 1 1 ,33A0 C : 27743 1 C: 23434 0 I : 51575 1 C : 01521 C I : 776CC 1 C : 23370 1 I : 51025 1 C : 13 762 0 11,3360 C : 23370 1 1 : 53615 0 C : 13762 0 C : 57605 0 I : 4527 1 1 r : COO 13 0 C : 277x1 1 I : 7 7 244 c 1 1 ,3360 C: 23370 1 C ; 7 1^27 c I : 45246 n C : 13762 c I : 7760C 1 C : 2337') 1 I ; 7764C 0 C: 2 3572 c 1 1 ,33 7C I : 77624 1 C : 27673 0 1 : 777 75 1 C: 01527 c C : 2513X C C : C 1 5 2 1 c C: Cl 126 c I : 77614 1
  • 47. G4P: asSPNBLE RFVISION 116 CF AGC FRCGPAf' LLMINflPY BY NASA a021112-C?l 19:C‘3 AUG. 11.1969 FAGF 162C octal listing FCR PARAG1?APH # 067, tilTI- PARITY BIT IN BINARY AT T MS RIGFT CF FACF WORD, ”i" CFNOTFS UNLSBD FI >60 REFCRY ALL VALir NOFCS ARE BASIC IN STR T I ON S EXCEPT THCSF PARKED "I" ( I N T E R F R E T I V F GFEPATCR NCFCS) CR "C" (CCNSTANTS) 11 ,34CC C : 00261 1 I : 66375 o 11.3A1C I : 52014 0 c; 'M3"l 0 1 1 ,3421. C: OOC' 1 3 0 I : 50( 2 5 u 11,345C I : 77624 1 C : 3364 7 1 1 1 ,3440 I : 4 5020 1 f : C 2 1 1 2 1 11 ,34 5 C 0* • • 575T4 0 r : 015 13 0 11, 3460 C : 57576 1 1 : 77651 0 1 1,3471 C: 0005 2 l: 52i- 1 4 11 ,39CC C : 23655 fl 1 : 745 75 n 1 1,3910 C : 36046 n C : 236‘15 0 1 1 ,3520 C : 01134 0 T: 53361 1 11, 3530 I : 76561 1 I : 77655 1 11,^540 I : 77354 0 0 : 11116 11,3550 C : 23 7 Vi 1 C: 12401 1 11,3560 I : 67114 1 C : nor, 0 6 1 1 1 ,35 70 C : •'1116 0 T: 77624 1 1 1,3 600, I : 76173 0 C : 7531 0 1 1 1 ,3610 0: Oil 34 0 C: 25527 c 1 1 , 362‘t 0 : 27360 n I : 77776 1 11, ■’630 C: 00053 1 C : 23636 c 11,3640 C : '1117 1 C: 7774 1 1 1 , 375C I : 52 3.6 1 1 C : 13762 0 11,3760 r : 10043 0 Ct •120 72 G 1 1 , 3 7 70 C : 00 051 0 C: •’ 1142 1 C: ■j1126 0 C : C15Q1 1 c : ooooc 1 r : 23714 1 C : 22524 1 J : 52175 0 C: 2 7743 1 C : 23342 r 1 : 712 14 0 I : 77676 0 C : 0210 5 1 1: 7762^ 1 C : 27673 I : 537 75 1 C : 01535 0 C ! 015 3 5 0 I : 574 14 1 C : CC343 c I : 7 7657 c C: 57574 0 C : 115 11 0 C: '!'J30 3 1 C : 267 1 2 1 C : 26717 1 C: 12062 1 I : 53216 n C: ■12146 1 I : 57345 1 C : G2100 1 r : 13772 1 0 ; 0 2100 1 C : 'S1126 C C : 25126 c C : 01134 Cl C: 01134 0 I : 4501 4 0 C : 01 134 0 I : 7 7 7 3 2 1 C ; 12467 1 I : 77624 1 C: 11226 1 I : 66354 0 C : C1125 0 I : 45114 0 C : 2365 1 1 C: 11226 1 I : 76754 f> C : C1116 c C ; ')J lOO 1 I : 77722 0 C : 35 1 1 C : C1126 0 C : r 1521 c I : 43C14 1 153 53 1 C: G4022 c G55C4 c I : 52014 0 C : 01714 1 C : 26662 1 I : 662 14 i C : C 1 7 5 5 1 C : 2357 1 0 r • 11115 (1 C: 340 41 0 C : 27142 0 C ; 615C0 c C : 02100 1 I : 74561 0 C: 11126 J C; C2032 1 I : 5?C 14 0 C ; 01671 0 I : 77614 1 C: 02676 1 I : 7 76 50 1 0 : 27266 0 I : 7:1754 0 I : 62014 0 C; 00342 1 C : 2 3 2 6 4 c C : 23 742 1 I : 50414 0 C : 1130 3 1 I : 6C575 C : f 2U3 2 1 I : 53 5 13 0 1 : 6 C 3 2 5 fl C ; O 't-.) 4 5 0 C: 000 5 2 0 I : 56 342 1 I
  • 48. : 7 7 7 6 1 1 I : 57154 0 I : 43457 0 C : 57606 0 C; C 3 7 7 4 c C 1 16C 32 1 C : 24CC7 C C : 02100 1 C : 02105 1 C : 23335 C 1 ; 6C545 c C : C434 J 1 C : 23434 0 C : 01517 c C: 2 34 40 C I : 77 6 5C 1 C : 23372 c C : 5 7576 1 1 : 536 5 1 0 C; C2 105 1 C : 2 3 4 56 1 I : 53 7 15 1 C : 01543 1 C; 01543 1 I : 67154 C C : 02112 1 I : 64575 1 C: 02062 1 C : 36C46 0 C; 26G54 1 1 : 53362 0 C ; 02C46 1 I : 74206 U C : 112046 1 I : 5 3 3 7 2 1 C : 02062 1 I : 53322 1 C: U2C54 1 C ; 00 341 1 C; 23606 c C: 11226 1 I : 77775 1 C: 01126 0 1: 40 132 0 C: 0 1116 0 C : n0052 G C : OOCOO 1 C: 1 1226 1 I: 67 154 C C: G 1 1 25 0 C : 75376 1 I : 77722 0 C: 01126 0 C: 234C1 c I : 772CC c C : 23COC c C : 147 15 0 r : 2763 1 0 C : 01756 1 C : 0C2 36 0 06042 1 1: 77731 1 C: 26735 1 1 : 662 14 c C : CCC 61 c C : 01117 1 C: 777 17 0 1 : 7765C 1 I : 43345 ! C : 02076 1 C : 02100 1 C: J2062 1 1: 74255 c C : 01134 c C : 003C1 0 C : 23714 1 C : 22504 0 I : 774 14 0 C : 014 7 2 1 C5567 c C : 0203U 0 C: 51770 0 C : 36C72 1 C: 7 7 7 7 1 c 1 ; 7C744 1 C : 02C30 0 C: 23736 1 I: 776 55 1 r : C2C62 1 C : 02132 0 I : 46315 1 C : 02032 1 I : 6 34C6 r 1 : 776C5 1 I : 65301 c C : 0 )'l 5 1 ■1 C : 000 5 1 0 I : 57C74 0 C ; 03775 1 CKSR 12143 1 a
  • 49. GAP: ASSENBLE REVISION 116 CF A C-C FROGPAA LIMINARY BY NASA 20211 12-Cfl 1S:09 AUG. 11 ,196S PAGE 1621 OCTAL LISTING ^OR PARAGRAPH H .17'^', V»ITH PARITY BIT IN BINARY AT THE RIGHT CF FACE WORD, "S" CENOTFS UNLSED FINED NENCPY ALL VALID NORCS ARR BASIC IN STkI 1C T I ON 5 EXCEPT THOSE WARNED "I" (INTERPRETUE CFERATCR V,CRCS) CF "C" (CCNSTANTS) 12,2CCC C : ooooo ! r : O'TU I ) 1 C: OOTOO 1 C: OOOOC 1 C; 200CC C C : cooco 1 C : OCCCO 1 C : OOGOO 1 12, P'- 'IC r ; occoo 1 C : 0 )00 } 1 C ; CCOCO 1 c ; COOOO 1 C : 77777 ■■) C: 7777 1 0 C: 77763 C C : 2 7 7 7 7 1 1 2,2020 C : 37777 1 C: 37777 1 C : 37777 1 I : 4GCC 1 1 C : OCCC 1 0 C: 24C26 G 1 ; 77773 1 r : 10005 0 1 2,2CTC r : 240 17 ! r : 015; 3 0 I : 66256 0 C : 000 2 7 1 C: 000 2^ 1 C; 1 6647 0 C : 00C45 r C : 24C41 1 12,20A0 r : 01503 0 I : 7644 1 1 r : 015 11 c I : 764C5 1 C : 00023 J C; 24043 ■1 C : 015 11 C I : 5 7 2 3 6 1 12,2hEh C: 00017 1 I : 52405 1 C : 1004 1 1 I : 614 2 5 0 C : 1 1C 1 7 1 C : CCC45 0 I ; 744 21 0 C; 1 1C 17 1 12, 2060 I : 7767 1 1 C : 00C41 1 r ; 00011 1 I : 71244 •) C: 240 7 3 0 C: 1 1025 i I : 40C7 1 c C : CCCll 1 12,2070 C: 24l>77 1 I: 52 166 1 r • 24C77 1 I : 55366 1 C ; 11037 0 I : 77600 1 C: 24'i7 7 1 C : 00013 0 12,2100 I : 6 5205 '.1 C : 0002 3 ■ ) C: OOoll 1 I : 65301 (1 C: 000 4 7 1 I : E 62 57 1 C : 20173 c I : 50C00 1 12, 2110 C : 24124 C : 24124 0 I : '^1525 1 C : C2074 0 I : 5 1025 0 C: onnci 0 C: 24124 0 I : 7 7 7 6 5 C 12 ,2120 C : T207 4 n C; 16074 0 I : 77650 1 C : 24112 0 I : 7 12 Cl 1 C : COOCl 0 C : 02 13'T 1 C ; 00025 0 12,2120 I : E316E c C : (2074 C : 24 302 0 l: 5144C 0 C: 243C2 0 I: 51C25 1 C ; one 13 c C : 243C2 c 12,2160 I : 5114 5 0 C : 02074 C : 24 152 1 I : 5 7 5 4 5 1 C • 00013 0 C : 14015 0 C : 24007 0 C : OCC 13 0 12, 21 EC I : 7765C 1 C : 241 55 1 I : 77745 1 C; 24007 r C; 000 1 5 0 I : E 7 3 4 5 1 C : C2C74 c C : 11030 1 12, 21 6C I : 7 7 6 4 6 0 C : 16 177 1 C : '■15 53 0 I : 77621 1 C : ),)025 0 r : 02643 1 I : 62545 c C : OCC 25 c 12,21 70 I : 41501 0 r : 'lO'iA 7 1 I ! 536C5 1 C ; CG'Ol 1 1 C : 215 7 3 0 C : 34031 1 C : 24421 0 I : 44200 0 12,22CC C : 24 2 1 1 1 C : ■:2’ 74 c C : '12645 1 I : 44246 1 C: 02177 1 I: 7 1244 0 C : 24 3 23 1 C : CCC37 c 12 ,22 10 I : 602 2 5 1 C : '1551 1 C ; 00C47 1 I : 60325 0
  • 50. C : 02643 1 C: 00050 1 I : 41260 0 C: 0CC47 1 12 ,2220 C : 02645 1 I: 56257 1 C : 2 1202 1 I : 41542 1 I : 71244 0 C : 24246 1 C : 000 2 5 0 C : 00C13 0 12, 2220 I : 4522 1 1 C : 000 1 5 0 I : 51000 C: 24240 1 C: 24240 1 I : 52145 '1 C : OOOC 1 c C : 2 4 2 6 C c 12,2240 I : 45345 1 C: Oi, lO 1 5 a C: 000 2 5 r I : 52075 1 C: 11032 1 C: 24260 0 I: 77745 1 C: 00025 0 12,22 EC C : 00C.15 0 I : 45221 1 C: 00013 n I : 500:00 1 C: 24274 c C: 24 2 74 0 I : 77745 1 C : UOOOl 0 12,2260 C : 0 264? 1 I : 43 2 5 4 f C : 24 3 33 1 C : G0025 0 C : 140 2 5 0 C : 00037 c C : 015 51 1 I : 4 6 C 3 4 1 12,2270 C : 24644 1 C: 2 4 ?• ? 3 1 I : 77650 1 C ; 24166 r I : 45345 1 C : one 13 0 C : 000 2 5 0 I : 52075 1 1 1 2 , 2300 C I 1 1033 1 C : 242 6 J c I : 7'J545 1 C : 00 n 1 3 0 I : 7776 E 0 C : C 2C 74 0 C : CQC 2 E c I : 7 7 6 5C 12,2310 C : 2414'.) 1 I : 50145 1 C : 000 2 5 1 C : 24330 1 C : 00C13 u I : 7,)545 1 C: 02643 1 C: C 2 6 4 3 1 12,232C I : 442 54 1 C : 02112 1 C : 0002 5 0 f; 14025 c C : Cl E E 1 1 C : oon ;-7 Q I : 7 76 EC 1 C : 24267 1 12,2330 C : TOO 1 5 n T : 7765
  • 51. GAP: ASSENBLF RFVISir'N 116 CF AGC FRCGR.M LUMINARV B V NASA 20 2 1 1 1 2-*'^ ll 19 :Q9 AIG. 11 ,1'36G PAGE 1622 FTP PARAGRAPH If (i71, WITH P.ARITV BIT IN BINARY AT THE SIGHT CF EACH wORC, CENCTFS CNLSED fixED nCTAL LISTING ALL VALIC WORCR ARF BASIC INSTRUCTTONS fyCFPT THCSF PARKED "I” (INTERPRETIVE CPERATCP wCPCS) CR "C" (CCNSTANTS) 12,24uo I ; 65372 1 0 : 00, >35 1 I : 56257 1 C; S66C2 C C: COCAS C I : 742 21 0 r. : 11C31 C r : 12,2410 I : 42455 n I ; 7 762.6 C : 62234 i) C; 00037 0 C : 15551 1 C : 000 25 0 C : 01553 0 I : 12 ,7420 C: ■'2! 1? 1 I : 77776 1 .'1 7 2 2 5 , C: tccic C C : Q2525 1 C: 125 26 C46A5 0 1 C: 67356 0 0 C: 12 ,243C C : 150 n 1 C : 23771 1 C: 64342 0 C: 4 3674 0 C : 0 6 5 6 S 1 C : C : 75173 C J 12, 2440 C : 00656 ] 0 : 1433 1 0 C : 77633 1 C : 40512 rt C : .3-JO 2 3 0 C: 11211 1 C: 77774 0 C : 12,2450 ■16042 1 C: I4'i33 1 C: 00 O' 31 0 I : 777 7 6 1 0722 5 G C : CCOlO 0 C : 01000 0 C : 12,246C c ; 72525
  • 52. gap: ASSEN6LE REVISION 116 CF AGC PROGRAM LUMINARY BY NASA 20iU12-C71 19:09 AUG. 11 ,1969 FACE 1623 nCTAI LISTING FfR PARAGRAPH tf 07 2 , WITH PARITY B IT IN BINARY AT THE 1 RIGHT CF 1 EACH WORD, i " CENGTES LNLSFD FIXED NFNCFY ALL valid WORDS ARF BA SK INSTRUC TIONS EXC 5PT thoSF NARXEO "I" ( I NTERPRETIVE CFEPATCR WCRCSI CR "C" ' (CCNSTANTS) 1 2 ,3000 C : 11021 1 I : 56325 1 C: .,12 7 3.1 1 C : 2 160 7 0 I : 77671 1 I : 776CO 1 C : 25122 L I : 61225 1 12,3010 C : 02766 1 I : 6',1 32 0 C : 25 122 1 I : 63606 0 I : 65351 0 c ; 00155 0 C : 02762 1 I : 762C2 C 12,3020 I : 79660 n C : 2520 5 1 T : 6 3306 0 I : 61C00 C C : 2512C 0 c : 250 13 1 I : 600 6 5 0 C: 1 10 15 0 12,303C C : 29205 1 I : 61660 1 C: 252>'’5 1 I : 77716 1 I : 613CI 0 c : CCCX7 1 C : 02762 1 I : 77657 1 12,3060 C : 21567 0 07225 r C : J 300 5 1 c : 20000 t) c : I'l.OOO 1 c : 72525 0 C: 5267 1 1 C : 03 166 1 1 2 ,305i! C : 15003 (1 r : 75556 < C : 6 5 2 10 C c : 01615 1 c : 13553 c r : 76371 0 C : 63777 C: 01232 c 12,306'' C : 27367 0 ■'’6i'62 1 1 : 76605 1 I : 63006 (3 c : 06316 1 c ; 25172 1 I : 603 16 C C : CCC67 1 12,3070 I : 53605 1 C : 02762 ! C : 21565 1 c : 16C31 C c : 00061 1 I : 75562 u I : 61306 1 I : 776 32 0 12, 31C" r : 00025 0 I : 60316 n C: 0)')67 1 I : 61325 C c : 0276C c c : CCCxi 1 I : 75652 0 1 : 56605 0 12,3110 C : 02766 1 r : 16C63 0 C : 02 762 1 I : 63021 0 c : 11 '17 1 c : 0627) 0 C : OOC65 0 I : 776 16 c 12,312'' I : 77776 0 C : ■ 1 ■!(iG3 1 I : 5 ICC 1 1 c : fO'. Ol C c ; 25127 1 I : 77616 1 C: i)6U 7 6 1 I : ^ c c ^ ^ 1 12,3130 C : C2760 0 I : 61’25 0 C : •>2733 1 c : 02766 1 I : 65352 0 c : C2722 n I : 632C2 0 C : 11C25 0 12,3160 T : 61225 1 I : 5 53“ 1 C C : rOC67 1 c : C273T 1 I : 51657 0 c : 21176 .1 i: 636C6 0 C : 16C63 c 12 ,31 30 c : ll')23 h T : 636.06 I : 65236 1 c : 21636 (; c : C2762 1 I : 606C5 1 C : 00063 0 I : 77771 0 12, ’160 I : 75660 0 C : 25205 1 I : 7 76 15 0 I : 60306 0 c : 25151 0 c : 01)067 1 I : 776 6 5 1 I : 52C57 1 12,3170 c : 21172 0 C : 25U3 1 1 I : 50 16 5 1 c : C 2 7 6 2 1 c : 252C5 1 I : 60366 1 C : OU067 1 I : 5 3 665 1 12,32FC r : 11. >37 0 C : 20176 0 I : 6 1625 1 I ; 77650 1 c : 25066 r I : 6DC01 1 C : OOCCl c C : 25210 0 12,3210 I : 63616 1 C : 06070 1 I : 6C220 r c : 02710 6 r : O'OOO 1 0 I : 776CC 1 C: 252 17 1 I : 76 6 1 6 c 12
  • 53. ,3220 C : '2676 0 r : 1 iu0 5 0 r : 160 17 1 c : C2671 r. I : 77675 C c : 11026 1 C : 02766 0 I : 772 16 0 12,3230 r : 00676 0 C: 02 6 55 u I : 65115 0 c : 02663 0 c : 11112 c c : 16730 1 C : 0272C c I : 653C1 c 12,3260 C : 00067 1 C : C0C6 1 1 T : 56 3X2 1 I : 65257 1 c : 20173 0 I : 77626 0 C : 75-065 1 I : 66 362 1 12,32Sr C : 11'21 1 C : 02 73 6 '1 I : 53106 f c : 25673 0 I : 6 53 Cl 0 c : C0067 1 C : OOOCl c I : 56362 1 12, 32 6C I : 75657 0 C : 20176 I : 56325 1 c : 0273O 1 c : 20607 1 1 : 63271 1 f : 027 3 6 c I : 7 7 6 2 6 c 12,3270 C; : 77760 0 I : 5) 1 I: 77600 1 C : 2 5 5 1 3 1 12 ,3320 C : : 00011 1 I : 66216 n C : ‘30 7 ! 5 1 C : 25677 1 c : C0C51 0 c : COOCl 0 1 : 77765 1 C : 02766 1 12,3330 T : : 77605 1 C : 02730 1 I : 65362 0 c : 02736 1 I : 653C1 0 c : 00067 1 C : C2736 c I : 56 257 1 12,3360 c; 20170 0 T : 53"6Q 0 C : 2562 7 1 c : 25627 1 c : 16760 0 c : 02766 1 I : 63316 1 C: 1 1027 1 12,333r I : 61301 n C : 1 C : U276U 0 I : 66257 1 c : 20571 0 c : 11025 0 C : 16762 1 C : 02760 0 12, ■’■’60 I ; ; 65000 0 r : 256 3 2 c C : 26767 1 I : 77765 1 r. : 00037 0 c : 16762 0 C : 00C31 c I : 650 16 c 12 ,3370 r : 06310 1 r : 25627 1 C: 26621 0 I : 662CC 0 c : 25667 1 c : 02671 0 C : 02760 1 I : 66266 1
  • 54. G&P: /'SSENBLE REVISION 116 CF A HC PRCGRAF I.UMNAFV RASA 2C21112-(71 1S:09 AUG. 11 ,1969 FACE 162A OCTAL LISTING FCR PARAGRAPH 4 iTi , WITH PARITY BIT IN BINARY AT THE RIGHT CF EACH WORD, "a" DENOTES LNLSEC FIXED NENCFV ALL VALID WORDS ARE BASIC INSTRUCTICNS EXCEPT THOSE PARKED "I" (IRTEPPPETIVE CFERATCR WCRCS) CR "C" (CCNSTARTS) 1? ,3400 0 : : 12764 fl I; 47u44 1 C; 255 16 1 C : 24644 1 I : 4303C C C : 25460 1 C : 00714 0 C: 25415 0 12,341D I : 45345 I r : C'H’3 7 :/ C: 02762 0 r ; 77654 0 C: 2546C 1 I ; 77624 1 C ; 24536 1 I : 53145 1 12,3420 C : 0015^ C: 25460 I I : 7 7 6 15 0 C : C2766 1 C : C2766 1 I : 77650 1 C: 25330 0 I : 5 1145 C 12,343C C : 00015 0 c •• 25452 0 I : 71201 1 C: 00001 0 C: C276 6 1 C : coon 1 I : 70545 1 C : 00C15 0 12,3440 C : COO 15 0 I : 44254 1 C : 25460 1 C : C2766 1 C : 02766 1 l: 77650 1 C: 2 5 3 3 C c I : 7 7 7 4 5 1 12 ,3450 C : .'276? n C: 0.00 3 7 n I : 71201 1 C : CCOC 1 () C ; C27f 6 1 C : 00017 1 I : 77650 1 C ; 25436 1 12 ,346f I : 51545 1 C : 02 76'J 1 I : 41325 0 C : 02671 0 C: 11012 1 I; 45 2 1 5 0 C : 11 C.4 1 1 I : 43C44 c 12,3470 0 : 25-= 16 I C : C2434 0 C : 25 5 16 1 I : 43001 1 C ; oooci n C : 02434 0 C: 02 7 10 0 I : 7 1331 c 12,35’in C: 00051 0 C : 1 0000 C : ..100 1 1 1 I ; 6 5342 1 C : 000 17 1 I ; 43342 0 1 : 77626 0 C: 75C11 c 12, 3510 C : 00C15 n I : 77650 1 C : 25 330 0 I : 52145 0 C: 11045 0 C : 25320 i I : 60345 c C: CCC41 1 12, 3520 0 : 10047 1 I : 7-I525 1 C ' : 2 740 c I : 77671 1 I : 75457 1 C I 20175 0 I : 724C5 0 C: 00C21 1 12,3530 I : 41206 n C : 02766 1 I: 74261 1 C: 20206 1 C: 027 2 2 1 I : 77725 1 I : 76561 1 C : 02674 0 12,3540 I : 53235 n C : 02722 1 I : 77 772 c C : C2744 1 I : 53135 ) C: 02702 0 C: 25551 1 l: 776 5C 1 12,3550 C : 02710 0 I; 46145 f’ C: 0272 ) 0 C: 247C1 1 C : C27C 2 1 I : 77650 1 C : 02710 0 I : 40 2 20 0 12,3560 C : r 2 7 1 D 0 C : 00001 0 I : 77600 1 C : 25564 1 I: 6 3 3 7 5 0 C: 02655 0 C : 02744 1 I : 7 7 6 24 1 12,3570 C: 11046 0 I: 712fo .o C : 24 76 4 1 C : 1 1 f, 2 5 c I : 4122 5 1 C : 02742 1 C ; 02740 c I : 41366 1 12,3tCC C : 02766 1 I : 7421? 0 C; 027 12 1 I: 4532 5 1 C : 110 17 1 C : C27R2 1 I : 52361 1 C : 02722 1 1 2 , 3 6 1 C I : 535 1? 1 1 ; 776.,' 1 C : 2567C 1 I : 60325 0 r ; 12756 1 C: 00047 1 I: 41325 C C : CCC41 1
  • 55. 12 ,362r 0 : 02740 ri I : 562 57 1 C: 20 20 1 0 I : 56225 1 r : 11023 0 C: 00045 0 C : 00031 0 I : 63400 0 12,3630 C : 25674 0 I : 50021 1 C : 11T21 1 C : 25674 0 I : 75366 0 C: C 2 7 5 5 1 I : 776 14 1 C : 0 4 2 7 2 1 12,3640 I : 76,56 1 1 r : 026 74 c I : 63235 c C : COCCI I : 53361 0 C : 0.-)0 31 ) I : 415 7 2 1 I : 56 2 4 1 c 12,3650 C : 0272? 1 C : 25766 1 I : 40 142 1 C : 2565R 1 C: 26 7 2 2 c C : 02722 1 I : 76435 1 I : 72441 0 12,3660 r : '267 4 0 C : 16730 1 C : i274) 0 I : 77624 1 C: 24767 1 l: 776 14 1 C : 02634 1 C : 24 74 7 c 12,3670 I : 4300 1 1 C : 0J(,',1 C : 02434 0 C : 2 5 7 52 L I : 75345 1 C ; 24005 1 C: 00031 0 C : 14031 c 1 2 , 3 7 C C r ; 24007 0 I : 77614 1 C : 04032 1 C: 25640 1 I : 40 2 20 0 C : C 2 7 10 0 C : OOOCl c I ; 776CQ 1 12,3710 C : 2571 ! 1 I : 633 75 c C : C2655 r C : C2744 1 I : 77624 1 C: 1 1046 ') 1: 7760C 1 C : 2 5 7 20 c 12,3720 I : 42 40 5 f. r : 027 42 1 I : 75421 1 C: 11017 1 C : C27 52 c 1 : 65215 1 C : 11013 0 C: Q'7C41 1 1 2, 373D 1 : 72405 0 c •• C2 74C c I : 77671 1 I : 60325 0 C: G2742 1 C : 00047 1 T : 53725 1 C : CCC41 1 12,3740 C: 20174 1 I : 4527 1 1 I : 500CQ 1 C ; 25747 1 C : 25747 1 I : 77650 1 C: 02710 0 I ; 52 145 0 12,3750 C I 24020 n C : 0271 ) T I : 77776 1 C5642 1 C : 206G7 1 C: 04631 1 C ; 23146 0 C : 14000 1 12, 3760 0 ; .,10000 1 r : 02314 c C : 31463 1 C : C14!.f' 1 C: QOOOD 1 C: 10000 0 C: OOCCC 1 C : C3CC0 1 12 ,3770 C : 1 JOUO 1 r : 36f>?Ki 1 C: COOCO 1 C : C377 3 1 C : C3 7 74 c CK SP 51153 1 a 5
  • 56. GAP: /SSSEPBLE REVISION 116 OF AC-C PRCGRAP LUPINflPY E V NASA 2021112-U71 19;0S AUG. 11,196? FAC-E 1625 OCTAL LISTING FCR PARAGRAPH # '''74, WITH PARITY BIT IN RINAPY AT THE RIGHT fp EACH WORD, "S" CENCTES LNLSFC FIXED NEFCFY ALL VALID WORDS ARE BASIC INSTRUCTICNC FxCFPT THOSE NARKED "I" (INTERPRETIVE CFEPATCP WCRDS) CR "C" (CCNSTANTS) 1 3 ,2000 r ; 07112 1 C: 066 20 C: 2 7 4 46 1 C: 1462G 0 C : 164 7 1 1 C : C1352 1 C : 22437 1 C; 16C67 1 13,201{. C : 00000 1 C : OOCCO 1 C : 02 30 2 1 r : 24736 Cl C: 7765 1 0 C : 76237 0 C : 77776 1 C : 5 3C32 C 13,20 20 C: 10407 0 C : 05344 1 r : 137 10 C C : 2532C C C : 1216C 0 C : 12124 0 I : 43014 C C: C 1474 1 13,2030 C : 04347 0 C : 26f'36 0 I ; 43014 0 C: 02756 1 C: 26C36 c C : C 14 76 0 I : 45014 0 C : 01667 1 13, 20^0 C : 27135 0 I : 71214 r C : 04307 1 C : 26063 0 C : 01571 0 C: 34041 c C : 274 12 C I ; 45C 14 c 1 3,2050 C : •U674 n C: 266 4 5 1 I : 77 6 1 4 1 C : C2756 1 C : 26C6C c I : 43C14 0 c ; 01476 0 C : 01475 0 13,206^ I ; 45014 0 r : C146,7 0 C : 27135 0 I : 776 14 1 C : 01236 1 C: 266 3 3 0 I : 43414 1 C : 0 1674 c 13,2070 1 : 434 14 ] r : 04756 1 C : 2 6 0 7 3 1 I : 53775 1 C : ',1521 0 C: 57605 0 I : 536 55 1 C : 01535 c 13 ,21)0 C : 57576 1 r : 2522 ) 0 C : •11527 C I : 532 5 7 1 C : 576C2 1 C : C l 543 1 1 : 7 7657 C C; 57576 1 13,2110 C ; 15226 0 r : 01517 C : 01234 0 I : 77616 0 I: 53775 1 C : 0 152 1 0 C : 576C5 c I : 53 6 5 5 1 13,2120 C : ■'1535 C : 5 75 /6 1 C : 2 5 7 20 t C : C1527 c I : 53257 1 C : 57602 1 r : 01543 1 l: 77657 c 13,2130 r ; 57576 1 r : 61726 0 I: 77616 C C: 000 4 1 1 I: 5754 5 1 C : G0C43 0 I : 674C1 0 C : 00001 0 13, 21 A'l I : 44206 0 C : 240C5 1 r : 14CC5 1 r ; 24007 0 r : 24043 0 C: CC041 1 I; 41056 1 c ; 52^32 c 13 ,21 50 r : 14041 1 r: 0')041 1 I : 44 1 42 0 C : C0051 0 C : 14023 0 C : 00C45 c I : 77742 0 C: 34021 0 13, 2160 C : 47322 1 I : 432C6 1 C : 24005 1 C: 24007 0 C: OOOC 5 1 I: 77634 0 C : 21636 1 C : 25111 1 13,2170 C: 0009 1 0 I : 77634 V C : 2 16 3 6 1 C : C 1 1 0 7 0 I : 7 77 7 6 1 40 1 10 0 7474C 1 lOCCO 0 13,22C( 12204 1 53107 1 53111 0 53107 1 G6C4 2 1 I : 7 7 6 50 1 C ; C0C51 c 05504 0 13, 22 10 C : 00031 0 C6C42 1 I : 77 775 1 C : 03434 1 C : 02223 0 l: 77776 1 32337 1 C46 16 1 13,2220 r : 20477 1 12333 1 0 2 2 2 4 1
  • 57. 02216 0 32336 0 G46 16 1 C: 20477 1 12333 1 13,223c 02232 0 02224 1 ■:)6n42 1 I : 77745 1 C: 0344 2 0 C: 34C41 c C ; 27044 1 I : 53575 0 13,2240 C: 000 '1 0 I : 77676 c C : 00031 c I : 53435 0 C : CO0C7 0 C: 000 2 3 0 I : 534 3 5 c C: 00C31 c 13 ,22 5''' C : 24015 0 C: 02223 0 T ; 76505 0 C: OOD 1 5 0 I : 77655 1 C : 00007 0 C : 00007 0 T : 77624 1 13, 2260 0 : 27412 n I : 77624 1 C : 26343 1 I : 53775 1 C : 00007 0 C : 57 176 0 C : 25543 1 C : CCCCl c 13,2270 I : 77657 0 r : 57176 c C : 1 5 5 3 5 r C : C3442 c C : 01517 0 T : 712 14 0 C : 01673 1 C: 01643 1 13,23CC C : 34J41 0 C : 27111 1 I : 77624 1 C: 27412 0 1 : 77775 1 C: COC 17 1 C : 015C3 c C : 15535 0 13,2310 C: 00015 0 r : 255 1 7 c C : 00025 0 I : 77624 1 C: 27707 1 I; 77776 1 05353 1 C : 04C24 c 13 ,2320 05504 n f : 00236 0 06C42 1 I ; 77624 1 C : 2 6 6 6 2 1 I : 77531 0 C : 000 53 1 C: 26332 1 13,2330 .046 16 1 C : 27443 1 I : 77776 1 34755 1 5546 2 1 urci 1 C : 01524 c C: C 1441 1 13,2340 I : 43174 1 r : 00002 1 C : 0PO6 3 1 I : 77C14 1 C : 04303 0 C : 00052 0 C: 00000 1 I : 434 14 1 13,2350 C : 00263 n 1 : 4J220 0 C: 1)36 74 1 C: COOCl c C: 24C07 0 C ; C 2032 1 1 : 514C6 1 C : 16C70 1 13,2360 r 2400 7 0 I : 714 14 0 C : '1743 r C : 26364 1 I : 77624 1 C : 5 1677 0 I: 77656 1 C ; 36C32 c 13,2 3 7;-. C : 2655T 0 I : 77624 1 C: 26560 { I ; 6 3 545 c C : 0 2032 1 I : 63525 0 C : 02034 1 1 : 754 15 0
  • 58. GAP ASSP^BLE REVISION 116 CF AGC PRCGRA^ LLRINAPY BV FASA 2021112-071 19:09 AUG. 11 ,1969 FACE 1626 OCTAl LISTING FCR PARAGPAFF H .i76, wITF PARITY BIT IN BINARY AT T|-e RIGHT CF EACH VsORO , "i" CENCTES LNLSEC FIXFC NENCFY ALL VALIC l»QRCS APF PASIC INSTRUCTIONS EXCEPT THCSF NARKEC "I" ( I NT E R FRF T I v E GFERATCR V«CRCS) OR "C" (CCNSTANTS) 13,2400 T : 764 15 1 C: 000 1 1 1 C: 14021 1 C ; 02036 C C : 34023 1 C : 26510 1 C : 15 120 0 C: 02C32 1 13,24 If C : 14021 1 r : 02 03 4 1 0 ; 34023 1 C: 265 13 1 C: 15 122 1 C: 0 2C70 1 I : 77625 C C : C3673 C 13,2420 C: 35124 0 C: C3674 1 I : 4C220 C C : C36 74 1 C : Oi'COl 0 C : 34007 1 C : 265 50 c I : 7 3 5 4 5 1 1 3 ,243C 0 : 01120 t ' I : 65275 1 C : 1 )0 1 1 1 C: C112C r I : 65346 C C : C 1122 1 I : 57356 c 1 : 71525 C 13, 244C C : ■ 1 120 0 I : 71525 C C ; 01122 1 I : 55475 1 1 : 41456 0 C: 36032 0 C: 2656C c I ; 43 145 C 13 ,24 50 0 : 240 17 C: 0174P c 0 : 2 6 4 5 4 c I : 7 7 7 4 6 1 I : 7 76 24 1 C : 55716 1 r : 16032 1 C: 03673 0 13,246' I : 742 1 5 1 C : C1124 1 0 : 02032 1 I : 77772 0 C: 36C32 0 C : C 3 6 74 1 T : '''63 545 c C : C2C36 C 13,2470 I : 44352 0 0 : 240C5 1 I : 44 2 75 1 C : 26 50 7 1 0 : 2400 5 1 I : 75465 1 f. : 26503 0 I : 7 7622 1 13,2‘^CC C : 03673 (. 1 : 77616 0 r : 004 46 1 C; C03C 5 1 0 : 17711 0 C : C 5 2 5 4 1 C : ■00155 c C : 2 5250 1 13, 251C I : 77600 1 C : 265 1 2 c 1 : 63545 c C : C0023 0 T : 6352 5 0 C : 00021 1 I : 776 1 5 c I : 7 54 54 C 1 3,2520 C : 26536 0 I : 40t',6 5 r r ; Q0023 c r ; 26543 1 I : 67542 a C ; CC(j25 0 I : 50125 1 C : 00021 1 13,253C C : 26532 1 1 : 43545 1 I ; 57545 1 I : 43244 1 C: 2654C 1 C : 240 0 5 1 r : C0025 c 1 : 77616 0 13,2540 I : 52025 1 C: 246 5 1 C : 26 536 c 1 : 75345 1 C : 11021 1 C: 00023 0 c : 000 2 5 c I : 7 7 6 16 c 1 3 ,2550 I : 43145 0 0: 26505 0 C : 01743 n C : 2 6 5 5 6 0 I : 77 73 5 G C : 240C5 1 C : 0001 1 1 I : 776 16 0 13,2560 I : 71220 1 C : 00051 0 C : ri003 0 I : 71214 0 0 : 01703 1 C: 2657 5 1 C : lOCC 1 1 I : 450 14 c 13,2570 C : 00742 0 C: 26573 1 C : 26466 1 C : 37673 1 C : OOU51 0 I ; 77214 0 C: 00702 1 C; 26573 1 13,26fC C : 02 ‘,12 3 1 I : 64^4 6 1 T : 77650 1 C: 26573 1 C 5 3 5 3 1 C : CCC 52 r 35C 17 1 05 105 0 13,2610 C : ■126 13 1 C : 260 63 0 05261 1 C6C42 1 1 : 470 14 1 C: C47 12 1
  • 59. C: 26654 1 C : 2 1574 1 1 3 ,2620 C : 00 141 1 I: 77624 1 C : 274 12 c I : 4 5 f 1 4 0 C : C1C76 1 C : 2 6 6 4 5 1 1 ; 52014 0 C : 0 1460 1 1 3, 26 20 0. : 26026 1 C : 000 1 C : 25140 0 I : 77414 0 C: 0 16 7 2 0 C 53 5 3 1 C : 20C32 1 (CC 06 1 13,2640 3 2632 1 05277 c C : 0 2 6 0 4 1 C : 26C63 c 15155 J I : 4 3014 0 C: 01472 1 C : C 1673 1 13,26SC I : 43C14 0 C : 01676 1 0 : 01675 1 I; 77616 c I : 7 7 7 7 6 1 0 5"^^ 1 C : C0CC2 c 05516 c 13,266f C : 0022 1 0 05 155 c T : 47C20 0 C: 000 51 y C : 26675 1 l: 45014 0 C: 04063 c C : 26114 1 13,2670 I : 43014 0 C : O') 30 3 1 C : CO C 5-1 0 C : C 4223 c C : Q0C5 1 Q 0 3037 c 55500 1 51500 c 13 ,2700 3150 2 1 515C0 c 55554 0 11500 1 12676 C C6C64 c 1 : 43034 1 C : 26724 1 13,2710 0 : 04 30 3 n C : 267 1 7 1 I ; 662 14 c 0, : C0263 0 C : ■3 20 3 1 1 C: COOC ) 1 1 : 776 16 0 I : 6 6 2 1 4 c 13 ,2720 C : iO:16 3 1 C; 0203 1 1 C : 00002 0 I : 776 16 0 C3C27 r 5 55CQ 1 51500 0 31554 1 13,2730 51500 0 555C2 r 1 15 10 1 12725 1 06064 0 I : 47020 0 C : 0005 1 c C : 2 6 7 5 C 1 13,2740 I : 45014 0 r : 0406 4 1 C : 26C70 1 I : 43014 c C : 003C3 1 C : 000 51 1 C : 042 24 1 C : 0005 1 0 13,2750 0303 7 0 5 5 5 ' ‘ 1 1 5 1500 c 31502 1 5 15CC c 5 5626 c 115C0 1 12751 1 12,2760 C6C64 0 I : 4?:, 14 1 C : 043C 7 1 C ; 27CC2 0 C : 2677 1 1 I: 5 20 14 0 C : 043C4 1 C : 26 7 1 7 1 13 ,2770 C : 26712 1 0 3037 5 5 500 1 51500 n 31626 1 S15C0 0 55502 0 11500 1
  • 60. G4P: flS$F^RLE REVI<:ion cf="" agc="" prcgraf="" lumnapy="" nasa="" istos="" aug.="" page="" octal="" listing="" pgr="" h="" w="" ith="" far="" it="" y="" pit="" in="" b="" inary="" at="" thf="" r="" :ght="" i="" each="" vgord="" denotfs="" lnlsed="" fi="" xec="" nencfy="" all="" valid="" korcs="" are="" basic="" instructions="" except="" those="" yarkec="" nterpret="" ive="" cperatcf="" ucrcs="" cr="" :="" c="" cg="" a="" nou4i="" n="" c:="" q="" l:="" coo="" c0002="" c203c="" g="" c1467="" c1676="" c2102="" cu474="" no="" c21c2="" c146="" ooo="" i:="" c2c31="" cl="" t="" c0053="" l="" c6c42="" coc53="" c1511="" ooool="" c3423="" c15="" c4752="" c2c3c="" c0262="" c0155="" roc="" c2c76="" c17c7="" coc="" c1115="" c1517=""/>
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