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Lec. 1 Introduction to Nursing Research.ppt
Introduction to Nursing Research
By Afsar Ali
Senior Nursing Instructor
SWCON Lahore
BScN Aga Khan University
MBeth Aga Khan University
MSN Dow Uni. Karachi
At the end of this session, the students will be
able to:
 Define Nursing Research
 Identify the importance of Research in
Nursing
 Become aware of Nursing Research’s
history
Cont…
 Understand different sources of Knowledge
 Define paradigm
 Discuss different paradigms in Research
Introduction
 The ability to conduct research is becoming
an ever important concept
Because
 The ultimate purpose of nursing is to provide
high-quality patient care.
Thus
 Clinical practice without research is practice
based on tradition without validation.
Origin of the Word “Research”
From the French word "recherche"
which means to travel through or
survey
 Means
Means ‘to search again’ or ‘to
‘to search again’ or ‘to
examine carefully’.
examine carefully’.
Research
Research
Research is a systematic Process of
is a systematic Process of
inquiry through which new
inquiry through which new
knowledge is developed and the
knowledge is developed and the
available knowledge is refined and
available knowledge is refined and
tested.
tested.
 Nursing research
Nursing research is a scientific
is a scientific
process that refines or validates
process that refines or validates
existing knowledge and generates
existing knowledge and generates
new knowledge that will directly or
new knowledge that will directly or
indirectly influence nursing practice.
indirectly influence nursing practice.
Nursing research
Nursing research
Goal of Nursing Research
 The Main goal of research is to develop,
refine, and expand a body of knowledge
utilized in Nursing care
Importance of Nursing Research
Study of Research is very important for
Nurses Because:
 It Enables Nurses to Read different
Research reports about Nursing Practices
 By studying research, Nurses can identify
effective Practicing Nursing interventions
 Research Helps in the implementation of
different interventions to achieve positive
nursing outcomes
Cont…
 It Helps Nurses in Advanced Studies
 Research is very Helpful for Leaders and
Manager Nurses of different departments
 It makes healthcare efficient and cost
effective
History
 Began with Nightingale and Crimean War-
mid 1800s (Notes on Nursing 1859)
 She is known as First Nurse Researcher
Cont…
Her initial Research(1859),
focuses on Healthy
environment for the promotion
of patients’ health
(She worked on ventilation, cleanliness,
water sanitation and diet purity etc)
Cont…
Her Role was very prominent
during Crimean war, for
collecting and analyzing soldiers’
morbidity and mortality data.
Nursing Research (1900-1970)
Early 1900- 1940 – problems in
nursing: education, staffing issues
 1900: American Journal of Nursing
was first published
1920s and 1930s case studies were
published in this journal
Nursing Research (1900-1970)
 1960s: Practice- oriented research on
various clinical topics by BScN and
MScN Nursing students began to
emerge in the literature
 1960s: Clinical studies were
conducted for the promotion of
patients’ outcomes and quality care
Nursing Research (1900-1970)
 In 1960s and 70s: nurses were
involved in the development of
conceptual model, framworks and
theories to guide nursing practice
Nursing Research (1980s-1990s)
1983 - ANA Center for Nursing
Research (the first volume of the
Annual Review of Nursing Research
was published)
1985&1986: National Center for Nursing
Research (NIH); awards/grants to
support nursing research & training
Nursing Research (1980s-1990s)
 1993 – Re-designated at NIH as the
National Institute of Nursing Research
(NINR)
Nursing Research 21st
Century
Increased focus on outcomes research.
 Outcomes research is designed to
assess and document the effectiveness
of health care services.
 The increasing number of studies that
can be characterized as outcomes
research has been stimulated by the
need for cost-effective care that
achieves positive outcomes without
compromising quality.
Nursing Research 21st
Century
Increased focus on biophysiologic
research.
 Nurse researchers have begun
increasingly to study biologic and
physiologic phenomena as part of the
effort to develop better clinical
evidence.
 Consistent with this trend, a new
journal called Biological Research for
Nursing was launched in 2000.
Nursing Research 21st
Century
Promotion of evidence-based practice.
 Intensive efforts to translate research
findings into practice will continue
and nurses at all levels will be
encouraged to engage in
evidencebased patient care.
Evidence based practice
Defined as the use of the best
clinical evidence in making patient
care decisions.
Using the best available information
to answer clinical questions in order
to improve practice
Sources Of Knowledge
 Every individual possesses a huge amount
of knowledge.
 We know about ourselves; we know about
the world around us; we know about
Different concepts and ideas.
Cont…
Where this knowledge ultimately
comes from?
Fundamental sources of Knowledge
 Traditions
 Authority
 Borrowing
 Role Modeling
 Personal Experience
 Trial and Error
 Intuition
 Logical reasoning
Tradition
 Tradition:
Tradition: This represents knowledge
This represents knowledge
based on truths and beliefs that come
based on truths and beliefs that come
from customs and trends.
from customs and trends.
 Traditional from the past is
Traditional from the past is
communicated to the present, which
communicated to the present, which
is effective in different Nursing
is effective in different Nursing
Practices
Practices
Eg. Many health policies and procedures
Eg. Many health policies and procedures
have traditional ideas
have traditional ideas
Authority
 Authority (Wisdom) is defined as a person
Authority (Wisdom) is defined as a person
with expertise and power who is able to
with expertise and power who is able to
influence opinion and behavior.
influence opinion and behavior.
For example Nurses who have enough
For example Nurses who have enough
knowledge and publish articles and books
knowledge and publish articles and books
are considered as authority
are considered as authority
Borrowing
 It is defined as knowledge taken from other
fields and utilized in Nursing profession.
For example knowledge from Medicine,
psychology and sociology
Role Modeling
 Role Modeling Is learning where Novice
Role Modeling Is learning where Novice
nurses imitate expert Nurses through
nurses imitate expert Nurses through
interactions
interactions
Personal Experience:
Personal Experience:
 It is defined as gaining of knowledge by
It is defined as gaining of knowledge by
being personally involved in an event, a
being personally involved in an event, a
situation or circumstances
situation or circumstances
For example observing injection again and
For example observing injection again and
again in clinical setting helps Nurses to
again in clinical setting helps Nurses to
learn how to inject Medicine
learn how to inject Medicine
Trial and Errors
 It is defined as an approach with unknown
It is defined as an approach with unknown
outcome, which is used in a situation of
outcome, which is used in a situation of
uncertainty where other sources of
uncertainty where other sources of
knowledge are unavailable.
knowledge are unavailable.
Intuitions
 Intuition is an insight or understanding
Intuition is an insight or understanding
of a situation or event as a whole that
of a situation or event as a whole that
usually can not be explained logically.
usually can not be explained logically.
Gut feeling
Gut feeling
Reasoning:
Reasoning:
 It is defined as the processing and organizing
It is defined as the processing and organizing
of ideas in order to reach conclusion
of ideas in order to reach conclusion
 There are two main types of Reasoning:
There are two main types of Reasoning:
a) Inductive : Specific to general
a) Inductive : Specific to general
b) Deductive: General to specific
b) Deductive: General to specific
Inductive reasoning
 It is defined as developing generalizations
from specific observations.
 For example, a nurse may observe the
anxious behavior of (specific) hospitalized
child and conclude that (in general)
children's’ separation from their parents is
stressful.
Deductive reasoning
 It is defined as developing specific
predictions from general principles.
 For example, if we assume that separation
anxiety occurs in hospitalized children (in
general), then we might predict that
(specific) children in Hospital whose
parents do not room-in will manifest
symptoms of stress
Lec. 1 Introduction to Nursing Research.ppt
Paradigm
 A broad framework of perception,
understanding, belief about the Nature of
the world, within which theories and
practices operate
 Positivism
 Naturalism
Positivism
 The fundamental assumption of
positivists is that there is a reality out
there that can be studied and known
 They believe in Objective Reality
Naturalism
 Naturalism is a Paradigm where people
believe that there is nothing supernatural
Like gods, immaterial souls and spirits etc
Possitivism Verses Naturalism
Positivism
 There is single
Reality
 They believe in
objectivity
 It is used in
Quantitative
Research
Naturalism
 There are multiple
realities
 They believe in
subjectivity
 It is Used in
Qualitative Research
Components of paradigms
 Ontology: What is the Nature of Reality
upon which a theory is based
Epistemology
 Derived from the Greek words episteme
(knowledge) and logos (reason), ‘The
branch of philosophy concerned with the
origin, nature, methods & limits of
knowledge.’
Methodology
 Refers to general principles which
underline how we investigate the social
world and how we demonstrate that the
knowledge generated is valid.
References
 Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (2007).
Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (2007).
Understanding nursing research.
Understanding nursing research. (4th
(4th
ed.).Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
ed.).Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
 Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006).
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). Essential
Essential
of nursing research: Methods, appraisal, &
of nursing research: Methods, appraisal, &
utilization.
utilization. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott
(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott
Questions?
Education is the best provision
for the journey to old age.
(Aristotle)

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Lec. 1 Introduction to Nursing Research.ppt

  • 2. Introduction to Nursing Research By Afsar Ali Senior Nursing Instructor SWCON Lahore BScN Aga Khan University MBeth Aga Khan University MSN Dow Uni. Karachi
  • 3. At the end of this session, the students will be able to:  Define Nursing Research  Identify the importance of Research in Nursing  Become aware of Nursing Research’s history
  • 4. Cont…  Understand different sources of Knowledge  Define paradigm  Discuss different paradigms in Research
  • 5. Introduction  The ability to conduct research is becoming an ever important concept Because  The ultimate purpose of nursing is to provide high-quality patient care. Thus  Clinical practice without research is practice based on tradition without validation.
  • 6. Origin of the Word “Research” From the French word "recherche" which means to travel through or survey  Means Means ‘to search again’ or ‘to ‘to search again’ or ‘to examine carefully’. examine carefully’.
  • 7. Research Research Research is a systematic Process of is a systematic Process of inquiry through which new inquiry through which new knowledge is developed and the knowledge is developed and the available knowledge is refined and available knowledge is refined and tested. tested.
  • 8.  Nursing research Nursing research is a scientific is a scientific process that refines or validates process that refines or validates existing knowledge and generates existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that will directly or new knowledge that will directly or indirectly influence nursing practice. indirectly influence nursing practice. Nursing research Nursing research
  • 9. Goal of Nursing Research  The Main goal of research is to develop, refine, and expand a body of knowledge utilized in Nursing care
  • 10. Importance of Nursing Research Study of Research is very important for Nurses Because:  It Enables Nurses to Read different Research reports about Nursing Practices  By studying research, Nurses can identify effective Practicing Nursing interventions  Research Helps in the implementation of different interventions to achieve positive nursing outcomes
  • 11. Cont…  It Helps Nurses in Advanced Studies  Research is very Helpful for Leaders and Manager Nurses of different departments  It makes healthcare efficient and cost effective
  • 12. History  Began with Nightingale and Crimean War- mid 1800s (Notes on Nursing 1859)  She is known as First Nurse Researcher
  • 13. Cont… Her initial Research(1859), focuses on Healthy environment for the promotion of patients’ health (She worked on ventilation, cleanliness, water sanitation and diet purity etc)
  • 14. Cont… Her Role was very prominent during Crimean war, for collecting and analyzing soldiers’ morbidity and mortality data.
  • 15. Nursing Research (1900-1970) Early 1900- 1940 – problems in nursing: education, staffing issues  1900: American Journal of Nursing was first published 1920s and 1930s case studies were published in this journal
  • 16. Nursing Research (1900-1970)  1960s: Practice- oriented research on various clinical topics by BScN and MScN Nursing students began to emerge in the literature  1960s: Clinical studies were conducted for the promotion of patients’ outcomes and quality care
  • 17. Nursing Research (1900-1970)  In 1960s and 70s: nurses were involved in the development of conceptual model, framworks and theories to guide nursing practice
  • 18. Nursing Research (1980s-1990s) 1983 - ANA Center for Nursing Research (the first volume of the Annual Review of Nursing Research was published) 1985&1986: National Center for Nursing Research (NIH); awards/grants to support nursing research & training
  • 19. Nursing Research (1980s-1990s)  1993 – Re-designated at NIH as the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)
  • 20. Nursing Research 21st Century Increased focus on outcomes research.  Outcomes research is designed to assess and document the effectiveness of health care services.  The increasing number of studies that can be characterized as outcomes research has been stimulated by the need for cost-effective care that achieves positive outcomes without compromising quality.
  • 21. Nursing Research 21st Century Increased focus on biophysiologic research.  Nurse researchers have begun increasingly to study biologic and physiologic phenomena as part of the effort to develop better clinical evidence.  Consistent with this trend, a new journal called Biological Research for Nursing was launched in 2000.
  • 22. Nursing Research 21st Century Promotion of evidence-based practice.  Intensive efforts to translate research findings into practice will continue and nurses at all levels will be encouraged to engage in evidencebased patient care.
  • 23. Evidence based practice Defined as the use of the best clinical evidence in making patient care decisions. Using the best available information to answer clinical questions in order to improve practice
  • 24. Sources Of Knowledge  Every individual possesses a huge amount of knowledge.  We know about ourselves; we know about the world around us; we know about Different concepts and ideas.
  • 25. Cont… Where this knowledge ultimately comes from?
  • 26. Fundamental sources of Knowledge  Traditions  Authority  Borrowing  Role Modeling  Personal Experience  Trial and Error  Intuition  Logical reasoning
  • 27. Tradition  Tradition: Tradition: This represents knowledge This represents knowledge based on truths and beliefs that come based on truths and beliefs that come from customs and trends. from customs and trends.  Traditional from the past is Traditional from the past is communicated to the present, which communicated to the present, which is effective in different Nursing is effective in different Nursing Practices Practices Eg. Many health policies and procedures Eg. Many health policies and procedures have traditional ideas have traditional ideas
  • 28. Authority  Authority (Wisdom) is defined as a person Authority (Wisdom) is defined as a person with expertise and power who is able to with expertise and power who is able to influence opinion and behavior. influence opinion and behavior. For example Nurses who have enough For example Nurses who have enough knowledge and publish articles and books knowledge and publish articles and books are considered as authority are considered as authority
  • 29. Borrowing  It is defined as knowledge taken from other fields and utilized in Nursing profession. For example knowledge from Medicine, psychology and sociology
  • 30. Role Modeling  Role Modeling Is learning where Novice Role Modeling Is learning where Novice nurses imitate expert Nurses through nurses imitate expert Nurses through interactions interactions
  • 31. Personal Experience: Personal Experience:  It is defined as gaining of knowledge by It is defined as gaining of knowledge by being personally involved in an event, a being personally involved in an event, a situation or circumstances situation or circumstances For example observing injection again and For example observing injection again and again in clinical setting helps Nurses to again in clinical setting helps Nurses to learn how to inject Medicine learn how to inject Medicine
  • 32. Trial and Errors  It is defined as an approach with unknown It is defined as an approach with unknown outcome, which is used in a situation of outcome, which is used in a situation of uncertainty where other sources of uncertainty where other sources of knowledge are unavailable. knowledge are unavailable.
  • 33. Intuitions  Intuition is an insight or understanding Intuition is an insight or understanding of a situation or event as a whole that of a situation or event as a whole that usually can not be explained logically. usually can not be explained logically. Gut feeling Gut feeling
  • 34. Reasoning: Reasoning:  It is defined as the processing and organizing It is defined as the processing and organizing of ideas in order to reach conclusion of ideas in order to reach conclusion  There are two main types of Reasoning: There are two main types of Reasoning: a) Inductive : Specific to general a) Inductive : Specific to general b) Deductive: General to specific b) Deductive: General to specific
  • 35. Inductive reasoning  It is defined as developing generalizations from specific observations.  For example, a nurse may observe the anxious behavior of (specific) hospitalized child and conclude that (in general) children's’ separation from their parents is stressful.
  • 36. Deductive reasoning  It is defined as developing specific predictions from general principles.  For example, if we assume that separation anxiety occurs in hospitalized children (in general), then we might predict that (specific) children in Hospital whose parents do not room-in will manifest symptoms of stress
  • 38. Paradigm  A broad framework of perception, understanding, belief about the Nature of the world, within which theories and practices operate  Positivism  Naturalism
  • 39. Positivism  The fundamental assumption of positivists is that there is a reality out there that can be studied and known  They believe in Objective Reality
  • 40. Naturalism  Naturalism is a Paradigm where people believe that there is nothing supernatural Like gods, immaterial souls and spirits etc
  • 41. Possitivism Verses Naturalism Positivism  There is single Reality  They believe in objectivity  It is used in Quantitative Research Naturalism  There are multiple realities  They believe in subjectivity  It is Used in Qualitative Research
  • 42. Components of paradigms  Ontology: What is the Nature of Reality upon which a theory is based
  • 43. Epistemology  Derived from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos (reason), ‘The branch of philosophy concerned with the origin, nature, methods & limits of knowledge.’
  • 44. Methodology  Refers to general principles which underline how we investigate the social world and how we demonstrate that the knowledge generated is valid.
  • 45. References  Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (2007). Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (2007). Understanding nursing research. Understanding nursing research. (4th (4th ed.).Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. ed.).Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.  Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). Essential Essential of nursing research: Methods, appraisal, & of nursing research: Methods, appraisal, & utilization. utilization. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott
  • 47. Education is the best provision for the journey to old age. (Aristotle)