2. Introduction to Nursing Research
By Afsar Ali
Senior Nursing Instructor
SWCON Lahore
BScN Aga Khan University
MBeth Aga Khan University
MSN Dow Uni. Karachi
3. At the end of this session, the students will be
able to:
Define Nursing Research
Identify the importance of Research in
Nursing
Become aware of Nursing Research’s
history
5. Introduction
The ability to conduct research is becoming
an ever important concept
Because
The ultimate purpose of nursing is to provide
high-quality patient care.
Thus
Clinical practice without research is practice
based on tradition without validation.
6. Origin of the Word “Research”
From the French word "recherche"
which means to travel through or
survey
Means
Means ‘to search again’ or ‘to
‘to search again’ or ‘to
examine carefully’.
examine carefully’.
7. Research
Research
Research is a systematic Process of
is a systematic Process of
inquiry through which new
inquiry through which new
knowledge is developed and the
knowledge is developed and the
available knowledge is refined and
available knowledge is refined and
tested.
tested.
8. Nursing research
Nursing research is a scientific
is a scientific
process that refines or validates
process that refines or validates
existing knowledge and generates
existing knowledge and generates
new knowledge that will directly or
new knowledge that will directly or
indirectly influence nursing practice.
indirectly influence nursing practice.
Nursing research
Nursing research
9. Goal of Nursing Research
The Main goal of research is to develop,
refine, and expand a body of knowledge
utilized in Nursing care
10. Importance of Nursing Research
Study of Research is very important for
Nurses Because:
It Enables Nurses to Read different
Research reports about Nursing Practices
By studying research, Nurses can identify
effective Practicing Nursing interventions
Research Helps in the implementation of
different interventions to achieve positive
nursing outcomes
11. Cont…
It Helps Nurses in Advanced Studies
Research is very Helpful for Leaders and
Manager Nurses of different departments
It makes healthcare efficient and cost
effective
12. History
Began with Nightingale and Crimean War-
mid 1800s (Notes on Nursing 1859)
She is known as First Nurse Researcher
13. Cont…
Her initial Research(1859),
focuses on Healthy
environment for the promotion
of patients’ health
(She worked on ventilation, cleanliness,
water sanitation and diet purity etc)
14. Cont…
Her Role was very prominent
during Crimean war, for
collecting and analyzing soldiers’
morbidity and mortality data.
15. Nursing Research (1900-1970)
Early 1900- 1940 – problems in
nursing: education, staffing issues
1900: American Journal of Nursing
was first published
1920s and 1930s case studies were
published in this journal
16. Nursing Research (1900-1970)
1960s: Practice- oriented research on
various clinical topics by BScN and
MScN Nursing students began to
emerge in the literature
1960s: Clinical studies were
conducted for the promotion of
patients’ outcomes and quality care
17. Nursing Research (1900-1970)
In 1960s and 70s: nurses were
involved in the development of
conceptual model, framworks and
theories to guide nursing practice
18. Nursing Research (1980s-1990s)
1983 - ANA Center for Nursing
Research (the first volume of the
Annual Review of Nursing Research
was published)
1985&1986: National Center for Nursing
Research (NIH); awards/grants to
support nursing research & training
20. Nursing Research 21st
Century
Increased focus on outcomes research.
Outcomes research is designed to
assess and document the effectiveness
of health care services.
The increasing number of studies that
can be characterized as outcomes
research has been stimulated by the
need for cost-effective care that
achieves positive outcomes without
compromising quality.
21. Nursing Research 21st
Century
Increased focus on biophysiologic
research.
Nurse researchers have begun
increasingly to study biologic and
physiologic phenomena as part of the
effort to develop better clinical
evidence.
Consistent with this trend, a new
journal called Biological Research for
Nursing was launched in 2000.
22. Nursing Research 21st
Century
Promotion of evidence-based practice.
Intensive efforts to translate research
findings into practice will continue
and nurses at all levels will be
encouraged to engage in
evidencebased patient care.
23. Evidence based practice
Defined as the use of the best
clinical evidence in making patient
care decisions.
Using the best available information
to answer clinical questions in order
to improve practice
24. Sources Of Knowledge
Every individual possesses a huge amount
of knowledge.
We know about ourselves; we know about
the world around us; we know about
Different concepts and ideas.
26. Fundamental sources of Knowledge
Traditions
Authority
Borrowing
Role Modeling
Personal Experience
Trial and Error
Intuition
Logical reasoning
27. Tradition
Tradition:
Tradition: This represents knowledge
This represents knowledge
based on truths and beliefs that come
based on truths and beliefs that come
from customs and trends.
from customs and trends.
Traditional from the past is
Traditional from the past is
communicated to the present, which
communicated to the present, which
is effective in different Nursing
is effective in different Nursing
Practices
Practices
Eg. Many health policies and procedures
Eg. Many health policies and procedures
have traditional ideas
have traditional ideas
28. Authority
Authority (Wisdom) is defined as a person
Authority (Wisdom) is defined as a person
with expertise and power who is able to
with expertise and power who is able to
influence opinion and behavior.
influence opinion and behavior.
For example Nurses who have enough
For example Nurses who have enough
knowledge and publish articles and books
knowledge and publish articles and books
are considered as authority
are considered as authority
29. Borrowing
It is defined as knowledge taken from other
fields and utilized in Nursing profession.
For example knowledge from Medicine,
psychology and sociology
30. Role Modeling
Role Modeling Is learning where Novice
Role Modeling Is learning where Novice
nurses imitate expert Nurses through
nurses imitate expert Nurses through
interactions
interactions
31. Personal Experience:
Personal Experience:
It is defined as gaining of knowledge by
It is defined as gaining of knowledge by
being personally involved in an event, a
being personally involved in an event, a
situation or circumstances
situation or circumstances
For example observing injection again and
For example observing injection again and
again in clinical setting helps Nurses to
again in clinical setting helps Nurses to
learn how to inject Medicine
learn how to inject Medicine
32. Trial and Errors
It is defined as an approach with unknown
It is defined as an approach with unknown
outcome, which is used in a situation of
outcome, which is used in a situation of
uncertainty where other sources of
uncertainty where other sources of
knowledge are unavailable.
knowledge are unavailable.
33. Intuitions
Intuition is an insight or understanding
Intuition is an insight or understanding
of a situation or event as a whole that
of a situation or event as a whole that
usually can not be explained logically.
usually can not be explained logically.
Gut feeling
Gut feeling
34. Reasoning:
Reasoning:
It is defined as the processing and organizing
It is defined as the processing and organizing
of ideas in order to reach conclusion
of ideas in order to reach conclusion
There are two main types of Reasoning:
There are two main types of Reasoning:
a) Inductive : Specific to general
a) Inductive : Specific to general
b) Deductive: General to specific
b) Deductive: General to specific
35. Inductive reasoning
It is defined as developing generalizations
from specific observations.
For example, a nurse may observe the
anxious behavior of (specific) hospitalized
child and conclude that (in general)
children's’ separation from their parents is
stressful.
36. Deductive reasoning
It is defined as developing specific
predictions from general principles.
For example, if we assume that separation
anxiety occurs in hospitalized children (in
general), then we might predict that
(specific) children in Hospital whose
parents do not room-in will manifest
symptoms of stress
38. Paradigm
A broad framework of perception,
understanding, belief about the Nature of
the world, within which theories and
practices operate
Positivism
Naturalism
39. Positivism
The fundamental assumption of
positivists is that there is a reality out
there that can be studied and known
They believe in Objective Reality
40. Naturalism
Naturalism is a Paradigm where people
believe that there is nothing supernatural
Like gods, immaterial souls and spirits etc
41. Possitivism Verses Naturalism
Positivism
There is single
Reality
They believe in
objectivity
It is used in
Quantitative
Research
Naturalism
There are multiple
realities
They believe in
subjectivity
It is Used in
Qualitative Research
43. Epistemology
Derived from the Greek words episteme
(knowledge) and logos (reason), ‘The
branch of philosophy concerned with the
origin, nature, methods & limits of
knowledge.’
44. Methodology
Refers to general principles which
underline how we investigate the social
world and how we demonstrate that the
knowledge generated is valid.
45. References
Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (2007).
Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (2007).
Understanding nursing research.
Understanding nursing research. (4th
(4th
ed.).Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
ed.).Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006).
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). Essential
Essential
of nursing research: Methods, appraisal, &
of nursing research: Methods, appraisal, &
utilization.
utilization. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott
(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott