interaction norman model in Human Computer Interaction(HCI)

Interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
Interaction Model
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Interaction
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Interaction
The Interaction
Normans Model of interaction and HCI
design

Interaction
The Interaction
• interaction models
– translations between user and system
• Influenced by:
– ergonomics
• physical characteristics of interaction
– interaction styles
• the nature of user/system dialog
– Context
– social, organizational, motivational
– User characteristics

Interaction
The Interaction
communication
user system
but is that all … ?
– see “language and action”
– Users language is different from computing
language

Interaction
Interaction Model
Some terms of Interaction
domain – the area of work under study
e.g. graphic design
goal – what you want to achieve
e.g. create a solid red triangle
task – how you go about doing it
– ultimately in terms of operations or actions
e.g. … select fill tool, click over triangle
Note …
– traditional interaction …
– use of terms differs a lot especially task/goal !!!

Interaction
Donald Norman Model of Interaction
• Norman’s model of interaction (1988)- most influential in HCI.
Provides a framework for examining interaction. Norman’s
model concentrates on user’s view of the interface
– Has two principal players
– interaction cycle has two major phases - Execution and
Evaluation
• Has Seven stages
– user establishes the goal
– formulates intention
– specifies actions at interface
– executes action
– perceives system state
– interprets system state
– evaluates system state with respect to goal

Interaction
Execution and Evaluation cycle
1.Establish the goal
2. Forming the intention
3.Specifying the action sequence
4.Executing the action
5.Perceiving the system state
6.Interpreting the system state
7.Evaluating the system state w.r.t.
goals and intentions

Interaction
Interaction framework
O
I
US
task
input
output
core

Interaction
O
I
US
User’s Task
language
input
output
core

Interaction
O
I
US
task
input
output
System’s
core
Language

Interaction
O
I
US
task
input
output
core
InterfaceInterface

Interaction
Core
Execution phase of cycle
O
I
US
Task
Input
output
Core
(4)
PerformancePerformance
Task (1,2)
ArticulationArticulation
InterfaceInterface
Input
(3))

Interaction
Core
Evaluation phase of cycle
O
I
US
Task
Input
output
Core
(4)
observationobservation
(5,6,7)(5,6,7)
InterfaceInterface
Output
(4))
presentationpresentation

Interaction
Interaction Framework
• Interaction is achieved through both the
– Dialogue design
– Interface styles
• Execution and evaluation depends on
– The input language (dialogue)
– The user’s ease in manipulating the interface
through the input device.
– Clear mapping from dialogue to task

Interaction
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Interaction
Using Normans model
Some systems are harder to use than others
Gulf of Execution
user’s formulation of actions
≠ actions allowed by the system
Gulf of execution is the difference between the user
formulation of actions to reach the goal and the actions
allowed by system
Gulf of Evaluation
user’s expectation of changed system state
≠ actual presentation of this state
Gulf of explanation (or evaluation) is the distance between the the physical
representation of the system state and the expectation of the user

Interaction
• The interface in direct manipulation bridges
the gaps in both the “gulf of execution” and
“gulf of explanation”.
• The role of the interaction designer is to
reduce the gulfs

interaction norman model in Human Computer Interaction(HCI)

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