Lecture 01 introduction to manufacturing

LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION TO MANUFACTURING

MOHD NIZAM Sudin
Lecturer
Department of design & innovation
Faculty ofmechanical engineering
Universiti teknikal malaysia melaka

@jurie 2007 – Lecture 1

INTRODUCTION TO MANUFACTURING 1

What is “MANUFACTURING”?

“the process of converting raw materials into products”.

The word “manufacturing” is derived from the Latin manu factus, meaning made
by hand.

“the conversion of stuff into things” – (by DeGarmon, 1998).

“processing or making a product from raw materials, especially as a large scale
Operation using machinery” – (by Collin English Dictionary, 1998).

“economic term for making goods and services available to satisfy customer”
- (by T.Black, 1991).



In modern context, manufacturing can be defined as:
- “the making of products from raw materials using various processes,
equipments, operations and manpower according to a detailed plan”.

- During processing, the raw material undergoes changes to allow it to become
a part of a product(s).

- Once processed, it should have worth in the market or a value.

- Therefore, it encompasses:
- The design of the product.
- The selection of raw materials.
- The sequence of processes through which the product will be manufactured.

- Word production is often interchangeably with word manufacturing.



Manufacturing can be defined two ways:
1) Technology – manufacturing is the application of physical and chemical
processes to alter the geometry, properties, and/or appearance of a given
starting material to make parts or products.
Manufacturing also includes the assembly of multiple parts to make products.
The processes to accomplish manufacturing involve a combination of
machinery, tools, power, and manual labor.

2) Economic – manufacturing is the transformation of materials into items of
greater value by means one or more processing involve. Therefore,
manufacturing is “added value” to the material.

- “Added value” – by changing the material’s shape or properties or by
combining it with other materials that have been similarly altered.



Two ways models to define manufacturing:

1) As a technical process

Machinery

Tooling

Power

Labor
Product
Raw materials Manufacturing
Process Profit



2) As an economic process.

Manufacturing
Process

Value
added

Starting Material in Processed
material processing material



Manufacturing activities must be responsive to several demands and trends:



Industries can be classified as:



Types of industries
1) Primary industry
- Those that cultivate and exploit natural resources; eg: agriculture, mining.

2) Secondary industry
- Take the outputs of the primary industries and convert them into consumer and
capital goods.

3) Tertiary industry
- Constitute with service sector of the economy.



1) Project – 1 to 10 units.
[Low production]
2) Job shop – 10 to 100 units.

3) Batch – 100 to 10,000 units. [Medium production]

4) Mass – Above 10,000 units. [High production]

Production quantity: number of unit produced annually of a particular product
type.

Product variety: different product designs or types that are produced in the plant.



Low

Medium

High

Product quantity



Above 10,000 units
Mass
100 to 10,000 units

10 to 100 units
Job shop
1 to 10 units
Project
Project

Product variety



TYPE OF MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS

- Product position – remains stationary during the manufacturing process – size,
weight, location of the product.
- Materials, people, machinery are brought to the product or product site.
- Based on customer specifications.

- Example: bridge, building construction, aircraft, ships, locomotive.



- Low volume and production quantities called lot sizes with high product variety.

- Satisfies a market for nonstandard or unique product.

- Layout – different machines with similar functional or processing capabilities
are grouped together as department.
- Require high skill levels labor – to operate a variety of equipments.
- A short duration activities to provide custom goods.

- Example: space vehicles, reactor vessels, turbines, aircraft components.



- Batch production produce or process any product in groups which is called
“batches”.
- Can produce a variety of products – opposed to a continuous production
process, or a one time production.
- Useful for industries that makes seasonal items/products for which it is
difficult to forecast the demand.
- Example: Similar standard items made periodically in batches: bakery, paint,
hand tools.
- Same facilities used to manufacture all the different items.
- Layout of machine – functional layout (based on its function to be performed –
from section to another section).



Advantages

- Reduce initial capital outlay – due to a single production line can be used to
several products – machines can be used more effectively, materials can be
bought in bulk, workers can specialize in that task.

Disadvantages
- Requires very careful production planning & control – next batches; when, types.
- When switching to another batches – takes time (“down time”) – can cause
loss of output (low yield).
- Resulted “WIP” or create inventory/stock – increases costs such as inventory
cost, cost because of damage to stock.



The example production line (shown below) is that of an engineering company, manufacturing small steel products such as
hinges and locks. They manufacture batches of five hundred at a time. The workers are unskilled and semi skilled. As each
task is completed the item being manufactured is passed down the production line to the next worker, until it is complete.



- Also known as flow production, repetitive flow production, series production.
- Producing goods in large quantities at low cost per unit and produce in a short
period of time.
- Machinery (eg: robots, machine press) that is needed to set up the mass
production line is so expensive.
- Involved fewer labor cost and a faster rate of production.
- Plant and equipments are arranged in a flow line layout.
- Operation is done base on specific product and thus make the production
control easily.
- Work piece is transfer automatically from one machine to another.
- Example: light bulbs, refrigerator, tv.


Lean Production and Agile Manufacturing

- A systematic approach to identifying and eliminating waste in manufacturing
process through continuous improvement by following the product at the
demand of the customer.
- Related to a word “less”: less time, inventory space, people, developing the
product, – minimize the cost.

- It is all about “speed” and getting it right at the first time.



Benefits of Lean Manufacturing

- Overhead operating costs reduces by 30%.
- Sales ($) per employee 10 times higher.
- Profits 4 times.
- Lead time cut by 50% to 90%.
- Process queues cut by 70%.

Principle of Lean Manufacturing
- Voice of the customer.
- Continuous improvement.
- Recognize & eliminating waste of:
- Over production.
- Inventory.
- Defects (Non-zero defect rates).



Principle of Lean Manufacturing (cont’)

- Waiting time.
- People’s talents, & motivations.
- Motion.
- Transportation.



- The implementation of the principles of lean production on a broad scale.

- Agile manufacturing is a term applied to an organization that has created the
processes, tools, and training to enable it to response quickly to customer needs and
market changes while still controlling costs and quality.



Concurrent engineering (CE) is a philosophy that promotes interactive design
and manufacturing efforts to develop product and process simultaneously, thus
optimizing the use of company resources and reducing time to market cycles.
It has four general phases which are:
 Technology and concept development.

 Product and process development and prototype validation

 Process validation and product confirmation.

 Production and continuous improvement.


- Also known as “families of parts”.
- Parts can be grouped and then produced by classifying them into families.
- This can be done according to similarities in:
i) design.
ii) manufacturing process to produce the part.
- Parts will pass through a similar sequence of manufacturing operations and will be
processed on the same machine tools.
- Example of GT: Cylindrical parts – they may look almost the same, but it has difference
in the materials, tolerances, and surface finishes and thus causing them to be made
on different machine tools.
- The set-up of an automated machine only requires small changes between the
individual batches and some of the individual set-up times will be drastically reduced.
- Having different machine in one section, so that each parts is completed in that
particular section.


- Raw materials, parts & components are delivered to the manufacturer just in
time to be used, parts & components are produced JIT to be made into
subassemblies & assemblies, and products are finished JIT to be delivered to
the customer.

- JIT is also known as “pull system”.

- It tends to simplify and break the whole system into small, autonomous units.



Benefit s/Advantages of JIT

- Low inventory – carrying cost.
- Fast detection of defects in the production or the delivery of supplies and, hence,
low scrap loss.
- Reduced inspection and reworking of parts.
- High quality products made at low cost.
- Reduction of :
 20% to 40% in product cost.
 60% to 80% in inventory.
 Up to 90% in rejection rates.
 90% in lead times.
 50% in scrap & rework.



Benefit s/Advantages of JIT (cont’)
Increases:
- 30% to 50% in labor productivity.



KANBAN SYSTEM
- Integrated with the implementation of JIT concept.
- Kanban – means “visible record”.
- Originally consisted of two types of cards:
i) Production card: authorizes the production of one container or cart of identical,
specified parts at a workstation.
ii) Conveyance/move card: authorizes the transfer of one container or cart of parts
from that particular w/station to the w/station where the parts will be used.
The cards contain information on:
i) Type of parts.
ii) Location where issued.
iii) Part number.
iv) Number of items in container.


1) FIXED POSITION LAYOUT
- Involved with huge parts; eg: construction of aeroplane, bridge, buildings.
- All resources such as manpower, raw materials, tools, machinery and etc will be
brought to the product.
- Involve with longer lead time.



2) FUNCTIONAL (PROCESS) LAYOUT
- Plant grouped according to type of process.

- Specialization of skills.
- Higher machine utilization.

- Queues of work.
- Longer lead times.

- Flexibility of operation.
- Low volume and high variety of manufacturing.



L L M
M M
M G G

L L M
M M
M G G

FUNCTIONAL (PROCESS) LAYOUT



- Plant arrangement to facilitate material processing in the same order.
- Machines and equipment are positioned along a flow line.
- Product passes from workstation to another workstation along the flow line.
- Suitable for mass production system.
- Several flow lines may come together to feed the final assembly line.

- Need to categorize operations to ensure equal processing time at all work stations
(line balancing).
- High level of machine and manpower utilization.



Product A
L L M D

Product B
LL M M D
D

Product C
LL G G
G

Product D
M W G D
D

FLOW LINE (PRODUCT) LAYOUT



Advantages

- Reduced work handling leads to short cycle time/piece.
- Less WIP.
- Simple planning and control.
- Reduced labor skill.
- Good space utilization.

Disadvantages
- Limited flexibility.
- Machine breakdown causes major problem.
- High setting up cost.
- Uses expensive special purpose machine.



- Plant divided into groups or cells in a small unit (individual cell), consisting of one to
several workstations.
- A w/station can contains either one machine (known as a single machine cell), or
several machines (known as a group machine cell) with each machine performing a
different operation on the part.
- Cells can process a complete family of parts – need to form families of products.

- The flow among the equipment in the cells can vary depending on the composition of
parts within the part family.
- Good example for the implementation of the concept of group technology.

- The machines at w/stations can be modified, retooled, and regroup for different
product lines within the same family of parts.


Lecture 01 introduction to manufacturing

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