Lecture-01_Environmental Impact Mitigation.pdf
- 1. Environmental Impact Mitigation S K Akila Fernando 1
- 2. Content Covered What is Sustainability Environmental Impact Emission inventories and Life Cycle Assessment (Carbon Footprint) Global Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Curve 2
- 4. What is Sustainability Datong County 100MW ground mounted solar PV system in China 4
- 5. Why Sustainability is Important? • Sustainability is all about the environment • Sustainability is very expensive • New technology is always the answer • Nobody knows what sustainability really means • “Sustainable” is a synonym for green • It's all about recycling. 5 Myths about Sustainability
- 6. Social Diversity, Human Rights, Respect for the Individuals Environmental Bio-diversity, Emissions to Air, Water/ Chemical usage and Discharges Economic Profitable growth, Risk Management, shareholder return Socio- Environmental Health & Safety, Crisis Management, Climate change Eco-Economy Resource efficiency, Energy efficiency, Global energy issues Socio-Economic Employment, Training & Development, 6
- 7. Sustainability: living on the earth’s renewable resources without damaging the ecological processes that support us all. Development : Improving the lives of people by means of increased access to goods (food/ clothes) and services (healthcare/ education). Sustainable development is an effort to join the two concepts. Sustainable Development 7
- 8. • Blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all • 17 goals to address global challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate, environmental degradation, prosperity, and peace and justice • Goals are set to achieve by 2030 • Goals are interconnected in order to leave no one behind https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/ 8
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- 10. Goal 07: Ensure Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for all 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services 7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to electricity 7.1.2 Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology 7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix 7.2.1 Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption 7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency 7.3.1 Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP 7.A By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology 7.A.1 International financial flows to developing countries in support of clean energy research and development and renewable energy production, including in hybrid systems 7.B By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programs of support 7.B.1 Investments in energy efficiency as a percentage of GDP and the amount of foreign direct investment in financial transfer for infrastructure and technology to sustainable development services 10
- 11. Environmental Capital Total of renewable and non- renewable natural resources of a country. While it is possible that we can find ways to replace some natural resources, it is much more unlikely that they will ever be able to replace eco‐system services, such as the protection provided by the ozone layer. Forests, for example, not only provide the raw material for paper (which can be substituted quite easily), but they also maintain biodiversity, regulate water flow, and absorb CO2. 11
- 12. Sustainability is a Transition Sustainability is not a destination but a direction. At first, it’s the attitude that mattes the most. From • Short-term Thinking • Linear Flow of Resources • Economy without Nature • Fossil fuels To • Visionary Thinking • Circular flow of resources • Economy integrated with Nature • Renewable sources 12
- 14. Correlation of Energy Consumption and GDP per person 14 Per capita energy consumption (kg oil equivalent)
- 15. How Does Energy Use Impact The Environment? • All forms of electricity generation have an environmental impact on our air, water and land, but it varies. • In all the countries, a significant amount of energy is used to produce electricity. In US itself, 40% of the energy is used for power generation, making electricity use an important part of each person’s environmental footprint. • Producing and using electricity more efficiently reduces both the amount of fuel needed to generate electricity and the amount of greenhouse gases and other air pollution emitted as a result. 15
- 16. Global Surface Temperature • The year 2016 ranks as the warmest on record • 18 of the 19 warmest years all have occurred since 2001, with the exception of 1998 Source: Climate. NASA. gov S. K .Akila Fernando 16
- 17. Time Series: 1884 to 2018 ▪ Shows the five-year average variation of global surface temperatures in 1884 and 2018. ▪ Dark blue indicates areas cooler than average. Dark red indicates areas warmer than average 17
- 18. Global Energy Profile Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2018 266 473 0 100 200 300 400 500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 quadrillion Btu Non-OECD OECD OECD- Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 18
- 19. Energy Consumption By Region 50 78 157 200 224 257 303 0 100 200 300 400 500 1990 2000 2010 2015 2020 2030 2040 quadrillion Btu Asia Europe & Eurasia Americas Africa Middle East 410 523 575 610 739 Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2018 19
- 20. Region Wise Annual Average Change In Real GDP – 2015:2040 Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2018 4.1% 1.4% 1.6% 2.4% 2.5% 3.1% 3.8% 4.2% 4.5% 6.0% 0% 2% 4% 6% Total Non-OECD Russia Brazil Other Americas Other… Middle East Africa Other Asia China India 1.7% 0.4% 1.5% 1.6% 2.0% 2.1% 2.3% 2.4% 0% 2% 4% 6% Total OECD Japan OECD Europe Canada South Korea United States Mexico/Chile Australia/New Zealand Non-OECD Countries OECD Countries 20
- 21. Delivered Energy Consumption Across The Group Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2018 211 237 245 255 276 181 196 206 227 259 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 2010 2015 2020 2030 2040 Quadrillion Btu Industrial Other end-use sectors 21
- 22. Key Implications • In 2007, Non-OECD countries surpassed the energy consumption of OECD countries and is expected to reach up to 64% of world’s total energy consumption by 2040. • Asia, currently is and expected to remain as the largest consumer of energy • Additionally, Non-OECD countries are expected lead the global economic growth • Industrial sector accounts for the largest energy consumption in the world surpassing all other end-user sectors • In conclusion, Energy Management in Industries is a vital approach in meeting projected energy scenarios. S. K .Akila Fernando 22
- 23. Is renewable Energy Competitive in the Market? The future is likely to be sustainable if we invest on renewable energy and energy efficiency today. Fossil fuel prices rise gradually due to growing scarcity Imposing externality costs such as taxes with the use of finite fossil fuels. The new sustainable paradigm involves a comprehensive strategy geared to producers, markets, and institutions to shift energy production toward renewable resources, as well as at consumers to adopt lifestyles with low environmental impact. 23
- 24. Energy Efficiency Well designed government regulation is key to transforming markets and the behavior of market actors. Incentives Mandates Energy Efficiency alone will not bring a Sustainable Economy, rapid uptake of existing efficiency technologies will facilitate development of further energy saving technologies, which will be key to improving living standards and environmental sustainability. 24
- 25. Paris Agreement • Agreed to maintain the average global temperature well below 2C and to make efforts to maintain it below 1.5C by 2100. Currently the global average surface temperature is 1C. • Governments were given freedom to come up with their own targets. • Countries report the progress every 5 years. 25 • Legally binding international treaty under United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) • 195 countries met in Paris to come up with a firm strategy
- 26. Emission Inventories (Carbon Footprint) 26
- 27. Carbon dioxide Emissions (t-CO2 per Capita) 27
- 28. World Green House Gas Emissions By Sector 28
- 29. Emission inventories Definition: An emission inventory is an accounting of the amount of pollutants discharged into the atmosphere. An emission inventory usually contains the total emissions for one or more specific greenhouse gases or air pollutants, originating from all source categories in a certain geographical area and within a specified time span, usually a specific year. 29
- 30. An emission inventory is generally characterized by the following aspects: • Why : The types of activities that cause emissions, • What: The chemical or physical identity of the pollutants included, • Where: The geographic area covered, • When: The time period over which emissions are estimated Emission Inventory Point Sources Area Sources Non road mobile Sources On road mobile Sources 30
- 31. Sri Lankan CO2 Emission by Year 18,454,691tons https://www.worldometers.info/co2-emissions/sri-lanka-co2-emissions/ 31
- 32. International agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 32
- 33. Background • The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005 • Objective is to control the green house emissions taking place across the world. • Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities.” • Developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity • Its first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012. • The only countries that didn’t sign the agreement are Sudan, Afghanistan and the United States 33
- 34. The Kyoto Mechanisms • International Emissions Trading International Emissions Trading is a system where parties that have exceeded their emission reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol may sell excess “assigned amount units” (AAUs). Other parties may meet their own emissions reductions by purchasing these AAUs or offset credits from developing countries. The mechanism has resulted in several national and regional trading schemes, including the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). • Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Allows a country with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries. Such projects can earn saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets. • Joint implementation (JI) Allows a country with an emission reduction or limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to earn emission reduction units (ERUs) from an emission-reduction or emission removal project with another Party, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting its Kyoto target. 34
- 35. Targets for the First Commitment Period • The targets for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol cover emissions of the six main greenhouse gases, namely: ❑ Carbon dioxide (CO2); ❑ Methane (CH4); ❑ Nitrous oxide (N2O); ❑ Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); ❑ Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and ❑ Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) • Protocol requiring rich countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to 5.2% below the 1990 level, calculated as an average over the period 2008-2012 35
- 36. GHG Protocol • GHG Protocol establishes comprehensive global standardized frameworks to measure and manage greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from private and public sector operations, value chains and mitigation actions. • GHG Protocol supplies the world's most widely used greenhouse gas accounting standards 36
- 37. Global Warming Potential (GWP) • Greenhouse gases (GHGs) warm the Earth by absorbing energy and slowing the rate at which the energy escapes to space; they act like a blanket insulating the Earth. Different GHGs can have different effects on the Earth's warming • Was developed to allow comparisons of the global warming impacts of different gases • The larger the GWP, the more that a given gas warms the Earth compared to CO2 over that time period • The time period uses usually is 100 years • Unit CO2 (Eq) 37
- 38. Global Warming Potential (GWP) Source: https://www.ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/ghgp/Global- Warming-Potential-Values%20%28Feb%2016%202016%29_1.pdf GWP VALUES FOR 100-YEAR TIME HORIZON Industrial Designation or common name Chemical formula Second assessment report (SAR) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) Carbon dioxide CO2 1 1 1 Methane CH4 21 25 28 Nitrous oxide N2O 310 298 265 Hydrofluorocarbons HFCs 0-11,700 0-14,800 4-12,400 Perfluorocarbons PFCs 6,500-9,200 7,390-12,200 6,630- 11,100 Sulphur hexafluoride SF6 23,900 22,800 23,500 38
- 39. Calculating the Carbon Footprint Scope 1 Emissions are direct emissions from owned or controlled sources Scope 2 Emissions are indirect emissions from the generation of purchased energy Scope 3 All indirect emissions (not included in scope 2) that occur in the value chain of the reporting company, including both upstream and downstream emissions. 39
- 40. Global Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Curve 40
- 41. Global Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Curve S. K .Akila Fernando 41
- 42. Global Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Curve • Summarizes the technical opportunities to reduce GHG emissions at a cost of up to € 60/ t-CO2 of avoided emissions, that are either available today or offer a high potential in a 2030 time horizon. • Width of each bar represents the potential of the opportunity to reduce GHG emissions in a specific year compared to the business as usual (BAU) • The height of each bar represents the avoidance cost for 1 tonne of CO2 by 2030, through that opportunity. • Cost of Abatement is calculated from a societal perspective, excluding taxes, subsidies. • According to the curve, energy efficiency improvement has the highest potential of abatement with 14GtCO2(e) per year in 2030. 42
- 43. Is Energy efficiency a solution for the current global issues? • Rapid uptake of energy efficiency is the single largest and most cost-effective means of meeting rising global demand for energy services while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. • For example, a recent McKinsey report estimates that investments in efficiency could realistically: • Cut U.S. energy consumption 23% by 2020 • Saving consumers $700 billion and • Creating over 600,000 jobs. • Over the longer term, even conservative estimates show that in the range of 30% over 30 years, which could save Americans $7.5 trillion 43
- 44. Thank you..! 44