Lecture 1
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This document provides an overview of subjects and verbs in English sentences. It defines subjects and verbs as the basic building blocks, and provides simple methods to identify them using questions like "who/what is the sentence about?" and "what does the sentence say about the subject?". It also discusses different types of fragments that can occur when subjects or verbs are missing, such as dependent word fragments, -ing and to fragments, added detail fragments, and missing subject fragments. Ways to correct each type of fragment are presented.
Lecture 1
- 2. Subjects and verbs • The basic building blocks of English sentences are subjects and verbs. • Understanding them is an important first step toward mastering a number of sentence skills. • Every sentence has a subject and a verb. Who or what the sentence speaks about is called the subject; what the sentence says about the subject is called the verb. 1. The boy cried. 2. That fish smells. 3. Many people applied for the job. 4. The show is a documentary.
- 3. A Simple Way to Find a Subject • To find a subject, ask who or what the sentence is about. As shown below, your answer is the subject. 1. Who is the first sentence about? The boy. 2. What is the second sentence about? That fish. 3. Who is the third sentence about? Many people. 4. What is the fourth sentence about? The show.
- 4. A Simple Way to Find a Verb • To find a verb, ask what the sentence says about the subject. As shown below, your answer is the verb. • What does the first sentence say about the boy? He cried. • What does the second sentence say about the fish? It smells. • What does the third sentence say about the people? They applied. • What does the fourth sentence say about the show? It is a documentary.
- 5. • A second way to find the verb is to put I, you, he, she, it, or they in front of the word you think is a verb. If the result makes sense, you have a verb. For example, you could put he in front of cried in the first sentence above, with the result, he cried, making sense. Therefore, you know that cried is a verb. You could use the same test with the other three verbs as well. • Finally, it helps to remember that most verbs show action. In the sentences already considered, the three action verbs are cried, smells, and applied. Certain other verbs, known as linking verbs, do not show action. They do, however, give information about the subject. In “The show is a documentary,” the linking verb is joins the subject (show) with a word that identifies or describes it (documentary). Other common linking verbs include am, are, was, were, feel, appear, look, become, and seem.
- 6. More about Subjects and Verbs 1. A sentence may have more than one verb, more than one subject, or several subjects and verbs. 1. The engine coughed and sputtered. 2. Broken glass and empty cans littered the parking lot. 3. Joyce, Brenda, and Robert met after class and headed downtown. About Before By Inside Over Above Behind During Into Through Across Below Except Like To Among Beneath For Of toward Around Beside From Off Under At between In On, onto with
- 7. 2. Crossing out prepositional phrases will help you find the subject or subjects of a sentence. 1. A stream of cold air seeps in through the space below the door. 2. Specks of dust dance gently in a ray of sunlight. 3. The people in the apartment above ours fight loudly. 4. The murky waters of the polluted lake spilled over the dam. 5. The amber lights on its sides outlined the tractor-trailer in the hazy dusk.
- 8. 3. Many verbs consist of more than one word. (The extra verbs are called auxiliary, or helping, verbs.) here, for example, are some of the many forms of the verb work. 4. Words like not, never, only, and always are not part of the verb, although they may appear within the verb. 1. Ruby has never liked cold weather. 2. Our boss will not be singing with the choir this year. 3. The intersection has not always been this dangerous. Work Worked Should work Works Were working Will be working Does work Have worked Can work Is working Had worked Could be working Are working Had been working Must have worked
- 9. 5. No verb preceded by to is ever the verb of a sentence. 1. At night, my son likes to read under the covers. 2. Evelyn decided to separate fro her husband. 6. No –ing word by itself is ever the verb of a sentence. (it may be part of the verb, but it must have a helping verb in front of it.) 1. They going on a trip this weekend. (not a sentence, because the verb is not complete) They are going on a trip this weekend. (a sentence)
- 10. Fragments • Every sentence must have a subject and a verb and must express a complete thought. A word group that lacks a subject or a verb and does not express a complete thought is a fragment. Following are the most common types of fragments that people write: 1. Dependent – word fragments 2. -ing and to fragments 3. Added-detail fragments 4. Missing-subject fragments • Once you understand what specific kinds of fragments you might write, you should be able to eliminate them from your writing.
- 11. Dependent-word Fragments • Some word groups that begin with a dependent word are fragments. Following is a list of common dependent words. Whenever you start a sentence with one of these words, you must be careful that a fragment does not result. Dependent Words After If, even if When, whenever Although, though In order that Where, wherever As Since Whether Because That, so that Which, whichever Before Unless While Even though Until Who How What, whatever whose
- 12. • In the example below, the word group beginning with the dependent word after is a fragment: • After I cashed my paycheck. I treated myself to dinner. • A dependent statement – one starting with a dependent word like after --- cannot stand alone. It depends on another statement to complete the thought. After I crashed my paycheck is a dependent statement. It leaves us hanging. We expect to find out, in the same sentence, what happened after the writer cashed the check. when a writer does not follow through and complete a thought, a fragment results. To correct the fragment, simply follow through and complete the thought: • After I cashed my paycheck, I treated myself to dinner.
- 13. • Remember, then, that dependent statements by themselves are fragments. They must be attached to a statement that makes sense standing alone. • Here are two other examples of dependent-word fragments. • I won’t leave the house. Until I hear from you. • Rick finally picked up the socks. That he had thrown on the floor days ago. • Until I hear from you is a fragment; it does not make sense standing by itself. We want to know in the same statement what cannot happen until I hear from you. The writer must complete the thought. Likewise, that he had thrown on the floor days ago is not in itself a complete thought. We want to know in the same statement what that refers to.
- 14. How to Correct a Dependent- word Fragment • In most cases you can correct a dependent-word fragment by attaching it to the sentence that comes after it or the sentence that comes before it: • After I cashed my paycheck, I treated myself to dinner. • (The fragment has been attached to the sentence that comes after it.) • I won’t leave the house until I hear from you. • (The fragment has been attached to the sentence that comes before it.)
- 15. • Rick finally picked up the socks that he had thrown on the floor days ago. • (The fragment has been attached to the sentence that comes before it.) • Another way of correcting a dependent-word fragment is simply to eliminate the dependent word by rewriting the sentence. • I cashed my paycheck and then treated myself to dinner. • I will wait to hear from you. • He had thrown them on the floor days ago.
- 16. • Notes: A. Use a comma if a dependent word group comes at the beginning of a sentence: • After I cashed my paycheck, I treated myself to dinner. • However, do not generally use a comma is the dependent word group comes at the end of a sentence. • I won’t leave the house until I hear from you. • Rick finally picked up the socks that he had thrown on the floor days ago.
- 17. B. Sometimes the dependent words who, that, which, or where appear not at the very start but near the start of a word group. A fragment often results: • I drove slowly past the old brick house. The place where I grew up. • The place where I grew up in not in itself a complete thought. We want to know in the same statement where was the place the writer grew up. The fragment can be corrected by attaching it to the sentence that comes before it: • I drove slowly past the old brick house, the place where I grew up. • (Activity 1 & 2)
- 18. -ing and to Fragments • When an –ing word appears at or near the start of a word group, a fragment may result. Such fragments often lack a subject and part of the verb. In the items below, underline the word groups that contain –ing words. Each is a fragment. 1. Ellen walked all over the neighborhood yesterday. Trying to find her dog Bo. Several people claimed they had seen him only hours before. 2. We sat back to watch the movie. Not expecting anything special. To our surprise, we clapped, cheered, and cried for the next two hours. 3. I telephoned the balloon store. It being the day before our wedding anniversary. I knew my wife would be surprised to receive a dozen heart-shaped balloons.
- 19. • People sometimes write –ing fragments because they think that the subject of one sentence will work for the next word group as well. Thus, in item 1 the writer thinks that the subject Ellen in the opening sentence will also serve as the subject for trying to find her dog B. but the subject must actually be in the same sentence.
- 20. How to Correct –ing Fragments 1. Attach the fragment to the sentence that comes before it or the sentence that comes after it, whichever makes sense. Item I could read: “Ellen walked all over the neighborhood yesterday trying to find her dog Bo.” 2. Add a subject and change the –ing verb part to the correct form of the verb. Item 2 could read: “We didn’t expect anything special.” 3. Change being to the correct form of the verb be (am, are, is, was, were). Item 3 could read: “It was the day before our wedding anniversary.”
- 21. How to Correct to Fragments • When to appears at or near the start of a word group, a fragment sometimes results: • At the Chinese restaurant, Tim used chopsticks. To impress his friend. He spent one hour eating a small bowl of rice. • The second word group is a fragment and can be corrected by adding it to the preceding sentence: • At the Chinese restaurant, Tim used chopsticks to impress his friend. • (Activity)
- 22. Added-Detail Fragments • Added-detail fragments lack a subject and a verb. They often begin with one of the following words: • Underline the one added-detail fragment in each of the following items: 1. Before a race, I eat starchy foods. Such as bread and spaghetti. The carbohydrates provide quick energy. 2. Bob is taking a night course in auto mechanics. Also, one in plumbing. He wants to save money on household repairs. 3. My son keeps several pets in his room. Including hamsters and mice. also especially except For example like including Such as
- 23. • People often write added-detail fragments for much the same reason they write -ing fragments. They think the subject and verb in one sentence will serve for the next word group. But the subject and verb must be in each word group.
- 24. How to Correct Added-Detail Fragment 1. Attach the fragment to the complete thought that preccedes it. Item 1 could read: “Before a race, I eat starchy foods such as bread and spaghetti.” 2. Add a subject and a verb to the fragment to make it a complete sentence. Item 2 could read: “Bob is taking a night course in auto mechanics. Also, he is taking one in plumbing.” 3. Insert the fragment within the preceding sentence. Item 3 could read: “My son keeps several pets, including hamsters and mice, in his room.” 4. (Activity)
- 25. Missing-Subject Fragments • In each item below, underline the word group in which the subject is missing: 1. Alicia loved getting wedding presents. But hated writing thank-you notes. 2. Mickey has orange soda and potato chips for breakfast. Then eats more junk food, like root beer and cookies, for lunch.
- 26. How to Correct Missing-Subject Fragments 1. Attach the fragment to the preceding sentence. Item 1 could read: “Alicia loved getting wedding presents but hated writing thank-you notes.” 2. Add a subject (Which can often be a pronoun standing for the subject in the preceding sentence). Item 2 could read: “Then he eats more junk food, like root beer and cookies, for lunch.”