Lecture 1 introdcution to engineering surveying

Introduction to Engineering
Surveying I
©2017 Dr. Sarhat M Adam
BSc in civil Engineering
Msc in Geodetic Surveying
PhD in Engineering Surveying Space Geodesy
Note – The techniques shown in these slides are considered common
knowledge to surveyors. Figures in the slides may be the authors own work or
extracted from Instrument’s Users Manuals, Surveying by Duhok universities
staff and their materials, author's own Surveying, or various internet image
sources.

Outlines
 Introduction
 Reading Materials
 Table of Contents
 History of Surveying
 Purpose of Surveying
 Basic concept of Surveying
 Basic Measurement
 Control Network
 Locating Position

Introduction
 Course Details
 Two courses in two semester
 6 units total for 2 courses.
 2 hrs Theory, 2 hrs practical
 Activities involve lectures, practicals, tutorials,
quizzes, and a field practice
 Every 2 weeks a group discussion (Practical) and a
quiz (5%).
 Practicals involve carry out measurements and
processing.

Introduction
 Course evaluation
 1st & 2nd semester 1st exam
 Total =50 (20 theory, 10 practical, 20 activity)
 1st & 2nd semester final exam
 Total = 50 (40 theory, 10 practical)

Introduction
 Course assessment
 Excellent 90-100 %
 Very good 80- 89 %
 Good 70- 79 %
 Average 60- 69 %
 Pass 50- 59 %
 Fail 00- 49 %
You’re required to achieve a minimum of 50% to pass
the course.

Introduction
 Lecturers (Theory)
 Dr. Sarhat M Adam (Sarhat@uod.ac)
 Senior Lecturer Sami Mamlook
 Practical
 Hishyar Ali
 Attendance monitoring system
 < 90 % may lead to failing the cours.
 Each 1 hr absence = 0.5 mark lose

Introduction-the Plan
Date Day Lecture Activities
10-Oct-17 Tuesday Lecture 01: Introduction to Surveying
17-Oct-17 Tuesday Lecture 02: Error & Uncertainty
24-Oct-17 Tuesday Lecture 02: Error & Uncertainty (cont.) Quiz 01 (5%)
31-Oct-17 Tuesday Lecture03: Distance Measurment
7-Nov-17 Tuesday Lecture03: Distance Measurment (cont.) Assignment 01 (5%)
14-Nov-17 Tuesday Lecture04: Veritcal Control
21-Nov-17 Tuesday Lecture04: Veritcal Control
28-Nov-17 Tuesday PPT01 (Seminar Day 5%)
5-Dec-17 Tuesday Lecture05: Levelling Applications
12-Dec-17 Tuesday Lecture05: Levelling Applications
19-Dec-17 Tuesday Lecture05: Levelling Applications Quiz 02 (5%)
24-Dec-17 Tuesday Midterm Exam Expected (20%)
9-Jan-18 Tuesday Lecture06: Earht Works
16-Jan-18 Tuesday Lecture06: Earht Works
23-Jan-18 Tuesday Final exam expected (40%)

Reading Materials
 Online Help in , Engineering Surveying on YouTube, or Web
 Surveying forum, for example engineeringsurveyor,
http://www.engineeringsurveyor.com/
 Books - for example,
 Introduction to Visual Basic® for Applications for Autodesk® AutoCAD®
 Engineering Surveying 6th ed. W. Schofield and M. Breach
 Engineering Surveying, Theory and Examination Problems for Students, V2, 2nd ed.
 Surveying Engineering & instruments. Valeria Shank
 Surveying; problem solving with theory & objective type questions.
 ADJUSTMENT COMPUTATIONS, Spatial Data Analysis 4th ed. CHARLES D. GHILANI
and PAUL R. WOLF.
 Elementary Surveying, an introduction to Geomatics, 13th ed. CHARLES D. GHILANI
and PAUL R. WOLF.
 Instruments manuals and field books.
 Lecture periods, Practical periods, & Consultation hours –
 Working individually or in pairs ?

Table of Contents
 Basic concept of Surveying (1st Semester)
 Definition – Basic measurements – Control networks –
Locating position
 Error and uncertainty (1st Semester)
 Units of measurement – Scale – Significant figures ––
Errors in measurement – Indices of precision – Weight –
Rejection of outliers – Combination of errors.
 Distance measurement (1st Semester)
 Tapes – Field work – Distance adjustment – Errors in
taping – Accuracies –Electromagnetic distance
measurement (EDM) – Measuring principles –
Meteorological corrections – Geometrical reductions –
Errors, checking and calibration – Other error sources –
Instrument specifications – Development in EDM.

Table of Contents
 Vertical Control (1st Semester)
 Introduction – Levelling – Definitions – Curvature and
refraction – Equipment – Instrument adjustment –
Principle of levelling – Sources of error – Closure
tolerances – Error distribution – Levelling applications –
Reciprocal levelling – Precise levelling – Digital levelling –
Trigonometrical levelling – vertical measurement with GPS.
 Earthworks (1st Semester)
 Areas – Partition of land – Cross-sections – Dip and strike
– Volumes – Mass-haul diagrams
 Angle Measurement (2nd Semester)
 The theodolite – Instrumental errors – Instrument
adjustment – Field procedure – Measuring angles –
Sources of error.
 Conventional control surveys (2nd Semester)
 Plane rectangular coordinates – Traversing – Triangulation
– Networks.

Table of Contents
 Curves (2nd Semester)
 Circular curves – Setting out curves – Compound and
reverse curves – Short and/or small-radius curves –
Transition curves – Setting-out data – Cubic spiral and
cubic parabola – Curve transitional throughout – The
osculating circle – Vertical curves.
 Position (2nd Semester)
 Introduction – Reference ellipsoid – Coordinate systems
– Local systems – Computation on the ellipsoid – Datum
Transformations – Orthomorphic projection – The
Universal Transverse Mercator Projection – Ordnance
Survey National Grid – Practical applications.
 Satellite positioning (2nd Semester)
 Introduction – GPS segments – GPS receivers – Satellite
orbits – Basic principle of position fixing – Differencing
data – GPS observing methods – Error sources. GPS
survey planning – Transformation between reference
systems – Datums.

History of Surveying
 The Early Days Of Surveying
 Surveying has been around approximately 6000
years ago
Monument Stonehenge may have included the use of
surveyors, employing peg and rope geometry.

 2700 BC by Egyptian
Great Pyramid by using basic
geometry.
 1400 B.C by Egyptian
land division into plots for the
purpose of taxation.
 Romans were the Next
an official land surveyor was
employed by the empire

 120 B.C
 Greeks developed the science of geometry and were
using it for precise land division.
 Greeks developed the first piece of surveying equipment
(Diopter).
 Greeks standardized procedures for conducting surveys.

 1800 A.D.
 Beginning of the industrial revolution.
- "exact boundaries" importance.
- demand for public improvements (i.e. railroads, canals,
roads).
- More accurate instruments were developed.
- Science of Geodetic and Plane surveying were developed.

 Survey Today
- To map the earth above and below the sea.
- Prepare navigational maps (land, air, sea).
- Establish boundaries of public and private lands.
- Develop data bases for natural resource management.
- Development of engineering data for
Bridge construction.
Roads.
Buildings.
Land development.

 Chain
 Compass
 Plane table
 Barometer
 Alidade

 Three of these four
famous faces were
surveyors
 Washington,
Jefferson, and Lincoln
George Washington (1732–1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), Theodore
Roosevelt (1858–1919), and Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865)

Purpose of Surveying
 To prepare a topographical maps.
Show both natural and man-made features

 To prepare the engineering detailed plans and sections of roads and
other structures.

 To determine the required areas and volumes of a land.

 To ensure that the construction takes place in the correct relative
and absolute position on the ground.

 To record the final position of the construction, including any design
changes.

 To provide permanent and temporary control points.

 To prepare a map of a country of detailed out location of cities,
towns, villages and major roads.

 To develop artificial vision, examples, an autonomous car or robot
vacuum cleaner

 To record archeological, crimes scenes

Basic concept of
Surveying
 Definition
 The art of making measurements of the relative positions of
natural and man-made features on the Earth’s surface, and
the presentation of this information either graphically or
numerically.
 surveying requires management and decision making in
deciding the appropriate methods and instrumentation
required to complete the task satisfactorily to the specified
accuracy and within the time limits available.

Basic Measurement
 Earth is not mathematically definable.
 Surface close to fit the mean position of the oceans called
Geoid.
 Geoid is equipotential surface that most closely approximates to
mean sea level (MSL).
 A level or equipotential surface through a point is normal to the
direction of gravity (plumb line).
 Geoid, which although very smooth is still an irregular surface
and so cannot be used to locate position mathematically.
 best is an ellipsoid formed by rotating an ellipse about its minor
axis.

Basic Measurement
Earth surface
EllipsoidSea surface
Geoid

Basic Measurement
 Most engineering surveys are carried out in small areas.
 The reference surface may be taken tangent plane to the geoid, fig.
 For areas < 10 KM 2 Principle of plane survey is applied and curvature is
neglected.
 Knowing that for 200 KM 2 , the difference between the sum of the
spherical angles and the plane angles would = 1”.
 Difference of 20 km Arc to its chord length is about 8mm.
 Above assumption is true for positional applications but not elevations.
 Cause geoid deviate from tangent plane by about 80 mm / 1 km.
 Or error due to earth curvature in elevation is about 80 mm / 1 km.

Control Network
 A large or small areas of land require control network.
 Control network are series of control points for
 topographic surveying
 control
 supplementary points, or
 dimensional control on site.
 Projects require set out of structure to sub-cm accuracy.
 Design of survey stations for CPs based mainly on the time of project
 Long wooden peg with nail in middle and concrete around is enough for
most construction projects.

Control Network
 Possible procedures for CPs
1) Reconnaissance.
2) Structure of Survey station.
3) Survey of CPs using one of the
following:
1) Intersection or resection
2) Traversing
3) Networks
4) GPS satellites

Locating position
 Positions of CPs could be known by polar coordinates (Total
station) or by GPS.
 With total station (2 points should be known AB).
 If positions of all points in network known, then details survey
starts.
Intersection
Resection
No check

Possible exam questions
 What is the approximate date of first survey activity and where it was?
 Earth is ____________ definable.
 What surface close to fit the mean position of the oceans called?
 Geoid is equipotential surface that most closely approximates to mean
sea level (MSL). (TRUE or FALS).
 A level or equipotential surface through a point is normal to the
direction of gravity (plumb line). (TRUE or FALS).
 Geoid is an irregular surface. (TRUE or FALS).
 Mathematical can be carried out on Ellipsoid. (TRUE or FALS).
 How model of earth ellipsoid is formed?
 Draw a diagram to show ellipsoid, geoid and physical earth.
 Most engineering surveys carried out in small areas (TRUE or FALS).

Possible exam questions
 In small area, what reference system could be taken for survey?
 For areas < 10 KM 2 Principle of plane survey is applied and curvature
is neglected. (True or False)
 For areas of 200 km square, what is the sum difference between the
spherical and plane angles?
 Prove mathematically that the difference of 20 km Arc of earth surface
to its chord length is about 8mm.
 Prove that error due to earth curvature in elevation is about 80 mm / 1
km

Lecture 1 introdcution to engineering surveying

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