Lecture 10 (serial communication)
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This document provides an overview of serial communication and UART operation. It discusses asynchronous and synchronous serial communication, UART block diagrams, clock requirements, programming UARTs, operation modes, baud rate calculations using timers 1 and 2, and initializing UART0 using timers 1 and 2 to generate baud rates. Equations are provided to calculate the reload values for timers 1 and 2 to generate a desired baud rate given the system clock frequency. Code examples initialize UART0 for 115200 baud communication using timer 1 or timer 2 clock sources.
![23
Baud Rate Calculations—Timer 2
If a different time base (other than SYSCLK) is required,
setting the C/T2 bit (in T2CON register) to 1 will allow the
time base to be derived from the external input pin T2
In this case, the baud rate for the UART is calculated as:
FCLK is the frequency of the signal supplied to timer 2 and
[RCAP2H, RCAP2L] is the 16-bit value held in the capture
registers
(65536 [ 2 , 2 ]) 16
CLKF
BaudRate
RCAP H RCAP L
�](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture10serialcommunication-200916091517/85/Lecture-10-serial-communication-23-320.jpg)
![28
UARTx Interrupt Flags—Sending Data
int i,n;
char sendbuf[20]; // Buffer to hold string for
// transmission
n = sprintf(sendbuf, "Hello! %c", '0');
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
{
while (TI0 == 0); // Wait while the transmission is
// going on
TI0 = 0; // Clear TI0
SBUF0 = sendbuf[i]; // Load the serial buffer
// with the char to send
}
Data transmission is initiated by writing to SBUFx
The TIx transmit interrupt flag (SCONx.1) is set at the beginning of the
stop-bit time
TIx bit must be cleared manually by software](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture10serialcommunication-200916091517/85/Lecture-10-serial-communication-28-320.jpg)
Lecture 10 (serial communication)
- 2. 2 Serial Communication Introduction Serial communication buses Asynchronous and synchronous communication UART block diagram UART clock requirements Programming the UARTs Operation modes Baud rate calculations—timer 1 Initializing the UART—using timer 1 Baud rate calculations—timer 2 Initializing the UART—using timer 2 UARTx interrupt flags—receiving data UARTx Interrupt Flags—sending data
- 3. 3 Introduction Parallel communication implies sending a whole byte (or more) of data over multiple parallel wires Serial communication implies sending data bit by bit over a single wire There are 2 types of serial communication: Asynchronous Synchronous
- 4. 4 Serial Communication Buses Many popular serial communication standards exist—some examples are: RS-232 (using UART) Serial peripheral interface (SPI) System management bus (SMBus) Serial ATA (SATA) The C8051F020 features two UARTs, one SPI, and one SMBus hardware peripherals We will study and use the UART in this course UART: Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter
- 5. 5 Asynchronous Serial Communication With asynchronous communication, the transmitter and receiver do not share a common clock Transmitter Receiver+ 1 byte-wide Data Data – 1 byte-wide Data The Receiver Extracts the data using its own clock Converts the serial data back to the parallel form after stripping off the start, stop and parity bits The Transmitter Shifts the parallel data onto the serial line using its own clock Also adds the start, stop and parity check bits Add: Start, Stop, Parity Bits Remove: Start, Stop, Parity Bits
- 6. 6 Asynchronous Serial Communication Start bit—indicates the beginning of the data word Stop bit—indicates the end of the data word Parity bit—added for error detection (optional) Data bits—the actual data to be transmitted Baud rate—the bit rate of the serial port Throughput—actual data transmitted per sec (total bits transmitted— overhead) Example: 115200 baud = 115200 bits/sec If using 8-bit data, 1 start, 1 stop, and no parity bits, the effective throughput is: 115200 * 8 / 10 = 92160 bits/sec
- 7. 7 Asynchronous Serial Communication Asynchronous transmission is easy to implement but less efficient as it requires an extra 2-3 control bits for every 8 data bits This method is usually used for low volume transmission D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Start Bit 1 or 2 Stop BitsParity Bit 1 Asynchronous Byte
- 8. 8 Synchronous Serial Communication In the synchronous mode, the transmitter and receiver share a common clock The transmitter typically provides the clock as a separate signal in addition to the serial data Transmitter Receiver Data Clock The Receiver Extracts the data using the clock provided by the transmitter Converts the serial data back to the parallel form The Transmitter Shifts the data onto the serial line using its own clock Provides the clock as a separate signal No start, stop, or parity bits added to data 1 byte-wide Data 1 byte-wide Data
- 10. 10 UART Block Each UART is accessed by two SFRs—SBUFx and SCONx The Serial Port Buffer (SBUFx) is essentially two buffers: writing loads data to be transmitted to the buffer and reading accesses received data from the buffer. These are two separate and distinct buffers (registers): the transmit write-only buffer and the receive read-only register The Serial Port Control register (SCONx) contains status and control bits The control bits set the operating mode for the serial port, and status bits indicate the end of the character transmission or reception The status bits are tested in software (polling) or programmed to cause an interrupt
- 11. 11 UART Clock Requirements A UART needs a clock input for bit timing UART baud rates are usually much lower than the MCU system clock, so the system clock cannot be directly used as the UART clock Timers are used to generate the UART baud rate by dividing down the system clock Example: MCU system clock—22 MHz; UART baud rate—115200 A bit time accuracy of 2% or better is required at both the transmitter and receiver ends to be able to communicate without errors To meet this accuracy requirement, external crystal oscillators with accuracies of 0.1% or better are typically used in systems that use a UART
- 12. 12 Programming the UARTs The UARTs can be programmed through the following sequence: Step 1: configure the digital crossbar (XBR0 or XBR2) to enable UART operation Set the TXx pin to be push-pull by setting the corresponding PnMDOUT bit (PnMDOUT.n) The digital crossbar has to be configured to enable TXx and RXx as external I/O pins (XBR0.2 for UART0 and XBR2.2 for UART1) In addition, XBARE (XBR2.6) must be set to 1 to enable the crossbar Step 2: initialize the appropriate timers for desired baud rate generation Timer 1 can be used to generate baud rate for UART0 and UART1 Timer 2 can be used to generate baud rate for UART0 Timer 4 can be used to generate baud rate for UART1 Step 3: enable/disable the baud rate doubler SMODx (PCON register) Step 4: select the serial port operation mode and enable/disable UART reception (SCONx register) Step 5: enable UART interrupts and set priority (if desired)
- 13. 13 Operation Modes The UARTs have four modes of operation, selectable by configuring the SM0x-SM1x bits in SCONx register Three modes enable asynchronous communications (modes 1 to 3) while the fourth mode (Mode 0) operates as a simple shift register (synchronous) 8-bit shift register (mode 0) Used for port expansion using an external latch 8-bit UART with variable baud rate (mode 1) Most commonly used mode of operation 9-bit UART with fixed baud rate (mode 2) No timer required Choose between SYSCLK/32 or SYSCLK/64 for clock 9-bit UART with variable baud rate (mode 3) Used if 9-bit data transmission is required
- 14. 14 SCONx Register Bit Symbol Description 7-6 SM0x-SM1x Serial Port Operation Mode 00: Mode 0: Shift Register Mode 01: Mode 1: 8 Bit UART, Variable Baud Rate 10: Mode 2: 9 Bit UART, Fixed Baud Rate 11: Mode 3: 9 Bit UART, Variable Baud Rate 5 SM2x Multiprocessor Communication Enable The function of this bit depends on the Serial Port Operation Mode. Mode 0: No effect. Mode 1: Checks for valid stop bit. 0: Logic level of stop bit is ignored. 1: RIx will only be activated if stop bit is 1 Mode 2 & 3: Multiprocessor Communications Enable. 0: Logic level of 9th bit is ignored. 1: RIx is set and an interrupt is generated only when the 9th bit is 1 and the received address matches the UARTx address or broadcast address. 4 RENx Receive Enable 0: UARTx reception disabled 1: UARTx reception enabled 3 TB8x 9th Transmission Bit The logic level of this bit will be assigned to the 9th transmission bit in Modes 2 & 3. It is not used in Modes 0 & 1. Set or cleared by software as required. 2 RB8x 9th Receive Bit This bit is assigned the logic level of the 9th bit received in Modes 2 & 3. In Mode 1, if SM2x is 0, RB8x is assigned the logic level of the received stop bit. RB8 is not used in Mode 0. 1 TIx Transmit Interrupt Flag Set by hardware when a byte of data has been transmitted by UARTx (after the 8th bit in Mode 0, or at the beginning of the stop bits in other modes). When the UARTx interrupt is enabled, setting this bit causes the CPU to vector to the UARTx ISR. This bit must be cleared manually by software. 0 RIx Receive Interrupt Flag Set by hardware when a byte of data has been received by UARTx (as selected by the SM2x bit). When the UARTx interrupt is enabled, setting this bit causes the CPU to vector to the UARTx ISR. This bit must be cleared manually by software.
- 15. 15 PCON—Power Control Register Bit Symbol Description 7 SMOD0 UART0 Baud Rate Doubler Enable 0: UART0 baud rate divide-by-two enabled. 1: UART0 baud rate divide-by-two disabled. 6 SSTAT0 UART0 Enhanced Status Mode Select 5 Reserved Read is undefined. Must write 0. 4 SMOD1 UART1 Baud Rate Doubler Enable 0: UART1 baud rate divide-by-two enabled. 1: UART1 baud rate divide-by-two disabled. 3 SSTAT1 UART1 Enhanced Status Mode Select 2 Reserved Read is undefined. Must write 0. 1 STOP STOP Mode Select This bit will always read ‘0’. Writing a ‘1’ will place the microcontroller into STOP mode. (Turns off oscillator). 0 IDLE IDLE Mode Select This bit will always read ‘0’. Writing a ‘1’ will place the microcontroller into IDLE mode. (Shuts off clock to CPU, but clock to Timers, Interrupts, and all peripherals remain active).
- 16. 16 Using Timer 1 to Generate Baud Rate Timer 1 in mode 2 (8-bit auto-reload mode) can be used to generate the baud rate for UART0 and UART1 Block diagram of Timer 0 in Mode 2 (8-bit Auto-reload mode) Timer 1 is identical to Timer 0
- 17. 17 Baud Rate Calculations—Timer 1 The Baud Rate and Timer 1 reload value (for TH1 register) are related by the following equation: If SMODx=1 (UART Baud Rate divide-by-two disabled) 1256 12 32 2 11 TH SYSCLK BaudRate MTSMODx 1256 12 16 1 11 TH SYSCLK BaudRate MT
- 18. 18 Baud Rate Calculations—Timer 1 If T1M=1 (timer 1 uses the system clock, NOT divided by 12): If SYSCLK=22.1184 MHz and Baud Rate=115200, then: 1256 12 16 1 11 TH SYSCLK BaudRate 1 22118400 115200 16 256 1TH � �� � �� �� � � �� � 1 22118400 256 1 12 16 115200 TH � �� � �� �� � � �� � 244122561 TH 401 xFTH
- 19. 19 Initializing the UART—Using Timer 1 void Init_UART0(void) { // Set up Timer 1 to generate the baud rate (115200)for UART0 CKCON |= 0x10; // T1M=1; Timer 1 uses the SYSCLK 22.11845 MHz TMOD = 0x20; // Timer 1 in Mode 2 (8bit autoreload) TH1 = 0xF4; // Baudrate = 115200 TR1 = 1; // Start Timer 1 (TCON.6 = 1) T2CON &= 0xCF; // Timer 1 overflows are used for receive // and transmit clock. RCLK0=0 and TCLK0=0 // Set up UART0 PCON |= 0x80; // SMOD0=1 (UART0 baud rate divideby2 disabled) SCON0 = 0x50; // UART0 Mode 1, Logic level of stop bit ignored // and Receive enabled // Enable UART0 interrupt IE |= 0x10; IP |= 0x10; // Set to high priority level RI0 = 0; // Clear the receive interrupt flag; // ready to receive more }
- 20. 20 Using Timer 2 to Generate Baud Rate If timer 2 (or timer 4) is used to generate the baud rate, it must be configured for mode 2 operation (auto-reload mode)
- 21. 21 Baud Rate Calculations—Timer 2 The baud rate and timer 2 reload value (for RCAP2 register) are related by the following equation: If SYSCLK=22.1184 MHz and BaudRate=115200, then: LRCAPHRCAP SYSCLK BaudRate 2,26553632 22118400 115200 32 65536 2RCAP � 22118400 65536 2 6 32 115200 RCAP � 655306655362 RCAP xFFFARCAP 02
- 22. 22 Initializing the UART—Using Timer 2 void Init_UART0_T2(void) { // Set up Timer 2 to generate the Baudrate (115200) for UART0 CKCON |= 0x20; // T2M=1; Timer 2 uses the SYSCLK 22.11845 MHz T2CON = 0x30; // Timer 2 in Mode 2 (Baudrate Generation Mode) // RCLK0=1 and TCLK0=1 RCAP2 = 0xFFFA; // Capture Register value for Baudrate = 115200 TR2 = 1; // Start Timer 2 (T2CON.2 = 1) // Set up the UART0 PCON |= 0x80; // SMOD0=1 (UART0 BaudRate divideby2 disabled) SCON0 = 0x50; // UART0 Mode 1, Logic level of stop bit ignored // and Receive enabled // Enable UART0 interrupt IE |= 0x10; IP |= 0x10; // Set to high priority level RI0 = 0; // Clear the receive interrupt flag; // ready to receive more }
- 23. 23 Baud Rate Calculations—Timer 2 If a different time base (other than SYSCLK) is required, setting the C/T2 bit (in T2CON register) to 1 will allow the time base to be derived from the external input pin T2 In this case, the baud rate for the UART is calculated as: FCLK is the frequency of the signal supplied to timer 2 and [RCAP2H, RCAP2L] is the 16-bit value held in the capture registers (65536 [ 2 , 2 ]) 16 CLKF BaudRate RCAP H RCAP L �
- 24. 24 UARTx Interrupt Flags—Receiving Data The receive and transmit flags (RIx and TIx) in SCONx play an important role in serial communications Both the bits are set by hardware but must be cleared by software RIx is set at the end of character reception and indicates “receive buffer full” This condition is tested in software (polled) or programmed to cause an interrupt If the application wishes to input (i.e. read) a character from the device connected to the serial port (e.g. COM1 port of PC), it must wait until RIx is set, then clear RIx and read the character from SBUFx Note: x = 0 or 1 for UART0 or UART1
- 25. 25 UARTx Interrupt Flags—Receiving Data void UART0_ISR(void) interrupt 4 { // Pending flags RI0 (SCON0.0) and TI0(SCON0.1) if ( RI0 == 1) // Interrupt caused by { // received byte received_byte = SBUF0; // Read the input buffer RI0 = 0; // Clear the flag new_cmd_received=1; } if ( TI0 == 1) // Interrupt caused by { // transmitted byte TI0 = 0; // Clear the flag } }
- 26. 26 UARTx Interrupt Flags—Sending Data TIx is set at the end of character transmission and indicates “transmit buffer empty” If the application wishes to send a character to the device connected to the serial port, it must first check that the serial port is ready If a previous character was sent, we must wait until transmission is finished before sending the next character
- 27. 27 UARTx Interrupt Flags—Sending Data void Init_UART0(void) { // Set up Timer 1 to generate the baud rate (115200) for UART0 CKCON |= 0x10; // T1M=1; Timer 1 uses the // system clock 22.11845 MHz TMOD = 0x20; // Timer 1 in Mode 2 (8bit autoreload) TH1 = 0xF4; // Baudrate = 115200 TR1 = 1; // Start Timer 1 (TCON.6 = 1) T2CON &= 0xCF; // Timer 1 overflows are used for receive // and transmit clock. RCLK0=0 and TCLK0=0 // Set up the UART0 PCON |= 0x80; // SMOD0=1 (UART0 baud rate divideby2 // disabled) SCON0 = 0x50; // UART0 Mode 1, Logic level of stop bit // ignored and Receive enabled // Enable UART0 interrupt IE |= 0x10; RI0 = 0; // Clear the receive interrupt flag; // Ready to receive more TI0 = 1; // TX0 ready to transmit }
- 28. 28 UARTx Interrupt Flags—Sending Data int i,n; char sendbuf[20]; // Buffer to hold string for // transmission n = sprintf(sendbuf, "Hello! %c", '0'); for (i=0; i<n; i++) { while (TI0 == 0); // Wait while the transmission is // going on TI0 = 0; // Clear TI0 SBUF0 = sendbuf[i]; // Load the serial buffer // with the char to send } Data transmission is initiated by writing to SBUFx The TIx transmit interrupt flag (SCONx.1) is set at the beginning of the stop-bit time TIx bit must be cleared manually by software