Lecture 1.pptx

Chapter 5: Networking
Concepts
IT Essentials v7.0

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© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
5.1 Network Components
and Types

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Types of Networks
Network Icons
Intermediary Device Icons
Network Media Icons
Host Device Icons

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Types of Networks
Network Topologies and Description
 PAN (personal area network) – Commonly uses
Bluetooth to connect mice, keyboards, phones, and
tablets.
 LAN (local area network) – A wired network
consisting of a switch and network devices in a
limited geographical area.
 VLAN (virtual LAN) – Extends beyond a traditional
LAN and groups users based on administratively
defined boundaries such as department or floor.
 WLAN (wireless LAN) – Connects multiple wireless
devices and uses an access point.

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Types of Networks
Network Topologies and Description
 WMN (wireless mesh network) – Connects
multiple wireless access points together to expand
the wireless network.
 MAN (metropolitan area network) – A network that
spans a city.
 WAN (wide area network) – A network that spans a
large geographical area.
 VPN (virtual private network) – A method of
connecting to a network such as a company
network across an unsecure network.

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Internet Connection Types
Brief History of Connection Technologies
 Analog telephone access (dialup) – uses an
analog modem to call another modem.
 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) – more
bandwidth than dialup. Can carry voice, video, and
data.
 Broadband – uses different frequencies to send
multiple signals over media.

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DSL, Cable, and Fiber
 DSL (digital subscriber line) – always on
technology that uses phone lines; voice and data
carried on different frequencies; requires a filter on
the port that connects to a phone.
 Cable – Uses a cable modem to connect to a
traditional cable TV network; shares the network
with multiple subscribers.
 Fiber – High bandwidth connection used in
backbone networks, large enterprise environments,
large data centers, and now part of some home
internet connections.

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Line of Sight Wireless Internet Service
 Line of site wireless – always on technology that uses radio signals for connecting to the
internet.
• Clear path required
• Weather affects signal strength and performance

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Satellite
 Satellite – broadband technology for remote areas
• Uses a satellite dish
• Not a good solution for time-sensitive applications like gaming, Voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP), and video conferencing

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Cellular
 Cellular– relies on cell towers to create a network used by cell phones and
connectivity to the internet

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Mobile Hotspot and Tethering
 Cell phone option that allows another device to connect to the
internet using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or USB cable
• The other device is using the phone’s cellular connection to
connect to the internet
• Called tethering or a hotspot
 A mobile hotspot is when a cell phone allows Wi-Fi devices to
connect and use the mobile data network.

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5.2 Networking Protocols,
Standards, and Services

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Transport Layer Protocols
The TCP/IP Model

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TCP
 Three basic operations of reliability
• Numbering and tracking of data segments
• Acknowledgment of received data
• Retransmitting any unacknowledged data after a
period of time.

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UDP
 Very little overhead or data checking
 Best-effort delivery protocol (unreliable)
• No acknowledgment that the data is received by the destination

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Application Port Numbers
Classify Application Port Numbers

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Application Port Numbers
Classify Application Port Numbers (Cont.)

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Wireless Protocols
WLAN Protocols

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Wireless Protocols
Bluetooth, NFC, and RFID
 Bluetooth
• Up to 7 devices to create a PAN
• 802.15.1
• 2.4 to 2.485 GHz radio frequency range
 RFID
• Passive or active tags used to identify items
• Passive – rely on RFID reader to activate and read
• Active – have a battery to broadcast the ID up to
100 meters
• 125 MHz to 960 MHz radio frequency range
 NFC (Near Field Communication)
• Devices must be in close proximity to exchange
data
• Used for payments, printing, public parking, etc.

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Wireless Protocols
Zigbee and Z-Wave
 Zigbee
• Requires a ZigBee Coordinator to manage client
devices connected in a wireless mesh network.
• Devices commonly managed from a cell phone
app
• IEEE 802.15.4 standard
• 868 MHz to 2.4 GHz range up to 20 meters,
65,000 devices, and data speeds up to 250 kb/s
 Z-Wave
• Proprietary standard, but public version available
• 232 devices can connect to a wireless mesh
network with data speeds up to 100 kb/s.

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Wireless Protocols
Cellular Generations
 1G/2G – First generation was analog calls only. 2G introduced digital voice, conference calls, and
caller ID with speeds less than 9.6 Kb/s
 2.5G – supports web browsing, short audio and video clips with speeds up to 237 Kb/s.
 3G – full motion video and streaming music at speeds up to 2 Mb/s
 4G - IPv6, IP-based voice, gaming services, high quality multimedia at speeds up to 672 Mb/s
 LTE (Long Term Evolution) – means it meets the 4G speed standards and improves connectivity
while in motion. Speeds up to 100 Mb/s when mobile and up to 1 Gb/s when stationary.
 5G – supports augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), smart homes, smart cars, and data
transfer between devices. Download speeds up to 3 Gb/s; upload speeds up to 1.5 Gb/s.

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Network Services
Client – Server Roles
 File Client and Server
 Web Client and Server
 Email Client and Server

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Network Services
DHCP Server
 A DHCP server provides IP addressing information.

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Network Services
DNS Server
 A DNS server translates domain names such as cisco.com to an IP address.

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Network Services
Print Server
 A print server
• Can control multiple printers
• Provides client access to print resources
• Allows centralized print job administration
• Provides feedback to network clients

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Network Services
File Server
 A file server allows clients to access
files using a specific protocol
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• FTPS (File Transfer Protocol Secure)
• SFTP (Secure Shell File Transfer
Protocol)
• SCP (Secure Copy)

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Network Services
Web Server
 A web server provides web
resources using these protocols
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• TCP port 80
• Secure HTTP (HTTPS)
• Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
• Transport Layer Security (TLS)
• TCP port 443

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Network Services
Mail Server
 Email messages are stored in
databases on mail servers
• Client communicates with server in
order to reach a different client
• Protocol used to send email
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Protocols used to retrieve email
• Post Office Protocol (POP)
• Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)

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Network Services
Proxy Server
 Proxy servers act on behalf of a client, thus hiding the real internal host
 Used to cache frequently accessed web pages

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Network Services
Authentication Server
 Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) - Allows access to a network
device or a particular network

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Network Services
Syslog Server
 Syslog stores network messages sent by networking devices.

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5.3 Basic Network Devices

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Basic Network Devices
Network Interface Card
 Todays computers have wired and/or wireless network capability.

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Repeaters, Bridges, and Hubs
 Repeaters – Also called
extenders because they
regenerate the signal so it can be
sent further.
 Hub – Receives data on one port
and sends to all other ports.
 Bridge – Divides a network into
two or more segments and tracks
which device is on each segment.

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 Ethernet switches record MAC
addresses for each device
connected to the switch.
• Data is sent to a specific device if
the MAC address of that device is
in the MAC address table.
• Managed switches are used in a
company environment and have
additional features.
• Unmanaged switches are used in
home or a small business
network.
Switches

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 Wireless access points (APs) – provide
access to a wireless network for a limited
range.
Wireless Access Points

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Routers
 Routers connect networks.
• Use an IP address to forward traffic to other networks
• Can be a multipurpose device (integrated router) that includes switching and wireless capabilities

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Security Devices
Firewalls
 A firewall protects data and
devices connected to a network.
 Firewalls use access control lists
(ACLs) which are rules used to
determine whether data is
permitted (allowed through) or
denied.

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Security Devices
IDS and IPS
An Intrusion Detection System
(IDS) monitors traffic and is a
passive system.
An Intrusion Prevention
System (IPS) actively monitors
traffic and takes action when
needed.

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Security Devices
UTMs
 Universal Threat Management (UTM) is
an all-in-one security appliance. Features
are vendor-specific, but could include:
• Firewall services
• IDS/IPS services
• Additional security services against Zero
Day, Denial of Service (DoS) Distributed
Denial of Service (DDoS), and spyware
• Proxy and email filtering
• Network access control
• VPN services

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Security Devices
Endpoint Management Server
 An endpoint management server monitors end devices such as PCs, laptops, servers, tablets,
printers, etc.

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Other Network Devices
Legacy and Embedded Systems
 A legacy system is a device on the network
no longer supported, but still in operation.
 An embedded system is a device built into
something else such as an appliance.
Embedded microchips are contained in
legacy systems and embedded systems.
 Legacy systems and embedded systems
could be a security risk.

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Patch Panel
A centralized place where
network cables attach to the
back. Patch cables are used to
make a connection to another
patch panel which connects to a
different wiring closet, or to a
device such as a switch mounted
nearby.

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Power over Ethernet and Ethernet over Power
 Power over Ethernet (PoE) is a standard
for providing power to devices such as
APs, cameras, or IP phones through a
cable.
 A PoE injector can be connected to a
cable and a second cable is used to
connect a device that receives power from
the injector.
PoE injector
 Ethernet over Power (powerline
networking) uses existing electrical wiring
to create a network.
Network cable

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Cloud-based Network Controller
 A cloud-based network controller
is a remote device used to
manage network devices like
access points or switches.

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5.4 Network Cables

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Network Tools
Network Tools and Descriptions
 Wire cutters or side cutters
 Wire strippers
 Crimper – used to securely attach an RJ-45
connector
 Punch down tool – used to terminate wires into
termination

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Network Tools
Network Tools and Descriptions (Cont.)
 Multimeter
 Tone Generator
 Loopback adapter –
used to check a port
 Cable Tester
 Wi-Fi analyzer

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Copper Cables and Connectors
Cable Types
 Cable types used in networking
• Twisted-pair
• Coaxial
• Fiber-optic

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Coaxial Cables
 Coaxial cable
• Copper or aluminum
• Used in cable TV systems and
satellite communication systems
• Harder to install, more expensive,
and harder to troubleshoot than
twisted-pair cabling

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Twisted-Pair Cables
 Twisted-pair cabling types
• Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)
• Shielded twisted-pair (STP)
 UTP
• Most common
• Four pairs of color-coded wires
• Prone to electromagnetic interference
(EMI) and radio frequency
interference (RFI)
 STP
• Better protection against EMI and RFI
• More expensive and harder to install
UTP cabling
STP cabling

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Twisted-Pair Category Ratings
Cat 5 UTP
Cat 5e UTP
Cat 6 UTP

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Twisted-Pair Wire Schemes
When creating a cable to
connect a network device to a
wall jack or from the patch
panel to a switch, make both
ends of the cable the same
standard.
T568A T568B

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Build and Test a Network Cable

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Fiber Cables and Connectors
Types of Fiber Media
 Single-mode fiber (SMF)
• Small core
• Uses laser technology to send one
beam of light
• Long distances
 Multimode fiber (MMF)
• Larger core
• Uses LEDs to send light
• Light is injected at different angles
• Cheaper
• Bandwidth up to 10 Gb/s up to 550
meters
SMF
MMF

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Fiber Cables and Connectors
Fiber-Optic Connectors

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