lecture 5.pptx
- 1. Prof. Aida Mohey Head of Community Medicine department Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University aida_mohey@yahoo.com
- 2. •Define personality •Understand why we need to study personality •Identify determinants of personality •Describe the “Big Five” personality traits •Describe the Four personality types •Understand personality theories
- 3. Some people are talkative, while others are quite silent. Some are physically active, while others are anxious. Some worry a lot, while others appear to be unconcerned practically all of the time. These are adjectives that used to describe people: "talkative," "silent," "active," or "anxious,". They refer to a person's personality - the distinct ways in which people differ from one another.
- 5. Personality ● Individual differences in behavior ● Consistency across different situations
- 7. • Personality is like fingerprints. • It emphasizes how we are unique, special and are different from each other. • Our personalities can be very complicated and many-sided. • A person’s personality should be seen as on-going development process.
- 8. الشخصية من مزيج هي واألحاسيس والعاطفة السلوك تحدد التي التفكير وأنماط ،الفرد The type of person is shown by the way he/she behave, feel, and think
- 9. The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. Relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual.
- 10. How do you define personality in one word? •Disposition, طبيعة •Temperament, طبع hereditary aspects of personality e.g sensitivity •Temper, المزاجية حالة •Character, شخصية : Personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated
- 11. Why we need to study personality To understand others better For self developmen t To become Exception al Leaders To understand group To help others grow To understand our motivations
- 14. 1. Brain: One of the most important factors of personality determinant. Our personality is partly determined by the shape of our brains. In neurotic people prone to mood changes and psychiatric disorders, the outer layer of the brain is thicker and less wrinkly. Individuals with "open" personalities linked to creativity show an opposite pattern. The outer layer, or cortex, of their brains is thinner and more folded in certain regions with a greater surface area. 2. Physical factors: Physical features plays vital role in contributing in personality development . They involve height, color, health status, beauty 3. Heredity: determines a significant part of individuals personality. Many children behave exactly how their parents do. Similarly, twin siblings have a lot of things in common
- 15. •Situations have a very big impact on the behavioral expression of personality. •Knowledge, skill and language are acquired and represent important modifications of the behavior. •Learned modifications in behavior are acquired by them through their own personal experience, through interaction with the environment.
- 16. •Cultural factors are very important determinants of behavior of a person. •Culture is a combination of beliefs, values, norms and techniques for dealing with the environment which are shared among particular community and transmitted from one generation to the next. •Culture requires both acceptance and compliance from its member.
- 17. Family and social groups have most significant impact on personality development. i) Home Environment Children in a cold and un-stimulating home have a much greater potential to be emotionally maladjusted than children raised by parents in a warm, loving and stimulating environment. ii) Family Members Parents and sibling (brothers and sisters) have more effect on the personality development as compared to other members of the family. iii) Social Groups Other influences arising from the social placement of the family, as the person is exposed to agencies outside the home, particularly the school, friend circle and other work groups. Similarly, socio-economic factors also affect personality development. Such as Education Occupation Residence Income Family size Family structure
- 18. •Each person is a unique combination of four personality types. They're known as the director, the socializer, the thinker, and the supporter. •We refer to those types of personality as A, B, C, and D, respectively. •Learning how to identify people by personality type can bring a higher level of understanding to interpersonal relationships and team building.
- 19. •Psychologists seek to measure personality through a number of methods, the most common of which are objective tests and projective measures. •Objective tests: such as self-report measures, rely on an individual's personal responses. E.g Myers- Briggs Type Indicator •Projective measures involve using ambiguous stimuli to reveal inner aspects of an individual's personality (unconscious feelings, impulses, and desires) (highly subjective).
- 22. •Personality Theory: System of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality.
- 23. Main assumptions of theories 1 • That personality traits are relatively stable and therefore predictable over time 2 • Personality traits are relatively stable across different situations 3 • Trait theories take into account that personality consists of a number of different traits, and that some people have ‘more’ or ‘less’ of each trait than others 4 • Some traits are more closely interrelated than other traits and tend to occur together (anxious, aggressive)
- 25. Types of Personality Theories • Trait Theories: suggest that a person can be described on the basis of some number of personality traits. • Psychoanalytic Theories: view much of mental activity and behavior as caused by unconscious desires, conflicts and memories that remain hidden in the unconscious • Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience and personal growth. The goal for a humanist is to develop/promote a positive self- concept • Social-Cognitive Theories: Behavior is learned through conditioning & observation. Hence, What we think about our situation affects our behavior.
- 27. 1. Psychoanalytic Theories: The first modern theory of personality was developed by Sigmund Freud (1923) is known as psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theory of personality. According to Freud, our most behavior is caused by thoughts, ideas and wishes that are created in unconscious part of a person’s brain. These are not easily accessible to the conscious part of the mind but the unconscious mind According to him, the mind could be divided into three parts: the id, the ego and the superego.
- 28. 2. Trait Theories: •Suggest that a person can be described on the basis of some number of personality traits.
- 29. PERSONALITY TRAITS • A personality trait is a permanent personality characteristic that lasts over time (for example, at age 30, they will also tend to be talkative at age 40). and across different situations (For example, if they are talkative at home, they tend also to be talkative at work). • Shy, lazy, easy-going, confident, happy, friendly. • There are two basic categories of traits: • Source Traits: key dimension of personality that underlie many other traits e.g trusting • Surface Traits: more apparent and observable dimension of personality Forming friendships easily (under source trait trusting)
- 32. 3. Humanistic Theories: •Focus on private, subjective experience and personal growth. The goal for a humanist is to develop/promote a positive self-concept
- 34. 4. Social-Cognitive Theories: •Behavior is learned through conditioning & observation. Hence, What we think about our situation affects our behavior.