LECTURE 5.pptx
- 3. This nutrient helps you tolerate exposure to the cold. A. Carbohydrate B. Protein C. Fats
- 4. Cont... – In carbohydrates, there are 4 kcal per gram. – In proteins, there are 4 kcal per gram. – In lipids, there are 9 kcal per gram. This means that if you look at a food label and it lists 10 grams of carbohydrates, 0 grams of protein, and 0 grams of fat, that food would contain 40 calories.
- 11. Nutrients needed by the body and what they are used for Type of nutrient Where it is found How it is used Carbohydrate (starches and sugars) •Breads •Grains •Fruits •Vegetables •Milk and yogurt •Foods with sugar Broken down into glucose, used to supply energy to cells. Extra is stored in the liver. Protein •Meat •Seafood •Legumes •Nuts and seeds •Eggs •Milk products •Vegetables Broken down into amino acids, used to build muscle and to make other proteins that are essential for the body to function. Fat •Oils •Butter •Egg yolks •Animal products Broken down into fatty acids to make cell linings and hormones. Extra is stored in fat cells.
- 12. This nutrient provides twice the energy of the other two macronutrients. A. Carbohydrate B. Protein C. Fats
- 13. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are also called saccharides • Carbohydrates is the main source of energy. It consists of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The formula of carbohydrates is CH2O.
- 15. Monosaccharides Monosaccharides, also called simple sugars, are the most basic units of carbohydrates. They are fundamental units of carbohydrates and cannot be further hydrolyzed to simpler compounds. • Glucose, also called blood sugar, consists of 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms. – Fructose (fruit sugar ) the sweetest sugar, occurs in large amounts in fruits and honey. – Galactose does not exist freely in nature. The body converts galactose to glucose for use in energy metabolism.
- 17. Disaccharides • Combining two monosaccharide molecules forms a disaccharide or double sugar. The monosaccharides and disaccharides collectively make up the simple sugars. Each of the disaccharides contains glucose as a principal component. – Sucrose (Glucose + fructose) It occurs naturally in most foods that contain carbohydrate, particularly beet sugar, cane sugar, brown sugar and honey. – Lactose (glucose + galactose), a sugar not found in plants, exists in natural form only in milk as milk sugar. The least sweet of the disaccharides. – Maltose (glucose + glucose) occurs in beer, cereals & legumes, etc. Also called malt sugar. It is an intermediate product in hydrolysis of starch.
- 19. Polysaccharides A polysaccharide is a large molecule made of many smaller monosaccharides(10 to 1000). It also called complex sugar. • Starch- the storage form of carbohydrate in plants and is found in considerable amounts in dietary staples such as cereal, potatoes, seeds, corn, and various grains of bread, cereal, pasta, and pastries.
- 20. Cont… • Glycogen- glycogen is the stored form of glucose. Glycogen is stored mainly in liver and muscles where it used as a reserve of energy for muscular contraction. • Dietary fibers- it also called roughage. It is the indigestible portion of food derived from plants. It consists of hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignins, pectins etc. • Two categories of fibers found in food: soluble fibers insoluble fibers • Sources- whole wheat flour, whole gram, oats, barley etc. • RDA- 20gm/per day
- 22. Functions of carbohydrates • Stored as glycogen in the muscles – Preferred/ Major source of energy – Broken down rapidly – Important in maximal exercise • Carbohydrates also: – Power muscle contraction – Provide fuel for the brain – Protein sparing effect • Allows protein to be used for tissue maintenance/repair verses energy
- 26. What elements make up carbohydrates? A.Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen B.sulfur, carbon, hydrogen C.glucose and fructose D.carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
- 27. Carbohydrates RDA for athletes • Carbohydrate should contribute to 55 % or more of the daily caloric intake. Complex carbohydrates are preferable to simple ones. • For a sedentary 70-kg person, this translates to a daily carbohydrate intake of about 300 g approximately. • The higher the intensity of exercise the more important is glycogen used as fuel. • Training increase the ability of body to store carbohydrates. • During periods of intense exercise training, we recommend that carbohydrate intake increase to 70% of total calories consumed (8 to 10 g per kg of body mass).
- 28. Disorders related to carbohydrates • lactose intolerance • Dental carries • Obesity • Diabetics
- 29. Figure 4.10 Insulin and Glucagon Regulate Glucose Metabolism
- 31. The 3 categories of carbohydrates are: A.Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide B.glucose, fructose, galatose C.starch, cellulose, chitin D.There are no categories of carbohydrates
- 32. All carbohydrate names end with which ending: A. ise B. ase C. ese D. ose