Artificial Lighting
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The document discusses various types of artificial lighting sources and their properties. It defines key lighting terms like light output, efficacy, illuminance, color temperature and color rendering index. Examples are given comparing the light output, efficacy and applications of different lighting technologies like incandescent, fluorescent, LED, halogen, high pressure sodium and metal halide lamps. Recommended lighting levels for different spaces are also outlined from the Malaysian standard MS 1525.
Artificial Lighting
- 1. Tantish Kamaruddin Artificial LightingArtificial LightingArtificial LightingArtificial Lighting Tantish Kamaruddin UTM, Skudai
- 2. What is Light?What is Light?What is Light?What is Light? We see light as color and brightness It’s actually electromagnetic radiation: Partly electric, partly magnetic Flows in straight line (radiates)
- 3. Key TerminologiesKey TerminologiesKey TerminologiesKey Terminologies in Energy Efficient Designin Energy Efficient Designin Energy Efficient Designin Energy Efficient Design LightingLightingLightingLighting Light Output Light Efficacy Illuminance ColourTemperature Colour Rendering IndexColour Rendering Index Power Density (W / m2) Life time
- 4. What is light output?What is light output?What is light output?What is light output? Light output (= Luminous Flux) Total quantity of light per second (= energy emitted in the band of 400-700 NM) by a Light source Unit LumensUnit Lumens
- 5. Light output (Examples)Light output (Examples)Light output (Examples)Light output (Examples) Lamp Power (W) Light output (Lumens) Incandescent Lamp 75W 900 Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) 15W 900 Fluorescent tube Cool 36W 2500 Fluorescent tube Cool Daylight 36W 2500 Induction 250W 21250 LED (Performance Level) 1-5W 60-600 High Pressure Sodium 400W 56000
- 6. What is Light Efficacy?What is Light Efficacy?What is Light Efficacy?What is Light Efficacy? Lamp Power (W) Light output (Lumens) Efficacy Lumens/ Watt Incandescent Lamp 75W 900 12 Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) 15W 900 60 Fluorescent tube Cool Daylight 36W 2500 69 Induction 250W 21250 85 LED (Performance Level) 1-5W 60-600 60-120 High Pressure Sodium 400W 56000 140
- 7. Illuminance (or Lighting level)Illuminance (or Lighting level)Illuminance (or Lighting level)Illuminance (or Lighting level) Luminous flux incident on a surface divided by the area of that surface : also called Lighting Level. Illuminance (E) = Lumens x (certain Factors*) Area (m2) *These factors will vary with the room dimensions, type of fitting used, reflectance of walls & ceiling, height of fitting suspension etc
- 8. Measuring illuminanceMeasuring illuminanceMeasuring illuminanceMeasuring illuminance Using Lux Meter
- 9. Age VsAge VsAge VsAge Vs IlluminanceIlluminanceIlluminanceIlluminance (For a few hours of working) 40 years= 600 lux 60 years = 3000 lux 12 years = 200 lux
- 10. Malaysia recommended Lighting levelsMalaysia recommended Lighting levelsMalaysia recommended Lighting levelsMalaysia recommended Lighting levels IES MS1525 JKR OFFICE General Office 500 300-400 500 Deep plan general offices 750 300-400 300 Business machine and typing 750 300-400 300 Filling room 300 200 300Filling room 300 200 300 Conference rooms 750 300-400 300 OFFICES AND SHOPS General office Executive office 500 300-400 300 Computer rooms 500 300-400 500 Punch card rooms 750 300-400 600 Drawing offices 750 300-400 600 Print room 300 300-400 300
- 11. Colour Temperature (K)Colour Temperature (K)Colour Temperature (K)Colour Temperature (K) "White light" is commonly described by its color temperature. Measuring the hue of "white" light started in the late 1800s, when the British physicistWilliam Kelvin heated a block of carbon.The block of carbon changed color as it heated up, going from a dim red, through various shades of yellow, all the way up to a bright bluish white at its highest temperature.The measurement scale for colorwhite at its highest temperature.The measurement scale for color temperatures, which was named after Kelvin as a result of his work, was based on Centigrade degrees. However, since the Kelvin scale starts at "absolute zero", which is -273°C, you can get the equivalent Centigrade temperature (compared to the visible colors of a heated black body) by subtracting 273 from the Kelvin color temperature.
- 12. Colour temperatureColour temperatureColour temperatureColour temperature
- 13. The term used in general illumination is correlated color temperature (CCT). CCT relates to the color of light produced by a light source, and uses the Kelvin temperature measurement scale (SI unit of absolute temperature). It describes the relative color appearance of a white light source, indicating whether it appears more yellow/goldsource, indicating whether it appears more yellow/gold ("warm") or more blue ("cool"), in terms of the range of available shades of white.
- 14. Many people are now familiar with the idea of a "warm" white or a "cool" white being offered by fluorescent and other light bulbs. These bulbs have vastly different color temperatures.The "warm" bulb often has a color temperature of 3,000K and casts a more orange/red light on objects. Because you normally associate warmth with red or orange objects, this accounts for the "warm"warmth with red or orange objects, this accounts for the "warm" descriptive name, even though it is a cooler (lower) temperature on the Kelvin scale.A "cool" white bulb commonly has a color temperature of 4,100K and higher on the Kelvin scale.This is in the low range of blue color, similar to ice, therefore earning the "cool" description.
- 15. Natural Light
- 17. Artificial Light
- 18. Light PollutionLight PollutionLight PollutionLight Pollution
- 23. Colour Rendering Index The Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a scale from 0 to 100 percent indicating how accurate a "given" light source is at rendering color when compared to a "reference" light source. The higher the CRI, the better the color rendering ability.
- 26. CRI Reading
- 29. Possible TL lamp in your premisesPossible TL lamp in your premisesPossible TL lamp in your premisesPossible TL lamp in your premises Tube & Length Ballast type Lamp W Ballast loss Total W / lamp T8-18W 0.60 m EM 18W 9W 27W T8- 36W 1.20 m EM 36W 9W 45W T8-18W 0.60 m EL 16W 4W 20W The Ballast is an essential accessory.Without it, the Fluorescent lamp will draw a high current and destroy itself in seconds. EM = Electro Magnetic ballast EL = Electronic ballast. T8-18W 0.60 m EL 16W 4W 20W T8- 36W 1.20 m EL 32W 4W 36W T5-14W 0.55 m EL 14W 3W 17W T5- 28W 1.15 m EL 28W 3W 31W
- 30. Power densityPower densityPower densityPower density Calculate the load (inWatts) per luminaire Multiply by all luminaires to get total load Calculate the area of interior in m2 Power Density =TotalW/m2 Compare it with Maximum Power density allowed as per Code of Practice MS 1525 Offices 14W / m2
- 31. MS 1525 Max power density allowedMS 1525 Max power density allowedMS 1525 Max power density allowedMS 1525 Max power density allowed Example:Lighting for working interiors Infrequent reading and writing 8 W/m2 General offices, shops and stores 14W/ m2 Drawing office 14 W/m2Drawing office 14 W/m2 Restroom 6 W/m2 Restaurant, Canteen, Cafeteria 8 W/m2 Kitchen 11 W/m2 Lounge 6 W/m2 Bathroom 6 W/m2 Toilet 5 W/m2 Bedroom 5 W/m2
- 32. Life time of a lampLife time of a lampLife time of a lampLife time of a lamp Incandescent 750-2,000 hours Fluorescent 24,000-36,000 hours HID 10,000-24,000 hours Compact FluorescentCompact Fluorescent Plug-in 10,000-20,000 hours Screw-based 8,000-10,000 hours Halogen 2,000-4,000 hours LED 40,000-50,000 hours
- 33. Lifetime of a lampLifetime of a lampLifetime of a lampLifetime of a lamp
- 35. A lamp is having reached the end of its life if the lamp if : Begins to flicker Fails to strike reliably Fails to remain litFails to remain lit Physically breaks
- 37. Types of Lamps LED= Light Emmitting Diode
- 38. The Incandescent Lamp Heat radiated: About 92%
- 40. Halogen Lamps • 12V Halogen Dichroic lamp • Common rating : 50W • Heat radiated: About 85% Applications: Shops, Hotels, Social areas & Car headlights
- 41. The Fluorescent lamp family
- 45. Electro Magnetic (EM) ballastElectro Magnetic (EM) ballastElectro Magnetic (EM) ballastElectro Magnetic (EM) ballast componentscomponentscomponentscomponents
- 46. EM Vs EL ballastEM Vs EL ballastEM Vs EL ballastEM Vs EL ballast Electronic high-frequency ballasts increase lamp-ballast efficacy, leading to increased energy efficiency and lower operating costs. Electronic ballasts operate lamps using electronic switching power supply circuits. Electronic ballasts have a number of other advantages over magnetic ballasts. Electronic ballasts are readily available thatmagnetic ballasts. Electronic ballasts are readily available that operate three or four lamps, allowing the use of a single ballast in 3-lamp and 4-lamp luminaires.This reduces both installation and field wiring labor costs, and may negate the necessity of tandem luminaire wiring.
- 47. Saving by EL ballast Lamp Ballast type Lamp power Ballast loss Total power TLD 36W EM 36W 9W 45W TLD 36W EL 32W 4W 36W
- 48. Energy saving with EL ballast 2 (Lamps + Ballast) with EM ballast = 90W 2 (Lamps + Ballast) with EL ballast = 72W Load reduction per fitting = 18W For 4000 hrs per year, energy saved = 72 KW hrsFor 4000 hrs per year, energy saved = 72 KW hrs @ 40 RM Cents per Unit, the cost saved = RM 28.8/ year Extra cost for EL ballast = RM 40 Time to recover extra cost =Abt 1.4 years !
- 49. High Pressure Mercury Lamp Applications: High ceiling interiors, Shopping malls, Residential roads, Parks, Landscape etc. Has a life over 15000 hours.Has a life over 15000 hours.
- 50. High Pressure Mercury in Highbay application
- 51. Metal Halide Lamp It has more lumens/Watt and higher colour rendering than Mercury lamp & suitable for Sports lighting, floodlighting of buildings etc.
- 52. Metal Halide in sports application
- 53. High Pressure Sodium lamp A sodium-vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited state to produce light. There are two varieties of such lamps: low pressure and high pressure. Low-pressure sodium lamps are highly efficient electrical lightLow-pressure sodium lamps are highly efficient electrical light sources, but their yellow light restricts applications to outdoor lighting such as street lamps. Low-pressure sodium lamps only give monochromatic yellow light and so inhibit color vision at night. High-pressure sodium lamps have a broader spectrum of light than the low-pressure lamps, but still poorer color rendering than other types of lamps.
- 54. Sodium mainly used for Road Lighting
- 55. Ceramic Metal Halide (CMH) High beam intensities, high light output High efficiency Long lifeLong life Colour stability UV-block
- 56. The ceramic discharge metal-halide (CDM) lamp, mostly referred to as Ceramic Metal Halide lamp (CMH), is a source of light that is a variation of the metal-halide lamp, which itself is a variation of the old (high-pressure) mercury-vapor lamp.lamp.
- 57. The metallic atoms are the main source of light in these lamps, creating a bluish light that is close to daylight with a CRI (color rendering index) of up to 96.The exact correlated color temperature and CRI depend on the specific mixture of metal halide salts. There are also warm-white CDM lamps, withThere are also warm-white CDM lamps, with somewhat lower CRI (78-82) which still give a more clear and natural-looking light than the old mercury- vapour and sodium-vapour lamps when used as street lights, besides being more economical to use.
- 58. CMH is best replacement for Halogen
- 59. Light Emitting Diodes (LED) Trends
- 60. Why and where is color stability important? The importance of color stability—and the tolerances for how much change is allowable—vary by application. For example, maintaining constant color over time is very important for light sources in a museum or retail store, but less important for street lighting. Color stability is also important where multiple lamps or luminaires are being used to wash a wall, or where objects are being evaluated based on color—such as in a hospital or factory.as in a hospital or factory. Color stability should not be confused with color consistency. Color stability refers to the ability of a product to maintain constant color (chromaticity ) over its lifetime, whereas color consistency refers to the product-to-product variation within a lamp or luminaire type.
- 61. Colour stability
- 62. Comparison of Efficacies Lamp Power (W) Efficacy Output (Lumens) (Lumens per W) Incandescent bulb 75W 900 12 Compact Fluorescent Lamp 15W 900 60 Fluorescent Lamp Fluorescent Tri- Phosphor 36W 3,200 90 Ceramic Discharge Metal halide 35W 3,300 94 High Pressure Sodium 400W 56,000 140 LED (at Performance level) 1-5W ----- 90-120
- 63. Induction lamp
- 68. Energy cost & lighting investment Recommended office lighting level = 500 lux @ 8 m2 per pax, the lighting load / person = 80W For 10 hrs per day, energy consumed = 80 x 10WHr = 0.80 Kw Hr @RM 0.40 / KwHr, the cost of lighting / day = RM 0.32! How much does a cup of tea cost ?How much does a cup of tea cost ? How many cups would we drink everyday? Our eye is used to = 100,000 lux The electrical load density to achieve this = 10W/m2 So, stick to MS-ISO 8995 lighting levels and Choose system based on Life Cycle comparison