![Neorealism
Kenneth Waltz
• Doesn’t blame human nature, but other factors; security competition,
inter-state conflict, difficulty in achieving international cooperation, etc..
• Neorealist structure of international relations
1) Organizing Principles; anarchy, hierarchy
2) Differentiation of Unites; democracy, dictatorship
3) Distribution of capabilities; balance of power
• Neorealist provide ranking order of states; bipolar, unipolar
• Ultimate aim of state is not power, but security [states are security
maximizers]
Anarchy
Security
Dilemm
Power
Balance
of](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lectureno-210216101143/85/Lecture-no-5-realism-ppt-24-320.jpg)
Lecture no. 5 realism ppt
- 4. Case Study No. 1 The Melian Dialogue- Realism and the Preparation for War
- 5. THE MELIAN DIALOGUES ATHENIANS: THE REALISTS • The standard of justice depends on the equality of power • This is no fair fight, it is rather a question of saving your lives and not resisting those who are far too strong for you. • It is law of nature to rule whatever one can. • Anybody else with the same power as ours would be acting in precisely the same way. • If one follows one’s self-interest one MELIANS: THE IDEALIST • You should not destroy a principle: fair play and just dealing • It is difficult to oppose your power; gods will give us fortune as good as yours. • Our decision, Athenians, is just the same as it was at first. We are not prepared to give up in a short moment the liberty which our city has enjoyed from its foundation for 700 years.
- 6. THE MELIAN DIALOGUE • Athenian Leaders who arrived on the island of Melos to assert their right of conquest over the islanders: Practicing Realist Theory • What the Athenians are asserting over the Melians is the logic of power politics: Definition- Realism • Because of their vastly superior military force: Balance of Power • The Melians were forced to submit to the realist iron law that power politics prevail in human affairs: Nature of state, Classical Realism • The standard of justice depends on the equality of power: Necessity of power to resolve conflict, Equilibrium of power • Power is law of nature: power politics is natural • This is the safe rule – to stand up to one’s equals: struggle for power • Anybody else with the same power as ours would be acting in precisely the same way. Human
- 7. REALISM R E A L P O L I T I C S O R P O W E R P O L I T I C S “ W O R L D P O L I T I C S A S T R U G G L E F O R P O W E R ” H O B B E S
- 8. DEFINITION OF REALISM “Realism is a paradigm based on the premise that world politics is essentially and unchangeably at struggle among self-interested state for power and position under anarchy, with each competing state pursuing its own national interests” ( Kegley) Rational Concept Relative Concept
- 9. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF REALISM • The theory of Realism built upon from certain assumptions, mentioned below • Human Nature is imperfect and imperfectible • Human beings in order to achieve self-interest do not hesitate to destroy others when and where he gets an opportunity. Likewise countries follows • The National interest of various countries are sometime conflicting • Different interests can lead to war and other form of conflicts • A country’s power is crucial in determining the outcome of conflict and also to influence other countries. • Every country tries to increase its power which is fixed doctrine • Thus, there is contest of power going on in the world and this can neither be controlled nor regulated by international law or any international organization. • International politics, then, is aimed at increasing power, keeping power or demonstrating power.
- 10. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF IDEALISM Realism is totally oppose to Idealism, the difference can be measure from assumptions of Idealism. • The Current international system is based on upon power politics • It is temporary and passing phase of history • When this phase will pass, a new future society will emerge. The new society will be based on morality, non-violence, harmony and brotherhood. • In the emerging societies the interest of various groups are likely to be adjusted in the larger interest of the mankind as a whole.
- 11. CORE ELEMENTS: AREAS Statism Survival Self-help
- 12. TRADITIONS R E A L P O L I T I C S O R P O W E R P O L I T I C S “ W O R L D P O L I T I C S A S T R U G G L E F O R P O W E R ” H O B B E S
- 13. Doctrine Of Raison D'état • It is French word which means national interests • It refers to the goals and ambitions of sovereign states, i.e., economy, military, and culture etc. • It is the notion of foreign policy • States are struggling for balance of national interest
- 14. Ethical Conduct: Realist vs Moral Principles • Realist are sceptical of the idea that universal moral principles exits • Warn leaders against scarifying their own interest-identity principle • Survival of state require distancing from morality • State leaders should not be Christian values, but political necessity- Secularity • Proponent of Raison D'état often speak of a Dual Moral Standard
- 15. Is realism completely immoral? Yes/No No
- 16. NAMES OF SOME FAMOUS REALIST SCHOLARS Thucydides Thomas Hobbes Niccolò Machiavelli J. Rousseau
- 17. Thucydides: Law of Nature Power politics is the law of nature there are two fundamental aspect of human nature; desire for power & self interest the behaviors of states are egoist national interest of the Sparta was survival
- 18. Thomas Hobbe: State of Nature Men are by nature equal in the state of nature All men have a restless desire for power that cease only in death
- 19. Machiavelli He need to ensure the survival of the state by any mean were derived from human nature It is better to feared than loved A Prince should act like both a loin and fox It is sometime necessary to learn how no to be good
- 20. Hans Rousseau: Social Contract Demanded, leave the state of nature and form a social contract Social contract establishes sovereignty Sovereignty should reflect general will of people contract legitimate the exercise of authority Rousseau didn’t blame human nature but anarchy
- 21. EVOLUTION OF REALISM Peloponnesian War 416 BC - Now Case Study Asthashastra Great Debate 1940 AD Idealism
- 22. TYPES OF REALISM Types of Realism are as follows • Classical Realism- Morgenthau- • Neo-Realism- Kenneth Waltz-Theory of International Realism • Neo-Classical Realism • Defensive Structural Realism • Offensive Structural Realism • Rise and Fall Realism
- 23. Classical Realism Morgenthau • He identified Status quo, imperialism, & prestige; root in human nature for power • Securing physical survival Morgenthau, “the choice between national interest and moral was false choice.” • Balance of power is essential to preserve the liberty of the state • Balance of power seeks equilibrium of power; WARSA PACT, NATO
- 24. Neorealism Kenneth Waltz • Doesn’t blame human nature, but other factors; security competition, inter-state conflict, difficulty in achieving international cooperation, etc.. • Neorealist structure of international relations 1) Organizing Principles; anarchy, hierarchy 2) Differentiation of Unites; democracy, dictatorship 3) Distribution of capabilities; balance of power • Neorealist provide ranking order of states; bipolar, unipolar • Ultimate aim of state is not power, but security [states are security maximizers] Anarchy Security Dilemm Power Balance of
- 25. Neoclassical Realism Gideon Rose It places domestic politics as an intervening variable between the distribution of power and foreign policy behaviour-domestic stability
- 26. Offensive Realism John Mearsheimer • To ensure survival, it is best to become the most powerful state of the region/globe • State should struggle for best state of the world • States seek regional hegemony • hegemony; flows dominance principles
- 27. Defensive Realism Kenneth Waltz •State must seek power enough for security • It is foolish to go for excessive power; /c it provoke hostility
- 28. In classical realism emphasis is given on flawed nature of human beings as a source of international conflict. In case of neo realism it is not only flawed human nature but also absence of governing authority over nation-states in international politics that lead to anarchy in international politics. For neo classical realism it is not only flawed human nature or absence of global authority in international politics but domestic variables (state leaders, state society relation and state identity) of nation state also influences its foreign policy. Defensive realism argues that anarchical structure of the international system encourages states to have moderate and reserved policies for its own security. Hence it believes in maximization of security. In contrast offensive realism argues that states tend to maximize their power and influence to achieve security through domination and hegemony.
- 29. Opposing Opinions Is Us Hegemony Durable Or Fleeting FOR • US power is unmatched • Absence of balancing • Decline is not inevitable AGAINST • US relative power is declining • Balancing is occurring • Decline is inevitable