Lecture notes eat 359 (water resources engineering) lecture 1-student
- 1. by: SALWA MOHD ZAINI MAKHTAR EAT 359 – WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING - LECTURE 1 –
- 2. Where Does Water Come From ? 2
- 3. Earth(World) Land (30%) Water (70%) Ocean (97%) Freshwater (3%) Glaciers & Ice Caps (68.75) Groundwater & Surface water (31.3%) Can use (0.6%) Cannot be used (99.4%) 3 The percentage of water resources.
- 4. Why is Water Important? 4
- 6. 6 WHAT WE HAVE NOW : WATER AVAILABILITY IN MALAYSIA {Based on The Review of The National Water Resources Study 2000-2050} (2011)
- 7. 7 SCENARIOS OF WATER RESOURCES IN MALAYSIA WHERE THE RAINFALL GO? • Water is abundant but it does not fall everywhere all the time • Blessed nation with plenty of water & almost free of natural disaster • Per capita volume : 17,000 m3/capita (Surface runoff) TOTAL WATER DEMAND IN ALL SECTORS 2010 2020 2050 PERLIS 306 299 281 KEDAH 2922 2976 2876 PULAU PINANG 765 829 894
- 8. Demand from Sectors 8 TOTAL WATER DEMAND IN ALL SECTORS 2010 2020 2050 PERLIS 306 299 281 KEDAH 2922 2976 2876 PULAU PINANG 765 829 894 KELANTAN 1632 1619 1604 TERENGGANU 884 975 1026 PERAK 1949 1923 1811 SELANGOR 2238 2491 2922 PAHANG 726 946 959 NEGERI SEMBILAN 340 361 374 MELAKA 323 366 439 JOHOR 715 881 1301 SABAH 912 1356 1469 SARAWAK 1054 2162 2247 WP LABUAN 18 24 29 TOTAL M’SIA 14785 17205 18233 DOMESTIC (BCM) 2010 2020 2050 10.58 12.57 15.98 8.27 9.11 7.21 1.18 1.12 1.18 0.13 0.18 0.58 1.29 1.59 1.29 IRRIGATED PADDY (BCM) IRRIGATED NON- PADDY (BCM) LIVESTOCK (BCM) FISHERIES (BCM) ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND OF VARIOUS SECTORS SECTOR 2010 2050 2020 14785 MCM 17205 MCM 18233 MCM BUDGET TOTAL WATER DEMAND ALL SECTORS
- 9. 9 RIVERS are the main source of WATER - 97 % of water supply for Domestic, Industrial and Agriculture Water resources : Rivers, water bodies & ground water Waterbodies : Aquifer, lake, pond, wetlands, estuary, coastal water and other water bodies, natural or artificial and the resource therein
- 10. What are the Challenges Facing the Water Agenda? 10 1. Sustaining Biodiversity •Ecosystem Preservation •Ecological Functions •Habitat Destruction 2. Water Stress •Urbanization •Industralization •Population Growth •Water Quantity & Quality 3. Climate Change •Sea Level Rise •Flood and Drought •Extreme Weather •Climate Change Adaptations 4. Green Technology •Green Growth •Sustainability •Renewable Energy •Technological Investment 5. Environment •Water Demand •Pollution Management •Risks and Hazards •IWRM 6. NKEA •Water Resource •Economic Generator •Societal Development •Investments
- 11. 11 Water Supply Issues: •Infinite becomes a finite resource – spatially and temporally •Rapid urbanization and population growth •Inadequate infrastructure and escalating cost •High non-revenue water (NRW) •Low water pricing •Water pollution •Climate change – uncertainty and irreversibility
- 12. 12 WATER TARIFF IN SELANGOR USAGE PRICE/m3 MIN.PAYMENT (RM) (RM) Domestic Usage 0-20 m³ 0.57 6 21-35 m³ 1.03 35 m³ and above 2 Commercial (Inclusive of Public Swimming Pool) 35 m³ 2.07 36 35 m³ and above 2.28 Govt. Dept. 1.61 17 Religious Places 0.46 6 Ship 4.23 Charitable Org. 0.58 6 * Condos/Apart. 1.38 173 * Low Cost Flats/ Apart. 0.8 35 * Army Camps/ Estates/ 1 12 Govt. Quarters SEWERAGE CHARGES IN MALAYSIA Band Annual Value Basic Charge (RM) (RM) Connected Septic Tank 1 0 - 2,000 8 7 2 2,001 - 5,000 14 8 3 5,001 - 10,000 20 14 4 10,001 - 20,000 26 19 5 20,001 - 30,000 29 21 6 30,001 - 40,000 32 23 7 40,001 - 50,000 35 25 8 50,001 - 60,000 38 27 9 60,001 - 70,000 41 29 10 70,001 - 80,000 44 31 Monthly Excess Charge Water Usage Excess Charge < 100 m3 < 200 m3 30 sen /m3 > 200 m3 45 sen/m3
- 13. 13 WATER PRICING IN SINGAPORE For comparison sake : usage of 10m3 of water Usage Price/m3 S$ Water Tariff 0-40m3 1.17 >40m3 1.4 Water Conservation Tax 30% Sanitary Appliance Fee 3.00/fitting Waterborne fee 0.28 USAGE MALAYSIA SINGAPORE PRICE/m3 S$ (RM) Domestic Usage 0-20 m³ 5.7 10.2 Water Conservation Tax - 3.05 Waterborne fee /Sewerage 8 2.8 charges Sanitary Fee /others 0 9 Total/month 13.7 25.05
- 14. 14 State Population (‘000) 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Perlis 246 291 319 343 361 Kedah 2,043 2,440 2,695 2,906 3,065 Pulau Pinang 1,609 1,841 1,958 2,064 2,133 Perak 2,441 2,810 3,004 3,177 3,294 Selangor & Kuala Lumpur 6,970 7,951 8,443 8,896 9,195 Negeri Sembilan 1,032 1,190 1,274 1,348 1,399 Melaka 785 925 1,008 1,078 1,129 Johor 3,458 4,117 4,533 4,879 5,140 Pahang 1,573 1,867 2,050 2,203 2,317 Terengganu 1,149 1,445 1,672 1,854 2,006 Kelantan 1,677 2,104 2,427 2,686 2,901 Peninsular Malaysia 22,983 26,981 29,383 31,434 32,940 Sarawak 2,660 3,127 3,505 3,839 4,117 Sabah 3,267 3,874 4,400 4,719 4,958 Labuan 88 101 110 115 118 East Malaysia 6,015 7,102 8,015 8,673 9,193 Malaysia 28,998 34,083 37,398 40,107 42,133 Malaysia: Population Projections
- 15. 15
- 16. 16 Water Demand Scenario Total Water Availability versus Consumptive Water Demand in Malaysia
- 17. 17 Urban - Impact on surface runoff Figure: Typical pathways for forest rainfall. A portion of precipitation never reaches the ground because it is intercepted by vegetation and other surfaces. Figure: Relationship between impervious cover and surface runoff. Impervious cover in a watershed results in increased surface runoff. As little as 10 percent impervious cover in a watershed can result in stream degradation.
- 18. 18 WATER SHORTAGES & DROUGHT
- 19. 19 Sustaining Water Resources – Pollutants of Concern Point Source Pollution Non-Point Source Pollution Emerging Pollutants
- 21. 21 Water Pollution Status of Rivers in Malaysia (2005 – 2012)
- 22. 22 Pollution Management Issues • Manage point, non-point pollution and emerging pollutants of concern. • Carrying capacity of each river system and the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) it can assimilate without harming the environment. • Address trans-boundary water pollution issues. • Improved water quality monitoring network. • Re-look at current water quality standards. • Legislative, institutional, policy and funding needs.
- 23. 23 Water and Ecological Sustainability Issues Environmental Flow: quantity, timing, and quality of water flows required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems, and human livelihoods that depend on these ecosystems. Why is it important? •Increasing water abstraction from rivers results in less downstream flow. •Dam construction changes river condition. •Obstruction to movement •Sensitive flora and fauna species depend on certain water habitat conditions to survive. •Flushing of silt and pollutants from river system. •Downstream communities depend on river. •Trans-boundary issues.
- 24. 24 Water and Ecological Sustainability Issues Payment for Environmental Services: Market-based tools to enable financial incentives to be allocated by beneficiaries of ecosystem services to compensate individuals or organisations, conserving the natural resources.
- 25. 25 Water and Ecological Sustainability Blue water footprint: volume of surface water and ground water consumed during production processes (i.e. evaporated or incorporated into the product) Green water footprint: volume of rainwater consumed (i.e. evaporated or incorporated into the product) Grey water footprint: volume of freshwater that is required to assimilate the load of pollutants and calculated as the volume of water that is required to maintain the water quality according to agreed water quality standards. Source: Virtualwater.EU Source: Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., Aldaya, M.M. and Mekonnen, M.M. (2011) The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard, Earthscan, London, UK.
- 28. 28 Integrated Urban Water Resource Management Issues
- 30. 30 Towards a Green Technological Moving towards a green economy – Are we ready?
- 31. 31 Conclusion : Water Resources Management is everybody business - Its also our role 1) Self realisation - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle 2) Stewardship – take charge through 3 simple steps (action, advise, despise) 3) Advocacy – Tahu (Know), Sedar (Aware), Faham (understand) 4) Avoid eternalizing cost to every action and process including to our supplier
- 32. 32 for your attention THANK YOU