Lecture1
- 1. Introduction to Microcontrollers BMCTM 1
- 2. History of Microprocessors • 1950s - The beginning of the digital era and electronic computing • 1969 – Intel is a small startup company in Santa Clara with 12 employees – Fairchild, Motorola are large semiconductor companies; HP and Busicom make calculators • 1971 – Intel makes first microprocessor the 4-bit 4004 series for Busicom calculators • 1972 – Intel makes the 8008 series, an 8-bit microprocessor, – ATARI is a startup company – Creates a gaming console and releases PONG 2
- 3. History of Microprocessors • 1974 – the first real useful 8-bit microprocessor is released by Intel – the 8080 – Motorola introduces the 6800 series – Zilog has the Z80 • 1975 – GM and Ford begin to put microcontrollers in cars – Many cars today have over 100 microcontrollers – TI gets into the microprocessor business with calculators and digital watches • 1977 – Apple II is released using MOS 6502 (similar to motorola 6800). Apple II dominated from 1977 to 1983 • 1978 – Intel introduces the first 16-bit processor, the 8086 – Motorola follows with the 68000 which is ultimately used in the first Apple Macintosh 3
- 4. History of Microprocessors • 1981 – IBM enters the PC making market and uses the Intel 8088 – proliferation of the home computer • 1982-1985 – Intel introduces the 32-bit 80286 and 80386 • 1989 – 80486 is being used in PC’s, able to run Microsoft Windows • 1992 – Apple, IBM and Motorola begin to make PowerMac and PowerPC’s using Motorola chips • 1993 – Pentium chip is released • The rest is history 4
- 5. Discussion • What are some components of a computer? • What is a Microprocessor? • A Microcontroller? • An Embedded System? 5
- 6. Components of a Computer • Central Processing Unit – Interprets and carries out all the instructions contained in software • Memory – Used to store instructions and data – Random Access Memory (RAM) – Read Only Memory (ROM) • Input/Output – Used to communicate with the outside world 6
- 7. Microprocessor • A single chip that contains a whole CPU – Has the ability to fetch and execute instructions stored in memory – Has the ability to access external memory, external I/O and other peripherals • Examples: – Intel P4 or AMD Athlon in desktops/notebooks – ARM processor in Apple iPod 7
- 8. Microcontroller • Essentially a microprocessor with on-chip memories and I/O devices • Designed for specific functions • All in one solution - Reduction in chip count – Reduced cost, power, physical size, etc. • Examples – MC68332, MC68HC11, PPC555 • More details of components later – A/D converters, temperature sensors, communications, timing circuits, many others 8
- 9. Embedded System • Special purpose computer system usually completely inside the device it controls • Has specific requirements and performs pre-defined tasks • Cost reduction compared to general purpose processor • Different design criteria – Performance – Reliability – Availability – Safety 9
- 10. Why Study Microcontroller The course may serve several purposes: – Build useful applications – Practice programming and debugging skills – Understand the inside of computer It paves the way to learning computer design, operating systems, compilers, embedded systems, security and other topics. – Microcontrollers have everything in a typical computer: CPU, memory and I/O. 10