Lecture4 blood
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Blood functions to convey nutrients and remove waste, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, regulate temperature, and maintain acid-base balance. It consists of cells suspended in plasma. The main cells are red blood cells which transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, platelets which promote clotting, and white blood cells which fight infection. Stem cells in bone marrow differentiate through progenitor and precursor stages to produce the mature blood cell types.
Lecture4 blood
- 1. Functions of blood: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Conveying nutrients Eliminating waste products Carring oxygen and carbon dioxide Regulating body temperature Maintaining acid-base balance
- 2. BLOOD = CELLS + PLASMA Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets
- 6. Plasma proteins Albumins Globulins Fibrinogen
- 10. Red blood cells – erythrocytes: M: 5 million/mm3 F: 4 million/mm3 diameter : 7.5μm biconcave – shaped disks devoid of organelles and nucleus immature forms – reticulocytes – 1% of erythrocytes lifetime – 120 days function – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- 11. Platelets: 150 000– 300 000 per 1 mm3 of blood cell fragments devoid of nucleus contain granules, mitochondria, glycogen life span –14 days function – promote blood clotting
- 13. Types of granules: Alpha granules – contain factors that facilitate platelet aggregation and coagulation of blood Delta granules - contain factors that facilitate platelet aggregation, adhesion and vasoconstriction Lambda granules – (lysosomes) – contain hydrolytic enzymes
- 15. White blood cells (leukocytes) 3 – 4 000 – 10 000 / 1 mm 1. Granulocytes – contain specific granules and nonspecific (azurophilic) granules Neutrophils – 60 % Eosinophils – 2-5 % Basophils –1% 2. Agranulocytes – contain only nonspecific (azurophilic) granules Monocytes – 3-8 % Lymphocytes – 25-35 %
- 17. IMMATURE FORM unsegmented nucleus •present when demand for neutrophils increases MATURE FORM 3 -lobed nucleus OLD FORM hipersegmented nucleus •present in normal conditions •present wnen production of neutrophils decreases
- 18. Neutrophils: 60% of leukocytes diameter: 12 – 15μm segmented nucleus 2 types of granules: specyfic granules – lysozyme, lactoferrin, collagenase azurophilic granules function – phagocytosis, killing microorganisms life span – 6 hours in blood 1 – 4 days in tissue
- 21. Eosinophils: 2 – 5% of leukocytes diameter – 10 – 15μm bilobed nucleus 2 types of granules: specyfic granules – major basic protein eosinophil cationic protein eosinophilic peroxidase histaminase arylsulfatase azurophilic granules function : a) defense against parasites b) modulation of response in allergic reactions c) phagocytosis
- 23. Basophils: 1% of leukocytes diameter : 12 –15μm lobulated nucleus 2 types of granules: specyfic granules histamine heparin chemotactic factors nonspecyfic (azurophilic) granules function a) play role in hypersensivity and anaphylaxis b) regulate and modulate inflammatory responses
- 24. Monocytes: 3 –8% of leukocytes diameter: 12 –20 µm kidney–shaped nucleus belong to agranulocytes differentiate into macrophages in tissue function a) phagocytosis b) producing cytokines and activating inflammatory responses c) acting as antigen-presenting cells
- 25. Mononuclear phagocyte system: Histiocytes – connective tissue Microglia –CNS Osteoclasts –bone Kupffer cells – liver Alvealar macrophages
- 26. Lymphocytes: 25 – 35% of leukocytes diameter: 6 – 10μm spherical nucleus belong to agranulocytes function – create the immune system T lymphocytes – humoral immunity B lymphocytes – cellular immune responses
- 35. Bone marrow: Red bone marrow – active Yellow bone marrow – inactive
- 36. Red bone marrow: Stroma (reticular tissue) Sinusoidal capillaries Hemopoietic cords
- 38. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) - characteristics Great potential Ability to self – renewal Ability to migrate with a bloodstream
- 40. Hematopoietic cells Stem cell Progenitor cells Ability for self – reneval can’t be recognized morfologically Limited ability for self – reneval can’t be recognized morfologically Precursor cells No ability for self – reneval can be distinguished morfologically Mature cells
- 42. Progenitor cells – CFU ( colony forming units) Lymphoid - CFU Myeloid - CFU Granulocyte –Macrophage - CFU Eosinophil - CFU Basophil - CFU Megakaryocyte - CFU Erythroid - CFU