Lecture7 Signal and Systems
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This lecture discusses Fourier series and Fourier transforms. Fourier series represent periodic signals as a sum of sinusoids, while Fourier transforms represent both periodic and non-periodic signals as a function of frequency. Examples of calculating the Fourier series and Fourier transform of common signals like sinusoids, step functions, and exponentials are provided. Exercises are suggested to practice calculating Fourier transforms and using them to analyze the frequency content of signals.
Lecture7 Signal and Systems
- 1. Lecture 8: Fourier Series and Fourier Transform 3. Basis functions (3 lectures): Concept of basis function. Fourier series representation of time functions. Fourier transform and its properties. Examples, transform of simple time functions. Specific objectives for today: • Examples of Fourier series of periodic functions • Rational and definition of Fourier transform • Examples of Fourier transforms
- 2. Lecture 8: Resources Core material SaS, O&W, C3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2 Background material MIT Lecture 5, Lecture 8 Note that in this lecture, we’re initially looking at periodic signals which have a Fourier series representation: a discrete set of complex coefficients However, we’ll generalise this to non-periodic signals that which have a Fourier transform representation: a complex valued function Fourier series sum becomes a Fourier transform integral
- 3. Example 1: Fourier Series sin(ω0t) The fundamental period of sin(ω0t) is ω0 By inspection we can write: So a1 = 1/2j, a-1 = -1/2j and ak = 0 otherwise The magnitude and angle of the Fourier coefficients are: tj j tj j eet 00 2 1 2 1 0 )sin( ωω ω − −=
- 4. Example 1a: Fourier Series sin(ω0t) The Fourier coefficients can also be explicitly evaluated When k = +1 or –1, the integrals evaluate to T and –T, respectively. Otherwise the coefficients are zero. Therefore a1 = 1/2j, a-1 = -1/2j 011)cos()sin( 0 0 0 /2 00 /2 0 020 =−=−== ∫ ωπ ωπ π ω ωω tdtta ( ) ( ) ∫ ∫ ∫∫ +−−− −− −−− −= −= −== 0 000 0 0000 0 0000 0 00 /2 0 )1()1( 4 /2 0 2 1 2 1 2 /2 0 2 1 2 1 2 /2 0 02 )sin( ωπ ωω π ω ωπ ωωω π ω ωπ ωωω π ω ωπ ω π ω ω dtee dteee dteeedteta tkjtkj j tjktj j tj j tjktj j tj j tjk k
- 5. Example 2: Additive Sinusoids Consider the additive sinusoidal series which has a fundamental frequency ω0: Again, the signal can be directly written as: The Fourier series coefficients can then be visualised as: ( )4000 2coscos2sin1)( π ωωω ++++= ttttx tjjtjjtj j tj j tjtjtjtjtjtj j eeeeee eeeeeetx 040400 40400000 2 2 12 2 1 2 1 2 1 )2()2( 2 1 2 1 )1()1(1 )()()(1)( ωωωω ωωωωωω ππ ππ −−− +−+−− ++−+++= ++++−+= 44 2 1 22 1 22 1 12 1 10 )1()1(1 ππ jj eaeajajaa − −− ==+=−==
- 6. Example 3: Periodic Step Signal Consider the periodic square wave, illustrated by: and is defined over one period as: Fourier coefficients: << < = 2/||0 ||1 )( 1 1 TtT Tt tx T T dta T T T 11 0 2 1 1 1 == ∫− πω ωω ω ωω ω ω ω kTk TkTk j ee Tk edtea TjkTjk T T tjk Tjk T T tjk Tk /)sin( /)sin(2 2 2 10 010 0 11 1010 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 = = − = −== − − − − − ∫ NB, these coefficients are real
- 7. Example 3a: Periodic Step Signal Instead of plotting both the magnitude and the angle of the complex coefficients, we only need to plot the value of the coefficients. Note we have an infinite series of non-zero coefficients T=4T1 T=8T1 T=16T1
- 8. Convergence of Fourier Series Not every periodic signal can be represented as an infinite Fourier series, however just about all interesting signals can be (note that the step signal is discontinuous) The Dirichlet conditions are necessary and sufficient conditions on the signal. Condition 1. Over any period, x(t) must be absolutely integrable Condition 2. In any finite interval, x(t) is of bounded variation; that is there is no more than a finite number of maxima and minima during any single period of the signal Condition 3. In any finite interval of time, there are only a finite number of discontinuities. Further, each of these discontinuities are finite. ∫ ∞< T dttx )(
- 9. Fourier Series to Fourier Transform For periodic signals, we can represent them as linear combinations of harmonically related complex exponentials To extend this to non-periodic signals, we need to consider aperiodic signals as periodic signals with infinite period. As the period becomes infinite, the corresponding frequency components form a continuum and the Fourier series sum becomes an integral (like the derivation of CT convolution) Instead of looking at the coefficients a harmonically – related Fourier series, we’ll now look at the Fourier transform which is a complex valued function in the frequency domain
- 10. Definition of the Fourier Transform We will be referring to functions of time and their Fourier transforms. A signal x(t) and its Fourier transform X(jω) are related by the Fourier transform synthesis and analysis equations and We will refer to x(t) and X(jω) as a Fourier transform pair with the notation As previously mentioned, the transform function X() can roughly be thought of as a continuum of the previous coefficients A similar set of Dirichlet convergence conditions exist for the Fourier transform, as for the Fourier series (T=(- ∞,∞)) )}({)()( 1 2 1 ωωω ω π jXFdejXtx tj − ∞ ∞− == ∫ )}({)()( txFdtetxjX tj == ∫ ∞ ∞− − ω ω )()( ωjXtx F ↔
- 11. Example 1: Decaying Exponential Consider the (non-periodic) signal Then the Fourier transform is: 0)()( >= − atuetx at )( 1 )( 1 )()( 0 )( 0 )( ω ω ω ω ωω ja e ja dtedtetuejX tja tjatjat + = +− = == ∞ +− ∞ +− ∞ ∞− −− ∫∫ a = 1
- 12. Example 2: Single Rectangular Pulse Consider the non-periodic rectangular pulse at zero The Fourier transform is: ≥ < = 1 1 ||0 ||1 )( Tt Tt tx ω ω ω ω ω ωω )sin(2 1 )()( 1 1 1 1 1 T e j dtedtetxjX T T tj T T tjtj = − = == − − − − ∞ ∞− − ∫∫ Note, the values are real T1 = 1
- 13. Example 3: Impulse Signal The Fourier transform of the impulse signal can be calculated as follows: Therefore, the Fourier transform of the impulse function has a constant contribution for all frequencies 1)()( )()( == = ∫ ∞ ∞− − dtetjX ttx tjω δω δ ω X(jω)
- 14. Example 4: Periodic Signals A periodic signal violates condition 1 of the Dirichlet conditions for the Fourier transform to exist However, lets consider a Fourier transform which is a single impulse of area 2π at a particular (harmonic) frequency ω=ω0. The corresponding signal can be obtained by: which is a (complex) sinusoidal signal of frequency ω0. More generally, when Then the corresponding (periodic) signal is The Fourier transform of a periodic signal is a train of impulses at the harmonic frequencies with amplitude 2πak tjtj edetx 0 )(2)( 02 1 ωω π ωωωπδ =−= ∫ ∞ ∞− )(2)( 0ωωπδω −=jX ∑ ∞ −∞= −= k k kajX )(2)( 0ωωδπω ∑ ∞ −∞= = k tjk keatx 0 )( ω
- 15. Lecture 8: Summary Fourier series and Fourier transform is used to represent periodic and non-periodic signals in the frequency domain, respectively. Looking at signals in the Fourier domain allows us to understand the frequency response of a system and also to design systems with a particular frequency response, such as filtering out high frequency signals. You’ll need to complete the exercises to work out how to calculate the Fourier transform (and its inverse) and evaluate the frequency content of a signal ∫ ∫ ∞ ∞− − − = = dtetxjX dtetxa tj T tjk Tk ω ω ω )()( )( 01
- 16. Lecture 8: Exercises Theory SaS, O&W, Q4.1-4.4, 4.21 Matlab To use the CT Fourier transform, you need to have the symbolic toolbox for Matlab installed. If this is so, try typing: >> syms t; >> fourier(cos(t)) >> fourier(cos(2*t)) >> fourier(sin(t)) >> fourier(exp(-t^2)) Note also that the ifourier() function exists so… >> ifourier(fourier(cos(t)))