Lesson 3 challenges to identity and sovereignty
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Here are some key reasons for increasing migration in the 21st century: - Population growth and demographic changes have resulted in more people on the move. While populations in developed nations are aging, developing regions continue to experience high birth rates, creating migratory pressures. - Economic and wage disparities drive many to seek better living standards and job opportunities abroad. As globalization increases economic interdependence, these disparities incentivize more movement across borders. - Political instability and conflict displace greater numbers of refugees and asylum seekers. Issues like war, violence, and lack of rights force people to flee their home nations in search of stability elsewhere. - Environmental changes like natural disasters linked to climate change make some regions less habitable
Lesson 3 challenges to identity and sovereignty
- 1. Challenges to Identity and Sovereignty
- 2. People Move Because: Social Economic Political Environmental To be with family Job/ lack of Persecution Natural Disasters e.g. Retirement Wages War/ Conflict Floods Droughts Tropical storms Health Income differences Asylum seeking Q of L Prospects Education How can we control these movements of people globally.
- 3. Starter • Explain why do different countries have different policies towards migration?
- 4. Learning Objectives: • Not only is population growing but so is migration • Consider the reasons why there is growing international migration • Assess the impacts of the Schengen Agreement on Europe • Consider UKs policy towards migration • Assess the impacts and challenges this has for identity and Sovereignty
- 5. Growth • Global Population growth since 1950 has almost tripled • In developed countries we are seeing an ageing population with low birth rates • Whilst developing countries are seeing the impacts of late 20th century population growth
- 6. Change • 1950 – 32% of people lived in developed countries and 7% in Sub Saharan Africa • 2015 – 17% were in developed countries and 14% in Sub- Saharan Africa
- 7. Economic Theory • Maximum efficiency comes from deregulated markets and open borders • Since developed countries have an ageing population to maintain growth it makes sense to accept young migrants in to meet the skill requirements • They also add to the cultural heterogeneity of a country
- 8. Costs • Increased traffic congestion • Pop’n density • Higher taxes for services such as housing, healthcare • Stagnation of wages • Non adoption of host culture • Shared groups have shared loyalties posing challenges for national identity and sovereignty
- 9. Internal Movement • Many people within countries move • 35% of jobs in London require degrees and so many students gravitate to London for work in their early 20s • This encourages the economic dynamism of the capital at the expense of other cities. • Supranational groups like the EU encourage migration between member countries and this again benefits people who need skills gaps closing. What are the pros and cons of allowing free movement of people within countries
- 10. Case Study: EU and Schengen Agreement • 2004 – 8 new members states joined the EU (Czech Republic/ Estonia/ Hungary/ Latvia/ Lithuania/ Poland/ Slovenia/ Slovakia (These are known as the A8 or Accession 8 Countries • EU has open border policy for trade and people within boundaries • EU migrants account for 35% of migrant stock in EU • EU countries with the most are: – Germany 3.7 mill – Spain 2.5 mill – France 2.4 mill – UK 2.2 mil
- 11. Figures: • Romania – 2.3 mill • Poland 1.9 mill • Italy 1.7mill • Germany 1.5 mill • UK 1.4 mill Countries that account this movement • Spain • Ireland • France • Germany Most of the British expatriates live in • Poland • Ireland • Germany • France The most migrants in the UK were from:
- 12. How does this affect a countries identity?
- 13. Consequences • Change to ethnic and cultural composition of the country • In 2011 only a quarter of the foreign born pop’n in UK had lived there for more than 30 yrs. • Success of assimilation varies and can depend on ethnicity • 89% of migrants could speak English proficiently but this differed depending on nationality such as Bangladesh (This varied little in terms of residency time) • The lowest level was found amongst the Chinese with only 62%
- 14. • For those living in the UK for more than 30 years • 77% felt they had a UK nationality (10% for recent arrivals) • Migration laws differ and marriage to work is incentivised around the EU scheme • In Norway cousin marriages are higher than in Pakistan itself
- 15. Contrasting Response • In a poll of the UK in 2015 Migration was considered one of the most important issues the country faces • This was a lived experience response • 2013 a report showed that 77% of people felt that migration should be curbed • Most countries perceive migration to be higher though than it is. • Globalisation has eroded traditional power of the state and the ability to protect people from rapid change • Leading to job insecurity, inequality and loss of confidence in Govt to manage the impacts of migration
- 16. Contrasting to interesting • 72% of UK residents were in support of allowing in new Doctors and nurses • 51% supported more support workers from other countries • This dichotomy offers an interesting issue
- 17. UK Policy on The management of Migration • UK tries to balance the costs of migration with the benefits it brings and it consists of key elements: • Tough policy on asylum seekers – accepting only genuine applicants (Numbers are falling) • A point based system which favours those with skills, education and earning capacity • The worker registration Scheme (WRS) – allows some low skilled workers from E. Europe to fill low paid jobs
- 18. UK Policy on The management of Migration • Permanent residence in granted only when migrants have been resident for a number of years. • Migrants wishing to hold a UK passport must take a ‘Life in the UK Test’ • UK business visa favour those with money and ideas to encourage investment
- 19. Figures • 2005/6 – 2.75m people applied for visas in the UK (57% more than 2001/2 • Around 20% are refused often due to forged documents • Most migrants come from ex-colonial countries such as India as well as wealthy countries like US and within EU also BRICs feature highly
- 20. 2008 – The 5 Tier System for Non EU applicants • Tier 1 – Highly Skilled individuals • Tier 2 – Skilled workers with a job offer to gaps in UK workforce • Tier 3 – Limited number of low skilled workers needed for specific tasks • Tier 4 – Students • Tier 5 – Youth mobility and temporary workers allowed in for a limited period of time
- 21. Control • Countries which can’t protect their borders struggle to deal with irregular migration including – Greece – Turkey – Argentina – Venezuela • Landlocked nations that struggle to cope with influxes for a variety of reasons
- 22. Explain why migration in the 21st century is increasing both within and between countries (8)