Lesson 1a & 1b introduction to globalisation
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The document discusses several factors that have accelerated the process of globalization over time: 1. Developments in transportation and communication technologies have compressed time and space, connecting more places faster and bringing the world closer together. This includes innovations like container ships, jet aircraft, internet, mobile phones. 2. The growth of large multinational corporations that can produce and source goods from multiple countries, taking advantage of specialization and lower costs. This includes companies like Ford establishing factories around the world. 3. Increased consumer demand globally for similar products and services, fueled by growing wealth and exposure to global media that spread Western cultural influences more widely. 4. Reductions in trade barriers and policies promoting
Lesson 1a & 1b introduction to globalisation
- 2. Starter • How far has the water in this bottle travelled? • What are the impacts of that journey? • Is this globalisation gone mad In 2012, official Adidas reports showed that they were operating over 1,000 overseas factories with vast majority of them located in Turkey, India, China, Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia. Where are North Face jackets made? The parent company of The North Face, VF Corporation, owns over 30 manufacturing facilities in countries including China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, and many more.
- 3. FIJI WATER • The firm claims to be the “the first major beverage brand to give a carbon negative commitment”, meaning that buying its product is actually good for the planet. • However, the firm takes fresh water from the island of Viti Levu (part of Fiji) and ships it thousands of miles to the UK. • Any ideas how they could claim to be carbon negative when the water has to take this epic journey?
- 4. How? • The firm planned to plant four square miles of trees per year to offset the footprint of its cargo, however they have planted less than half of that number so far - with no indication of when the rest might be planted.
- 5. Some Positives and Negatives Perceived Positives • Hyper-globalisers applaud the fact that millions of people have escaped dollar-a-day poverty since the 1970s. • They celebrate the ways cultures are mixing and, at the local scale, often becoming more diverse. Perceived Negatives • A world in which people have greater freedom to migrate across political borders – as it the case for European Union members – is not to everyone’s taste. • There are fears too that Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are responsible for a growing trend towards cultural homogeneity (uniformity) on a global scale. • As a result, many people are sceptical about the merits of globalisation.
- 6. What are your pros and cons of Globalisation?
- 7. Globalisation is a long-standing Process • It is the latest chapter in a long story about how people and places have been connected on our planet. • Globalisation is not a new concept • Past examples include: • Trade • Colonialism Columbus and his men traded bells, tin whistles and other trinkets with the native people when they arrived in the Americas, in return for large amounts of more valuable produce such as vanilla pods and tobacco The East India Company ran from 1600 – 1874 trading around the world
- 8. Examples of Old Globalisation • The Silk Road Dates from the beginning of the Han dynasty in China (207 BCE–220 CE) • The Spice Trade • Dates back to the medieval periods
- 9. Definitions of Globalisation • There is no accepted definition of globalisation • ‘The growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services, freer international capital flows, and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology’ (IMF). • What are the key elements of this definition • ‘The growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services, freer international capital flows, and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology’ Create your own definition for the meaning of globalisation. A good definition of globalisation for geography would take into account the fact that it is a multi-strand process incorporating social, economic, cultural, political and environmental aspects.
- 10. Globalisation comes in different forms • Political • Economic • Cultural • Social • Draw a table and try to come up with examples for each one • E.G. Social globalisation - migration
- 11. Length, Depth and Speed of Global Connection • Lengthening of connections – between people and places with products sourced from further away such as UK to Fiji • Deepening of connections – between people and places which now penetrates all aspects of our lives. Consider the food you eat: • Write down your 3 favourite foods • Faster Speed of connections – with people able to talk to one another in real time, using technologies such as skype or travel quickly between countries using jet aircraft • Think of the furthest place you have been and how long it took to get there
- 12. Economic Growth of TNCs and cross border exchanges of goods and services ICT growth allows for more spatial divisions of labour and increased global business Internet allows for growth of online business like Amazon Social International Migration has created family networks across borders multi-ethnic cities Global Improvements in Education and Healthcare – increased life expectancy and literacy rates (Though this isn’t uniform) Social Interconnectivity – growth in use of mobile technology, internet and email Political Growth of trade blocs like EU and ASEAN allows TNCs to merge and buy companies in neighbouring countries with reduced tariffs and helps markets to grow Global concerns such as free trade and credit crunch as well as global responses to Natural disasters such as Boxing Day tsunami Word Bank, IMF and WTO work to harmonise national economies Cultural •Successful western cultural traits have come to dominate such as Americanisation •Globalisation has mixed and merged cultures to create global influences •Circulation of ideas and information has accelerated with social media and 24 hr news channels Types of Globalisation
- 13. Given the definitions we have seen, consider the length, depth and speed of the connection that the following people have with the rest of the world… These women live on a floating island made of reeds on Lake Titicaca in Peru. They adhere mostly to the traditional lifestyle of their ancestors, but they allow visits from tourists who take their photographs and buy their crafts. This couple own a farm in Arizona. Terry is American and Ramona is Mexican. They work hard, running their business and neither have ever needed a passport because they do not have time for holidays. Michal is Polish and sang Poland’s entry for the Eurovision song contest in 2016. He lives the life of a modern hippy – travelling around with his guitar and sharing his music and zest for life with the world.
- 14. Flows • Consider the importance of the following flows between countries • Commodities • Capital • Migrants • Tourists • Information • Can you give any specific examples of these?
- 15. Remittance flows - Skills • Draw a table to show the source region, host country and value for each remittance flow.
- 16. Flows of People • Have a go • This complex flow diagram shows global migration flows • Try to work out • Which people migrate to North America • Which people migrant to southern Europe • Where do most S. Asia people do?
- 17. • Write down: • The reasons you feel globalisation is good • The reasons you feel globalisation is bad
- 18. Compare Facebook connectivity in Africa with that in Europe. (3) Explain some of the factors that may contribute to the different levels of connectivity between areas (4)
- 19. The Development of Globalisation
- 20. How globalisation works • Imagine a British tourist, wearing a t-shirt made in Guatemala, scrolling through the menu list on her American-designed smartphone (which was made in China). She selects the music of a Canadian singer, sends photos home to the UK, while relaxing in a hardwood chair imported from Bali. Her meal arrives – its an Indian dish, served on the veranda of a Cuban hotel, managed by a Spanish leisure chain. • Now write a short paragraph of your own, like this one, including as many global examples as possible. • Aim for 8+ examples.
- 21. So lets look at this more deeply • Identify the factors accelerating globalisation. • Understand the role of communications and transport in time-space compression.
- 22. Definitions quiz • At GCSE and in life there are words you may or may not have done but have a go at defining these: 1. World Bank 2. containerisation 3. flow 4. outsourcing 5. tariff 6. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) 7. economic liberalisation 8. interdependence
- 23. Answers World Bank • An international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects. containerisation • The development of standardised metal containers for cargo, which can be transferred between train, lorry and ship carriers. flow • The movement people, money, resources, goods and services, etc. between places. outsourcing • TNCs contract another country to produce goods and services they need rather than do it themselves. tariff • The taxes that are paid when importing or exporting goods and services between countries. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) • A financial injection made by a TNC into a nation’s economy, either to build new facilities (factories or shops) or to acquire, or merge with, an existing firm already based there. economic liberalisation • The lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy with the goal of expanding the role of private and foreign investment. Interdependence • If two places become over reliant on financial/political connections with one another, they have become interdependent. Give yourself 1 mark for getting the idea of it right or 2 marks for getting it right
- 24. Transport and Trade in the 19th and 20th Centuries • Developments in transport and trade went hand-in-hand during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. • While transport improvements have allowed the value of trade to increase, it is also the case that major trading powers such at the USA, seek to maintain their competitive edge through continued transport innovation. This feedback loop is the result. A feedback loop is when the output (Transport)of a system are routed back as inputs (trade) as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop. The system can then be said to feed back into itself.
- 25. Transport Innovations • As transport developments occur, TNCs prosper too. In the 1900s, large manufacturing companies, such as Ford and General Motors, were able to export products more widely. • Over time, increased connectivity between countries allowed multiple sites of production to be established, both to reduce transport costs and to take advantage of cheap sites of production where wages were lower. • Can you think of examples of these?
- 26. What are the benefits of Ford having multiple production plants?
- 27. Why do you think that the world is ‘shrinking’?
- 28. Time-Space Compression – ‘It’s a small world’ • Heightened connectivity has changed our concept of time, as distance and potential barriers to the migration of people, goods, money and information have changed • This perpetual change is called time- space compression. • As travel times fall due to new inventions, different places approach each other in ‘space-time’: they begin to feel closer together than in the past. This is also called the shrinking world. • It was took three weeks to get from London to New York, this now can take less than 8 hours
- 29. This brilliant isochrone world map created by Rome2Rio shows how long it takes to get from London to anywhere in the world in 2016.
- 30. • It was based on a 1914 map by cartographer and geographer John George Bartholomew. The most noticeable difference is how much less time it takes to get anywhere in 2016 vs 1914. • In 1914, the quickest journeys could be completed within 5 days, whereas in 2016 the slowest journeys take just over 1.5 days.
- 31. How do we communicate? How has this sped up in recent years?
- 32. So what else has accelerated Globalisation? • Surely not just an increase in telecommunications
- 33. Main reasons for an acceleration in Globalisation TNC’s Shifting production to LEDC’s creating global connections and networks Communications Internet, telecommunications improvements have reduced communication costs. Consumers Global consumers have increased demand over the world for different products and services The Media Helped to connect the world and increase ‘similar’ thinking about what people ‘should’ want. Transport Increase in containerisation , cheap air fares have revolutionised transport What are the main reasons you can think of for an increase in globalisation? Can you explain these reasons?
- 34. To Finish • What do you think is meant by the term containerisation • Why do you feel that in todays world containers are used • How do you feel they have accelerated globalisation
- 35. In a Nutshell • Globalisation involves widening and deepening global connections, interdependence and flows (commodities, capital, information, migrants and tourists). • Developments in transport and trade in the 19th century (railways, telegraph, steam-ships) accelerated in the 20th century (jet aircraft, containerisation), contributing to a ‘shrinking world’. • The 21st century has been dominated by rapid development in ICT and mobile communication (mobile phones, internet, social networking, electronic banking, fibre optics), lowering communication costs and contributing to time-space compression.
- 36. Assess the main factors that have accelerated globalisation (12)