Globalisation and reverse flow
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Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of economies and societies around the world through trade, communications, and cultural exchange. It has increased significantly due to factors like colonialism, improved transportation and communication technologies, the growth of multinational corporations, and trade agreements that reduce barriers. The effects of globalization include changing food supplies to be available worldwide year-round, outsourcing of manufacturing to lower costs countries, less job security in developed nations, and impacts on local cultures and environments from corporate expansion. While globalization allows goods and ideas to spread rapidly, it has also faced increasing protests over its negative impacts.
Globalisation and reverse flow
- 2. Globalisation • There was a time when most regions were economically self- sufficient. Locally produced foods, fuels and raw materials were generally processed for local consumption. Trade between different regions was quite limited. • Today, the economies of most countries are so interconnected that they form part of a single, interdependent global economy.
- 3. Types of Globalisation 1. Economic Countries that trade with many others and have few trade barriers are economically globalised. 2. Social A measure of how easily information and ideas pass between people in their own country and between different countries (includes access to internet and social media networks). 3.Political The amount of political co-operation there is between countries.
- 4. Causes of Globalisation 1. Colonialism • The “discovery” of all land areas and populations by Western explorers, and their forcible colonisation for the purposes of power and wealth.
- 5. Causes of Globalisation: 2. Trade and Free Trade Agreements • Trade became one of the major drivers of the Industrial Revolution, with a steady flow of raw materials from colonies in exchange for manufactured products • MNCs and rich capitalist countries have always promoted global free trade as a way of increasing their own wealth and influence. • International organisations such as the World Trade Organisation and the IMF also promote free trade.
- 6. Causes of Globalisation 3. Improved Transport • The development of refrigerated and container transport, bulk shipping and improved air transport has allowed the easy mass movement of goods throughout the world. This assists globalisation.
- 7. Causes of Globalisation: 4. Improved Communications • The development of satellite TV channels such as Sky and CNN have also provided worldwide marketing avenues for the concept and products of globalisation. • The development of communication technologies such as internet, email and mobile phones have been vital to the growth of globalisation because they help MNCs to operate throughout the world.
- 8. Causes of Globalisation: 5. Global Banking • Modern communication technologies allow vast amounts of capital to flow freely and instantly throughout the world. • The equivalent of up to $US1.3 trillion is traded each day through international stock exchanges in cities such as New York, London and Tokyo.
- 9. Causes of Globalisation: 6. The Growth of MNCs • The rapid growth of big MNCs such as Microsoft, McDonalds and Nike is a cause as well as a consequence of globalisation. • The investment of MNCs in farms, mines and factories across the world is a major part of globalisation. • Globalisation allows MNCs to produce goods and services and to sell products on a massive scale throughout the world.
- 10. The Effects of Globalisation: 1. Changed Food Supply • Food supply is no longer tied to the seasons. We can buy food anywhere in the world at any time of the year.
- 11. The Effects of Globalisation: 2. Division of Labour • Because MNCs search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components, production processes may be moved from developed to developing countries where costs are lower.
- 12. The Effects of Globalisation: 3. Less Job Security • In the global economy jobs are becoming more temporary and insecure. • A survey of American workers showed that people now hold 7 to 10 jobs over their working life.
- 13. The Effects of Globalisation: 4. Damage to the Environment • More trade means more transport which uses more fossil fuels and causes pollution. • Climate change is a serious threat to our future.
- 14. The Effects of Globalisation: 5. Cultural Impact • Websites such as YouTube connect people across the planet. As the world becomes more unified, diverse cultures are being ignored. MNCs can create a monoculture as they remove local competition and thereby force local firms to close. • This is often known as “cultural imperialism”, whereby the West retains control of colonies it has “freed” by flooding them with western values through the media Replacing
- 15. The Effects of Globalisation 6. Increase in anti-Globalisation Protests • There is a growing awareness of the negative impacts of globalisation. People have begun to realise that globalisation can be challenged by communities supporting each other in business and society and through public protest and political lobbying.
- 16. The Effects of Globalisation 7. Reverse Flow theory • There is also a growing recognition that globalisation is not just a one-way process. With improved global communications as well as increasing immigration and population movement, it is clear that the influence of other cultures is beginning to be felt back in the West. • For instance, look at the growing interest in Indian culture (food, yoga) and Chinese culture (martial arts, Bhuddism) • How far are these genuinely changing the West, or simply being assimilated into a broader definition of western culture?