Lesson9

This document provides an overview of modeling approaches for seismic design and assessment of masonry structures, including: - Vertical structures can be modeled as cantilever walls, equivalent frames with varying degrees of coupling between floors/piers. - Equivalent frame models are more realistic and require defining floor/spandrel stiffness. Rigid offsets can limit horizontal deformation. - Refined 2D/3D finite element models may be needed for complex geometries or nonlinear analysis, but are not usually practical. - Linear static analysis uses equivalent static loads distributed by storey based on vibration mode. Nonlinear static pushover analyzes failure by increasing loads until a mechanism forms.