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Scientists used over 1 million home computers linked together to test potential drug compounds for treating anthrax. They were able to test 3.5 billion molecules in just 24 days, far more than any pharmaceutical company could test alone. The researchers identified 12,000 potential drug candidates, including antitoxins that could counter the lethal effects of the anthrax bacteria. This worldwide distributed computing project showed that harnessing vast computing resources in this way could lead to medical breakthroughs much faster than traditional methods.
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- 1. ARTICLE © 2002 REUTERS LIMITED. LESSON © 2002 WWW.ENGLISH-TO-GO.COM 1 Life Saving Computing Advanced Instant Lesson™ english-to-go.com Pre-Reading Activities A: Class Discussion Discuss the following questions in small groups. 1. What is anthrax? 2. In which country was anthrax discovered in 2001? 3. What form was it found in? (e.g. liquid, powder, etc.) 4. Did anybody die? 5. Is there a cure for anthrax? B: Listening In the box are some words from today's article. Below is a list of definitions for these words. Use your dictionary to look up any words you are not familiar with. Then listen as your teacher reads out the definitions and fill in the gaps. anthrax, antibiotics, symptoms, toxin, immune system, molecule, bacteria, antitoxin 1. ________ is a ________ which is ________ if not ________ immediately. 2. ________ are ________ _______ organisms that can ______ disease. 3. If you have a ________, your _____ may include a _____ and a ________ ______. 4. A ________ is a ________ produced ___ microorganisms. 5. The simplest ________ compound is a ________ - consisting of ____ or ____ ____. 6. ________ are used to destroy ________ - penicillin is an _______. 7. Your ___________ is your body's _______ _________ against disease and _______. 8. An ________ contains antibodies which can ____ or neutralize ______ produced by organisms. Reading Activities A: Scanning Read the following questions and then find the answers in the first section of today's article. 1. Where did scientists get their computing power from? 2. What are they hoping to find a cure for? 3. Who were the possible cures given to? 4. How many molecules were tested? 5. For how many days were the tests run? 6. What computing platform was used?
- 2. ARTICLE © 2002 REUTERS LIMITED. LESSON © 2002 WWW.ENGLISH-TO-GO.COM 2 WASHINGTON Friday March 8 (Reuters) - Scientistsusingthepower of more than a million home computers, all linked together and cranking along as one, have come up with thousands of possible compounds that could be developed as a cure for an- thrax, officials said on Friday. The British researchers who helped organize the project, which they said they completed with unprecedented speed, handed over two compact disks containing 300,000 potential drugs to US and British government officials. Of these, they said 12,000 looked like good candidates for a cure for anthrax infection - not an antibiotic, but an antitoxin to counter the lethal effects of the bacteria. "Thishasenabledustohaveanenormousamountofpower," Graham Richards, a chemistry professor at Britain's Oxford Section 1 Project Seeks Anthrax Cure University who helped organize the project, told a news con- ference. "In only 24 days we could test 3.5 billion molecules," said Richards, adding that he believed this would be more than any pharmaceutical company could do on its own. Using traditional methods, he said, the project would have taken years. "This is an historic first use of the Internet as a computing platform to solve a critical, real-world problem with a scope and a speed that simply could not be achieved using traditional computing methods," Ed Hubbard, Chief Executive Officer of United Devices, a Texas-based company that helped in the ef- fort, told the news conference. (Continued/...) ARTICLE © 2002 REUTERS LIMITED. LESSON © 2002 WWW.ENGLISH-TO-GO.COM Glossary: linked - joined come up with - worked out, discovered compounds - chemical mixtures unprecedented - never done before potential - possible lethal - fatal, deadly Knowing the shape of this target, scientists can look for molecules that will fit into it, like a lock and key, and block it. But screening the billions of known compounds takes a huge amount of computing power. The National Foundation for Cancer Research, a US group that funds cancer research, has had a project going since April in collaboration with Oxford, United Devices and Intel Corp. to screen potential treatments for leukemia. Like the SETI@home project, which uses home computer downtime to process radio emissions in a search for extrater- restrial life, it uses computer time donated by personal compu- ter users. When a person downloads the screensaver, found at http:// www.chem.ox.ac.uk/anthrax/, the first thing it does is dial the Austin server and ask what this particular personal computer can do. It gets its assignment and crunches numbers when the Glossary: collaboration - working together leukemia - a cancer of the blood extraterrestrial - a being from outer space; not from earth crunch numbers - to handle large amounts of data very quickly (.../Continued.) Drug would block Anthrax toxin computer is not in use. The NFCR has 1.5 million computer users in 215 coun- tries, including two in the Vatican. They will eventually screen 26 compounds for possible leukemia cures. The companies, along with Microsoft, adapted the cancer software to work for anthrax. The anthrax project, started on Jan. 22, was finished by Feb. 14. It usually takes, on average, 10 years to bring an experi- mental new drug to market, but Richards said he believed any product to emerge from this search could be used more quickly -- perhaps within two to four years. "This would be somewhat different," Richards said. "This is more likely to initiate something you would provide to pro- tect troops, or postal workers even, who are suspected of being attacked." ARTICLE © 2002 REUTERS LIMITED. LESSON © 2002 WWW.ENGLISH-TO-GO.COM B: What Do You Think? Part One: Discuss the following question with your classmates. What was the biggest advantage of linking one million computers together to test billions and billions of molecules? Part Two: This is the headline from today's article but it is missing one word: Worldwide _________ Project Seeks Anthrax Cure See if this computer riddle helps you complete the headline. Fill the gap in the headline with the word you think is missing. I am fun to make and entertaining to watch. I am a toy you can play with. Because I change and dim, I can protect from burning. I can stop prying eyes from looking while you are away. What am I??? C: Fast Reading Read through the second section of the article quickly to check if your headline was correct. You have two minutes. Section 2
- 3. ARTICLE © 2002 REUTERS LIMITED. LESSON © 2002 WWW.ENGLISH-TO-GO.COM 3 D: Reading Carefully Read through the second section of the article more slowly and complete the following sentences using words from the article. 1. Since ___________, four companies have been working together to find a cure for ____________. 2. People ___________ time on their personal ___________ when they are not being used. 3. A person's computer is given a job once a ___________ has been downloaded. 4. A server in Austin then gives the computer ____________ to crunch and examine. 5. ___________ computer users have given time to the project. 6. Software used for __________ research was altered so they could find a cure for ___________. 7. Drug companies normally expect the development and testing of new drug to take ____________. 8. Scientists hope to have a cure for anthrax in _________ to _________ years. 9. It is anticipated that the antitoxin will be used to protect people like __________ or __________ who are more likely to be attacked by anthrax. Post-Reading Activities You may do one or more of these. A: Language Look at this sentence from today's article. Knowing the shape of this target, scientists can look for molecules that will fit into it, like a lock and key, and block it. Why do scientists know which molecules to look for? Answer: Because they know the shape of the target. We can use the present participle or ing form of a verb in a clause to give information about reason, result or time. Below are a number of sentences that relate to today's article. Rewrite each sentence or combine pairs of sentences using the word(s) in brackets. You may need to change the order of the clauses. The first two have been done for you as examples. 1. Knowing the shape of this target, scientists can look for molecules that will fit into it. (because, know) Because scientists know the shape of the target, they can look for molecules to fit into it. 2. They used more than 1 million computers. Therefore, they were able to come up with results far more quickly. (using) Using more than 1 million computers, they were able to come up with results far more quickly. 3. Having so many computers working together, they have enormous power. (because, have) ____________________________________________________________________ 4. They tested 3.5 million molecules in 24 days because they had so much computing power. (having) ____________________________________________________________________ 5. The development of a new drug will take less than 10 years because they were able to use so many computers. (being able to) ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Dialing a number, my computer was given a job. (when, dialed) ____________________________________________________________________ 7. Needing more computer power, the scientists asked for help. (needed, so) ____________________________________________________________________
- 4. ARTICLE © 2002 REUTERS LIMITED. LESSON © 2002 WWW.ENGLISH-TO-GO.COM 4 B: Writing Questions If you were going to consider helping cancer or anthrax research by donating your computer time, what questions would you need answered? Work with a partner to write a list of at least 6 questions you would like to have answered. Think about computer time, computer power, cost, how the screensaver idea works and other topics you would like to know the answers to. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. When you have finished, share your questions with another pair of learners, so you can get more ideas and also help with the accuracy of each other's questions. Are they grammatically correct? Can you answer any of the questions you have just been given? C: Internet Research Below are a number of Internet sites that could answer your questions from Post-Reading Activity B. Write down as many of the answers as you can find. http://www.researchforacure.com http://www.intel.com/Cure/help.htm http://www.intel.com/Cure/how.htm http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/faq.html http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/ Teachers’ Notes and Answer Key follow on next page.
- 5. ARTICLE © 2002 REUTERS LIMITED. LESSON © 2002 WWW.ENGLISH-TO-GO.COM 5 TEACHERS' NOTES AND ANSWER KEY © 2002 English To Go Ltd. All rights reserved. News article © 2002 Reuters, used with permission. Not to be reproduced or stored in any way without the permission of English To Go Ltd. http://www.english-to-go.com English To Go and Instant Lessons are the registered trade marks of English To Go Ltd. email: editor@english-to-go.com 0200308scir Pre-Reading Activities B: Listening - Notes Read the text below to the students as many times as is needed. Read at a normal pace. B: Listening - Answers 1. Anthrax is a disease which is lethal if not treated immediately. 2. Bacteria are very small organisms that can cause disease. 3. If you have a cold, your symptoms may include a headache and a runny nose. 4. A toxin is a poison produced by microorganisms 5. The simplest chemical compound is a molecule - consisting of two or more atoms. 6. Antibiotics are used to destroy infection - penicillin is an example. 7. Your immune system is your body's natural defense against disease and infection. 8. An antitoxin contains antibodies which can kill or neutralize poison produced by organisms. B: Listening - Text to be Read Aloud to Students 1. Anthrax is a disease which is lethal if not treated immediately. 2. Bacteria are very small organisms that can cause disease. 3. If you have a cold, your symptoms may include a headache and a runny nose. 4. A toxin is a poison produced by microorganisms. 5. The simplest chemical compound is a molecule - consisting of two or more atoms. 6. Antibiotics are used to destroy infection - penicillin is an example. 7. Our immune system is your body's natural defense against disease and infection. 8. An antitoxin contains antibodies which can kill or neutralize poison produced by organisms. Reading Activities A: Scanning - Answers 1. more than a million home computers, 2. a cure for anthrax, 3. US and British government officials, 4. 3.5 billion, 5. 24 days, 6. the Internet B: What Do You Think? - Notes Part One: You may wish to have a classroom discussion about this question to make sure everyone understands that the real advantage of this project was the speed at which it was completed. Part Two: Students may need to use their dictionaries to understand some of the words in the riddle. Try not to let students look at the article while trying to guess the answer. Do not give the students the answer at this point as they will try to find the answer in the article in the next activity. B: What Do You Think? - Answers Part One: It usually takes, on average, 10 years to develop and test new drugs before they can be marketed. Scientists need to screen billions of known compounds to find the right molecules. This process takes a huge amount of computing power. The recent anthrax project took much less time because of the sheer number of computers (more than a million home computers) that were working together. Part Two: Headline: Worldwide Screensaver Project Seeks Anthrax Cure C: Fast Reading - Notes Only allow students 2 minutes to read the article. They need to find a single piece of information for which they have already been given clues, so they do not need to understand all the text. D: Reading Carefully - Answers 1. Since April, four companies have been working together to find a cure for leukemia. 2. People donate time on their personal computers when they are not being used. 3. A person's computer is given a job once a screensaver has been downloaded. 4. A server in Austin then gives the computer numbers to crunch and examine. 5. 1.5 million computer users have given time to the project. 6. Software used for cancer research was altered so they could find a cure for anthrax. 7. Drug companies normally expect the development and testing of new drug to take 10 years. 8. Scientists hope to have a cure for anthrax in 2 to 4 years. 9. It is anticipated that the antitoxin will be used to protect people like troops or postal workers who are more likely to be attacked by anthrax. Post-Reading Activities A: Language - Notes Focus students on the fact that they may need to to change the order of the clauses in the new sentences and that the subject is the same in both clauses. Therefore, when using a participle in a clause with an adverbial meaning, the subject does not need to be repeated in the other clause in the sentence. You may like to photocopy the answers below onto an OHT to make marking and correction easier. A: Language - Answers 1. Because scientists know the shape of the target, they can look for molecules to fit into it. 2. Using more than 1 million computers, they were able to come up with results far more quickly. 3. Because they have so many computers working together, they have enormous power. 4. Having so much computing power, they tested 3.5 million molecules in 24 days. 5. Being able to use so many computers, the development of a new drug will take less than 10 years. 6. When I dialed a number, my computer was given a job. 7. The scientists needed more computer power, so they asked for help. C: Internet Research - Notes If you can't take your class to a computer lab, you could print out many of the answers yourself and pin the sheets around the classroom. The first students to answer all their questions correctly could be given a prize.