Line integral,Strokes and Green Theorem
- 5. Line Integral Of Vector Field
- 7. Definition of vector: A vector is an object that has both a magnitude and a direction. Graphically:
- 8. Suppose your teacher tells you "A bag of gold is located outside the classroom. To find it, displace yourself 20 meters." This statement may provide yourself enough information to pique your interest; yet, there is not enough information included in the statement to find the bag of gold. The displacement required to find the bag of gold has not been fully described. On the other hand, suppose your teacher tells you "A bag of gold is located outside the classroom. To find it, displace yourself from the center of the classroom door 20 meters in a direction 30 degrees to the west of north." This statement now provides a complete description of the displacement vector - it lists both magnitude (20 meters) and direction (30 degrees to the west of north) relative to a reference or starting position (the center of the classroom door).
- 9. What is line Integral?
- 10. Definition of line integral: The integral, taken along a line, of any function that has a Continuously varying value along that line. A common technique in physics is to integrate a vector field along a curve, i.e. to determine its line integral.
- 12. Definition of Vector Field: A region of space under the influence of some vector quantity, such as magnetic field strength, in which the quantity takes a unique vector value at every point of the region. Example: Magnetic field is also called vector field.
- 14. Definition of line integral of Vector Field:
- 16. The line integral of a vector field plays a crucial role in vector calculus. Out of the four fundamental theorems of vector calculus, three of them involve line integrals of vector fields. The Gradiant Theorem of line integral, Green’s Theorem and Stokes' theorem relate line integrals around closed curves to double integrals or surface integrals.
- 17. The gradient theorem for line integrals relates a line integral to the values of a function at the “boundary” of the curve, i.e., its endpoints. It says that ∫C∇f⋅ds=f(q)−f(p), where p and q are the endpoints of C. In words, this means the line integral of the gradient of some function is just the difference of the function evaluated at the endpoints of the curve. In particular, this means that the integral of ∇f does not depend on the curve itself. The vector field ∇f is conservative (also called path- independent).
- 18. Often, we are not given the potential function, but just the integral in terms of a vector field F: ∫CF⋅ds. We can use the gradient theorem only when F is conservative, in which case we can find a potential function f so that ∇f=F. Then, ∫CF⋅ds=f(q)−f(p), where p and q are the endpoints of C. Even if you can't find f,but still know that F is conservative, you could use the gradient theorem for line integrals to change the line integral of F over C to the line integral of F over any other curve with the same endpoints.
- 19. Green's theorem relates a double integral over a region to a line integral over the boundary of the region. If a curve C is the boundary of some region D, i.e., C=∂D, then Green's theorem says that ∫CF⋅ds=∬D(∂F2∂x−∂F1∂y)dA, as long as F is continously differentiable everywhere inside D. The integrand of the double integral can be thought of as the “microscopic circulation” of F. Green's theorem then says that the total “microscopic circulation” in D is equal to the circulation ∫CF⋅ds around the boundary C=∂D. Thinking of Green's theorem in terms of circulation will help prevent you from erroneously attempting to use it when C is an open curve. In order for Green's theorem to work, the curve C has to be oriented properly. Outer boundaries must be counterclockwise and inner boundaries must be clockwise.
- 20. Stokes' theorem relates a line integral over a closed curve to a surface integral. If a path C is the boundary of some surface S, i.e., C=∂S, then Stokes' theorem says that ∫CF⋅ds=∬ScurlF⋅dS. The integrand of the surface integral can be thought of as the “microscopic circulation” of F. Stokes' theorem then says that the total “microscopic circulation” in S is equal to the circulation ∫CF⋅ds around the boundary C=∂S. Thinking of Stokes' theorem in terms of circulation will help prevent you from erroneously attempting to use it when C is an open curve.
- 21. In order for Stokes' theorem to work, the curve C has to be a positively oriented boundary of the surface S. To check for proper orientation, use the right hand rule. Since the line integral ∫CF⋅ds depends only on the boundary of S (remember C=∂S), the surface integral on the right hand side of Stokes' theorem must also depend only on the boundary of S. Therefore, Stokes' theorem says you can change the surface to another surface S′, as long as ∂S′=∂S. This works, of course, only when integrating the vector field curlF over a surface; it won't work for any arbitrary vector field.
- 25. ANY QUESTIONS?