Linguistic oriented theories,behaviorism and innatism
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The document summarizes three main theories of first language acquisition: behaviorism, innatism, and cognitivism. Behaviorism, proposed by Skinner, views language learning as a process of habit formation through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement. Innatism, proposed by Chomsky, posits that children are born with an innate language acquisition device and universal grammar that allows them to learn the rules of any human language. Cognitivism incorporates aspects of both by recognizing the importance of cognitive processes and environmental influences in language development.
Linguistic oriented theories,behaviorism and innatism
- 1. Linguistic-oriented theories of First language learning/acquisition
- 2. In a broader sense, various theories and approaches have been emerged over the years to study and analyze the process of language acquisition. Three main schools of thought, which provide theoretical paradigms in guiding the course of language acquisition are:Behaviorist TheoryInnatist TheoryCognitivist theory
- 5. BehaviorismBurrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20,1904-August 18,1990)An American PsychologistProposed operant conditioning as compared to classical conditioning of Pavlov.According to Skinner, learning a language operates on the same principles that a rat will use to learn a maze or to learn to press a button.
- 6. Behaviorism…B.F Skinner proposed this theory as an explanation for Language acquisition in human.All behavior is learned and that humans enter the world with no innate abilities. He famously said, "Give me a child, and I'll shape him into anything.”B. F SKINNER’S entire system is based on operant conditioning (learning's a function of change in overt behavior)The organism, in everyday activities, is in the process of “operating” on the environment.
- 7. Behaviorists' views:Behaviorists view the process of language acquisition as a building process that results from interaction with the environment. It is also called imitation theory which is based on an empirical or behavioral approach.Children start out as clean slates and language learning is a process of getting linguistic habits printed on these slates.Language is a ‘conditioned behavior’: the stimulus response processStimulus Response Feedback Reinforcement
- 8. Principles
- 9. Children learn language step by stepImitation Repetition Memorization controlled drilling ReinforcementReinforcement can either be positive or negative
- 10. Children imitate sounds and practice what they hear. Correct structures are positively reinforced. Language acquisition is, thus, a process of habit formation.Factors in Language acquisition:AssociationReinforcementshapingrepetition Correctionsimitation
- 11. Mechanism of language acquisition
- 13. PositivesImitation is important in phonological development. Children develop regional accents suggesting they imitate the sounds from people around them. NegativesChildren don’t pick up grammatical structures immediately as some children show an incorrect use of grammar. For example they may say ‘wented’ instead of went. Showing they have not imitated this of others. Kids normally only use the words they understand so if they imitate of others they would copy all words spoken by another person. If the kid is deaf, it cannot copy another person therefore uses sign language suggesting this theory does not provide an account for all kids.
- 14. Innateness TheoryBy Noam Chomsky (born 1928---Present)
- 15. InnatismLimitations of Behaviorist view of language acquisition led in 1960’s to the alternative ‘generative’ account of language.Main Argument: Children must be born with an innate capacity for language development.Main Figure: Noam ChomskyChildren are born with an innate propensity for language acquisition, and that this ability makes the task of learning a first language easier than it would otherwise be.
- 16. Innatism: LAD & UGChomsky theorized that children were born with a hard-wired language acquisition device (LAD) in their brains. LAD is a set of language learning tools, intuitive at birth in all children.He later expanded this idea into that of universal grammar, a set of innate principles and adjustable parameters that are common to all human languages. The child exploits its LAD to make sense of the utterances heard around it, deriving from this ‘primary linguistic data’ – the grammar of the language
- 17. THE “LAD” (Chomsky, 1965)The language acquisition Device (LAD) is a postulated organ of the brain that is supposed to function as a congenital device for learning symbolic language (i.e., language acquisition).
- 18. LAD (Language acquisition Device)The L.A.D is a pre programmed box.L.A.D is a function of the brain that is specifically for learning language. It is an innate biological function of human beings just like learning to walk.LAD explain human acquisition of the syntactic structure of language. It encodes the major principles of a language and its grammatical structures into the child’s brain.It enables the children to analyze language and extract the basic rules.
- 20. Mechanism of Innate Theory According to Noam Chomsky, the mechanism of language acquisition formulates from innate processes.
- 21. Innatism: Universal grammar or generative grammar.we are born with set of rules about language in our brains.“Children are equipped with an innate template or blueprint for language and this blueprint aids the child in the task of constructing a grammar for their language.” (Chomsky 1965)This is known as “Innateness Hypothesis.”
- 22. Universal grammar…Chomsky says:The UG does not have the actual rules of each language but it has PRINCIPLES & PARAMETERS.The rules of language are derived from the Principles & parameters.
- 23. Principles & Parameters:Principles:are the universal basic features of Grammar e.g.. Nouns, Verbs & Structure Dependency etc.Parameters:are the variation across language that determines one or more aspects of Grammar e.g. Pro, Drop and Head Direction.
- 24. The Parameters are set during Language Acquisition.Critical Age HypothesisChomsky posited that there is a critical age for learning a language as is true for the overall development of the human body.The input of Language is needed at the critical period, to learn the lexicon and to set the parameters.Note: linguist Lenneberg suggested that the crucial period of language acquisition ends around 4-5 years
- 25. All children share the same innatenessChomsky thus proposes that "all children share the same internal constraints which characterize narrowly the grammar they are going to construct." (Chomsky, 1977, p.98)
- 26. Communicative competence“Language learning is not really something that the child does; it is something that happens to the child placed in an appropriate environment much as the child’s body grows and matures in a predetermined way when provided with appropriate nutrition and environmental stimulation.” -Noam Chomsky
- 27. Theories of L1 Acquisition Behaviorism “Say what I say” Innatism“It’s all in your mind”
- 28. NEXTHASSAN
Editor's Notes
- #9: Example : Parent shows the child an apple and says, “Apple.” The child responds, attempting to say apple. The parent praises the child and gives the child the apple.
- #13: Children often make grammatical mistakes that they couldn't possibly have heard: Cookies are gooder than bread. Bill taked the toy. We goed to the store, Don't giggle me