![Example 1
-------- General Statistics --------------------------------------------------
[--] Skipped version check for MySQLTuner script
[OK] Currently running supported MySQL version 5.1.37-community-log
[OK] Operating on 64-bit architecture
-------- Storage Engine Statistics -------------------------------------------
[--] Status: -Archive -BDB -Federated +InnoDB -ISAM -NDBCluster
[--] Data in InnoDB tables: 899G (Tables: 149)
[!!] Total fragmented tables: 82
-------- Performance Metrics -------------------------------------------------
[--] Up for: 23h 46m 1s (112M q [1K qps], 70K conn, TX: 44B, RX: 22B)
[--] Reads / Writes: 51% / 49%
[--] Total buffers: 12.4G global + 152.2M per thread (100 max threads)
[!!] Maximum possible memory usage: 27.3G (173% of installed RAM)
[OK] Slow queries: 0% (963/112M)
[OK] Highest usage of available connections: 52% (52/100)
[OK] Key buffer size / total MyISAM indexes: 256.0M/93.0K
[OK] Key buffer hit rate: 100.0% (215K cached / 3 reads)
[OK] Query cache efficiency: 43.3% (23M cached / 54M selects)
[!!] Query cache prunes per day: 3049150
[OK] Sorts requiring temporary tables: 0% (0 temp sorts / 754K sorts)
[!!] Joins performed without indexes: 19547
[OK] Temporary tables created on disk: 0% (1K on disk / 545K total)
[OK] Thread cache hit rate: 99% (53 created / 70K connections)
[OK] Table cache hit rate: 99% (802 open / 809 opened)
[OK] Open file limit used: 1% (59/4K)
[OK] Table locks acquired immediately: 100% (72M immediate / 72M locks)
[!!] InnoDB data size / buffer pool: 899.3G/12.0G](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/loadays-mysql-100411140917-phpapp02/85/Loadays-MySQL-21-320.jpg)
Loadays MySQL
- 1. MySQL : maintaining (too) big tables Frédéric Descamps
- 3. Frédéric Descamps ● lefred on IRC and Twitter ● Senior Linux and Open Source Consultant @inuits.be ● Certified MySQL DBA since 2007 ● First GNU/Linux distro (as far as I remember): Slackware 3.0 (kernel 1.2.13) ● Blog: http://www.lefred.be
- 4. How come we need to maintain tables ? ● A bit of history first: once upon a time, there was a developer who found a great idea
- 5. Then he decided to create a proof of concept and he coded, coded, coded a lot...
- 6. During the period he unfortunately didn't discuss with the DBA's and the OPS But he discussed with many other people like marketing manager, sales manager, regional manager, product manager and all were very happy and asked to code even more !
- 7. Then he coded, coded, coded a lot...
- 8. And the result is
- 9. Why ? ● Impossible to stop de database, it's too important ! ● There is too much data, tables are huge !! • Tables > 400GB with 500M rows • Primary keys are varchar(32) ● Impossible to optimize, add an index to a table (>4h needed to add an index) ● How do we alter the schema ? ● How do we migrate to another version of MySQL ?
- 12. dba's feeling ?
- 13. Two very important points to never forget as developer : ● Don't underestimate the complexity of production environments
- 14. Don't ! ● Never say: “but on my laptop the query is very fast”
- 15. What now ? ● The plan is to create a new server more manageable with minimal downtime of the production • Reduce size if possible • Make queries faster ● The server will be a replica of the current production server with some different settings
- 16. The battle !
- 17. ● Restore last backup Ze Plan ● Prepare the new database ● Dump & restore data using maatkit databasezilla databasezilla ● Restart the restore replication ● Replace the production db by the new one (only downtime here)
- 18. Database size ● Deleting historical data sometimes doesn't help really to save some space... ibdata won't shrink ● Data could be fragmented • To avoid the use of that huge ibdata we add this to the configuration of the new server: innodb_file_per_table
- 19. MySQL version ● Maybe it is time to also change the MySQL version to a newer one and even to change engine ! ● I advice you to try and use XtraDB from percona. This includes corrections and interresting patches (like those from Google) • The list is available here : http://www.percona.com/docs/wiki/percona- xtradb:patch:start
- 20. Anything else to change ? ● Maybe other settings aren't optimal for your production environment. To have an overview of them, I'd recommand the use of these two tools : • MySQLTuner • tuning-primer
- 21. Example 1 -------- General Statistics -------------------------------------------------- [--] Skipped version check for MySQLTuner script [OK] Currently running supported MySQL version 5.1.37-community-log [OK] Operating on 64-bit architecture -------- Storage Engine Statistics ------------------------------------------- [--] Status: -Archive -BDB -Federated +InnoDB -ISAM -NDBCluster [--] Data in InnoDB tables: 899G (Tables: 149) [!!] Total fragmented tables: 82 -------- Performance Metrics ------------------------------------------------- [--] Up for: 23h 46m 1s (112M q [1K qps], 70K conn, TX: 44B, RX: 22B) [--] Reads / Writes: 51% / 49% [--] Total buffers: 12.4G global + 152.2M per thread (100 max threads) [!!] Maximum possible memory usage: 27.3G (173% of installed RAM) [OK] Slow queries: 0% (963/112M) [OK] Highest usage of available connections: 52% (52/100) [OK] Key buffer size / total MyISAM indexes: 256.0M/93.0K [OK] Key buffer hit rate: 100.0% (215K cached / 3 reads) [OK] Query cache efficiency: 43.3% (23M cached / 54M selects) [!!] Query cache prunes per day: 3049150 [OK] Sorts requiring temporary tables: 0% (0 temp sorts / 754K sorts) [!!] Joins performed without indexes: 19547 [OK] Temporary tables created on disk: 0% (1K on disk / 545K total) [OK] Thread cache hit rate: 99% (53 created / 70K connections) [OK] Table cache hit rate: 99% (802 open / 809 opened) [OK] Open file limit used: 1% (59/4K) [OK] Table locks acquired immediately: 100% (72M immediate / 72M locks) [!!] InnoDB data size / buffer pool: 899.3G/12.0G
- 22. Example 2 MySQL Version 5.1.37-community-log x86_64 Uptime = 1 days 0 hrs 2 min 31 sec Avg. qps = 1324 Total Questions = 114605776 Threads Connected = 47 SLOW QUERIES The slow query log is enabled. Current long_query_time = 10.000000 sec. You have 972 out of 114605948 that take longer than 10.000000 sec. to complete Your long_query_time seems to be fine BINARY UPDATE LOG The binary update log is enabled The expire_logs_days is not set. The mysqld will retain the entire binary log until RESET MASTER or PURGE MASTER LOGS commands are run manually Setting expire_logs_days will allow you to remove old binary logs automatically See http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/purge-master-logs.html Binlog sync is not enabled, you could loose binlog records during a server crash WORKER THREADS Current thread_cache_size = 8 Current threads_cached = 4 Current threads_per_sec = 0 Historic threads_per_sec = 0 Your thread_cache_size is fine
- 23. Example 2 (b) MAX CONNECTIONS Current max_connections = 100 Current threads_connected = 47 Historic max_used_connections = 52 The number of used connections is 52% of the configured maximum. Your max_connections variable seems to be fine. INNODB STATUS Current InnoDB index space = 0 bytes Current InnoDB data space = 0 bytes Current InnoDB buffer pool free = 0 % Current innodb_buffer_pool_size = 12.00 G Depending on how much space your innodb indexes take up it may be safe to increase this value to up to 2 / 3 of total system memory MEMORY USAGE Max Memory Ever Allocated : 20.06 G Configured Max Per-thread Buffers : 14.86 G Configured Max Global Buffers : 12.33 G Configured Max Memory Limit : 27.20 G Physical Memory : 15.67 G nMax memory limit exceeds 90% of physical memory
- 24. Example 2 (c) KEY BUFFER Current MyISAM index space = 8 K Current key_buffer_size = 256 M Key cache miss rate is 1 : 74223 Key buffer free ratio = 81 % Your key_buffer_size seems to be too high. Perhaps you can use these resources elsewhere QUERY CACHE Query cache is enabled Current query_cache_size = 64 M Current query_cache_used = 32 M Current query_cache_limit = 2 M Current Query cache Memory fill ratio = 51.30 % Current query_cache_min_res_unit = 4 K MySQL won't cache query results that are larger than query_cache_limit in size SORT OPERATIONS Current sort_buffer_size = 64 M Current read_rnd_buffer_size = 16 M Sort buffer seems to be fine JOINS Current join_buffer_size = 64.00 M You have had 20057 queries where a join could not use an index properly join_buffer_size >= 4 M This is not advised You should enable "log-queries-not-using-indexes" Then look for non indexed joins in the slow query log.
- 25. Example 2 (d) OPEN FILES LIMIT Current open_files_limit = 4096 files The open_files_limit should typically be set to at least 2x-3x that of table_cache if you have heavy MyISAM usage. Your open_files_limit value seems to be fine TABLE CACHE Current table_open_cache = 1024 tables Current table_definition_cache = 256 tables You have a total of 0 tables You have 843 open tables. The table_cache value seems to be fine TEMP TABLES Current max_heap_table_size = 64 M Current tmp_table_size = 256 M Of 554783 temp tables, 0% were created on disk Effective in-memory tmp_table_size is limited to max_heap_table_size. Created disk tmp tables ratio seems fine TABLE SCANS Current read_buffer_size = 8 M Current table scan ratio = 162 : 1 read_buffer_size seems to be fine TABLE LOCKING Current Lock Wait ratio = 0 : 114608692 Your table locking seems to be fine
- 26. Filesystem ● xfs is much faster to store the binlogs and to delete them
- 27. Start the replication ● Change to the right binlog and the right position before the backup mysql> show slave statusG *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: xxxxx Master_User: replica Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 10 Master_Log_File: xxxx.000052 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 426644104 Relay_Log_File: mysqld1relaybin.000173 Relay_Log_Pos: 426644245 Relay_Master_Log_File: xxxx.000052 mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='xxxxx', Slave_IO_Running: Yes MASTER_USER='replica', MASTER_PASSWORD='xxxx', Slave_SQL_Running: Yes MASTER_PORT=3306, MASTER_LOG_FILE='xxx.000052', Replicate_Do_DB: MASTER_LOG_POS=426644104, Replicate_Ignore_DB: MASTER_CONNECT_RETRY=10; Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 426644104 Relay_Log_Space: 426644441
- 28. Monitor your production ● While you will do any work on the database, I recommand you to use innotop, you will see directly if something is going wrong ● Use cacti to see obviously strange behavior
- 29. Restore the backup ● I won't explain you how to restore a backup, but on huge tables usually you don't have a dump of the data but only the files and the binlogs ● So restore the last production backup you have on a new server (most of the time we use flash copies)
- 30. Dump & restore the data ● Use maatkit parallel to dump and restore the data ● While this operation, be careful to not delete the binlogs on te master that you will need to recover !
- 31. Remove historical data - (scale back) ● Now that you have a more performant database (as the indexes are rewritten) it's time to archive the old data ● As the tables are still huges I don't recommand to do a massive delete of many rows matching a query ● Use (again) maatkit to archive
- 32. ptxArchiver ● I wrote a small script to use mk-archiver that follows a defined strucure to archive all the records linked together (foreignkeys) $ ptxArchiver.pl t message w "timestamp < unix_timestamp(date_sub(now(),interval 17 MONTH))*1000" <tables> <message> <message> field=id p_field=origin </message> </message> </tables>
- 34. Keep the result of these commands regularly: iostat dx 5 5 vmstat 1 10 mpstat 1 10 top b n 1 cat /proc/meminfo
- 36. Analyse your MySQL Check regurarly the output of these statements: ● SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS; • Returns information about semaphores, deadlocks, foreign keys, transactions, buffer pool, I/O, ... • This info can be automaticaly stored in the mysql log file every 15secs by creating the following table in mysql schema: CREATE TABLE innodb_monitor (a INT) ENGINE=INNODB; ● SHOW GLOBAL STATUS; ● SHOW TABLE STATUS;
- 37. Analyse your MySQL ● Use mk-query-digest on slow query log, binlogs or processlist • mk-query-digest --processlist 127.0.0.1, ● Don't forget innotop ● mysqlresources ● mysqlsla ● mysqlidxchk ● mysqlreport
- 38. AnalyZe your tables ● ANALYZE TABLE analyzes and stores the key distribution for a table. ● For InnoDB the table is locked with a write lock. ● This statement is much faster then OPTIMIZE TABLE. ● For InnoDB the statistics are updated everytime that 1/16 of the data has been changed. For huge tables it is then needed to update those statistics manually more often.
- 39. innotop
- 40. Partitioning ● MySQL since 5.1 is able to manage horizontal partitioning (records level). Since 5.5 you can partition a table using multiple columns in the range. ● Of course to partition the huge tables a relevant column should be present in it (which is not the case when the records are refering to varchar(32) :'-(
- 42. Links ● MySQLTuner - http://blog.mysqltuner.com/ ● tuning-primer - http://www.day32.com/MySQL/ ● ptxArchiver - http://www.lefred.be/?q=node/105 ● maatkit - http://www.maatkit.org ● mysqlreport, mysqlsla, mysqlidxchx - http://hackmysql.com ● mysqlresources - http://datacharmer.org/downloads/mysqlresources.zip ● innotop - http://www.xaprb.com/blog/2006/07/02/innotop-mysql-innodb-monitor/
- 43. Thank you :-)