Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Setting
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This document discusses intercultural communication and cultural differences. It begins by introducing Carol Kinsey Goman, an expert in intercultural communication, and defines intercultural communication. It then contrasts high-context and low-context cultures, and discusses 7 common cultural differences: universalism vs particularism, individualism vs communitarianism, neutral vs emotional, specific vs diffuse, achievement vs ascription, sequential vs synchronic, and internal vs external control. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each cultural difference.
Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Setting
- 1. Lesson 2 Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings Hello! Kamusta! Hola! Bonjou r! Salve! Oi!
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to: 1. Analyze the reality of cultural diversity; 2. Distinguish the effects of high context and low context cultures; and, 3. Appreciate the benefits and challenges of cross-cultural communication.
- 3. Who is Carol Kinsey Goman? Why communicating is a challenging process? What is Intercultural Communication? Why Is Intercultural Communication Important? Difference between High- and Low Context Cultures. Dynamics in High- and Low Contex Cultures. Communicating Across Cultures Intercultural Communication High Context vs. Low Context Most Common Cultural Differences Defining the 7 Most Common Cultural Differences in the Workplace 01 02 03 04
- 4. COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES By Carol Kinsey Goman (2011) COMMUNICATING A C R O S S CULTURES
- 5. Carol Kinsey Goman, PhD. • Born: 16 December 1943 (age 76 years) • A president of Kinsey Consulting Services. Goman’s clients include over 200 organizations in 24 countries, such as Consolidated Edison, Royal Bank of Canada, PepsiCo, Hewlett-Packard, and Expedia. Her work has been featured on CNN, Bloomberg TV, and NBC News.
- 6. Cross-cultural Communication • A field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures. Intercultural communication is a related field of study. She mentions that communicating with people from other cultures is a challenging process, there are plenty of things to take into account like rules, beliefs, values, phobia and anxieties. (Carol Kinsey Goman, 2011).
- 7. EXAMPLE:
- 8. Some things must take into account: 1. Most cultures have their own set of rules and they are usually educated to their children from childhood. I understand this because they are several things I have been taught to follow from an early age which has become part of my daily life. For example most Asian culture have been taught to address older people with respect and speak in appropriate tone. 2. Different cultures have different beliefs on how they should communicate. Some cultures beliefs that younger people should always speak to older people with respect even if they are at wrong.
- 10. What is Intercultural Communication? Arasaratnam, 2013:48 Chen & Starosta, 1998:28 Lustig & Koester, 2007:46 Refers to the communication between people from two different cultures. is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process, in which people from different cultures create shared meanings. refers to the effects on communication behavior, when different cultures interact together. Hence, one way of viewing intercultural communication is as communication that unfolds in symbolic intercultural spaces.
- 11. Importance of Intercultural Communication 1. Effective transfer of knowledge and information. 2. Communicating across cultures becomes increasingly important. In a competitive environment: 1. Allows leaders to increase their value and the value of the organizations they represent. At a basic level: 1. Able to interact with people from different cultural backgrounds.
- 12. Three Domains of Intercultural Competence Communication is embedded in the three domains of intercultural competence. • Intercultural traits • Intercultural attitudes and intercultural worldviews • Intercultural capabilities
- 13. HIGH-CONTEXT V.S. LOW- CONTEXT CULTURE High-Context Low- Context
- 14. EDWARD T. HALL • Born: 16 May 1914, Webster Groves, Missouri, United States • Edward Twitchell Hall, Jr. was an American anthropologist and cross- cultural researcher. He is remembered for developing the concept of proxemics and exploring cultural and social cohesion, and describing how people behave and react in different types of culturally defined personal space.
- 15. HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURE • A high-context culture relies on implicit communication and nonverbal cues.
- 16. LOW-CONTEXT CULTURE • A low-context culture relies on explicit communication.
- 17. Communication Dynamics in High- and Low-Context Cultures • Cultural differences shape every aspect of global communication, says Forbes contributor Carol Kinsey Goman. This helps explain why people in Japan (a high-context culture) prefer face-to-face communication over electronic technology favored by other industrialized countries like the United States, Canada, the Unite Kingdomm and Germany (low-context cultures).
- 20. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES • Cultural differences are the various beliefs, behaviors, languages, practices and expressions considered unique to members of a specific ethnicity, race or national origin. • These various differences can create a more vibrant office, they can also lead to more than a few problems resulting from culture clash.
- 21. 7 MOST COMMON CULTURAL DIFFERENCES 1. UNIVERSALISM VS. PARTICULARISM: RULES VS. RELATIONSHIPS 2. INDIVIDUALISM VS. COMMUNITARIANISM: INDIVIDUAL VS. THE GROUP 3. NEUTRAL VS. EMOTIONAL 4. SPECIFIC VS. DIFFUSE: WORK VS. PRIVATE 5. ACHIEVEMENT VS. ASCRIPTION 6. SEQUENTIAL VS. SYNCHRONIC 7. INTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL CONTROL
- 22. UNIVERSALISM VS. PARTICULARISM: RULES VS. RELATIONSHIPS RULES RELATIONSHIPS
- 23. UNIVERSALIS UNIVERSALISM In universalist cultures, laws, rules, values, and obligations have greater priority than relationships. People try to be fair with each other, but rules are rules. Examples of cultures with this dimension are: the Netherlands, USA, Canada, Australia, Scandinavia, New Zealand, Switzerland, Great Britain and Germany.
- 24. PARTICULARIS PARTICULARISM In particularistic cultures, it is believed that rules may differ per situation and relationship. So someone’s reaction can vary greatly per situation and per person. Examples of cultures with this dimension are: Russia, South America and China.
- 25. Example:
- 26. INDIVIDUALISM VS. COMMUNITARIANISM: INDIVIDUAL VS. THE GROUP INDIVIDUAL THE GROUP
- 27. INDIVIDUALISM In an individualistic culture, people regard themselves primarily as individuals. They believe that everyone makes their own decisions and is responsible for themselves and their own performance. Examples of cultures with this dimension are: US, Israel, Canada, Great Britain, Scandinavia, New Zealand, Australia and Switzerland.
- 28. COMMUNITARIANISM Communitarianism refers to people who regard themselves primarily as part of a group. The group provides safety and support. In return, the group always comes before the individual and an individual always has to be loyal to the group. Examples of cultures with this dimension are: Latin America, Mexico, India, Africa and Japan.
- 29. Example:
- 31. NEUTRAL People within the neutral dimension act primarily from reason and logic and are guided to a lesser extent by their feelings. They do not easily show what they think or feel. Examples of cultures with this dimension are: the Netherlands, Great Britain, Sweden, Finland and Germany.
- 32. EMOTIONAL People within the emotional dimension want to be able to express their emotions spontaneously, even at work. In these cultures, expressing your emotion is generally accepted. Examples of cultures with this dimension are: Italy, France, Spain, Latin America and Poland.
- 33. Example:
- 34. SPECIFIC VS. DIFFUSE: WORK VS. PRIVATE
- 35. SPECIFIC People within the specific dimension believe that relationships don’t have much influence on work goals and that people can work together without having a good relationship. Examples of cultures with this dimension are: USA, Great Britain, Switzerland, Germany, Scandinavia, the Netherlands.
- 36. DIFFUSE People who fall within the diffuse dimension believe that good relationships are crucial for doing business and achieving their goals. Their relationships don’t change whether they interact with each other at work or socially. These people also spend their time with colleagues and customers outside of working hours. Examples of cultures with this dimension are: Argentina, Spain, Russia, India, China.
- 37. Example:
- 39. ACHIEVEMENT People who derive status from their achievements fall within the achievement dimension. It is believed that you are what you do and people base their value on this. These cultures place great value on achievements, regardless of who you are. Examples of cultures with this dimension are: US, Canada, Australia, Scandinavia.
- 40. ASCRIPTION The ascription dimension includes people who believe that you should be appreciated for who you are. Power and position also count here. Examples of cultures with this dimension: France, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia.
- 41. Example:
- 43. SEQUENTIAL Sequential means that people in these cultures believe that events and tasks happen in a chronological order. Punctuality, agendas, schedules and clear deadlines are considered highly important. Examples of cultures with this dimension are: the Netherlands, Germany, USA, Great Britain.
- 44. SYNCHRONIC If you work in such a culture, it is important that you adapt to this. Flexibility is the magic word for both you and your colleagues. However, if there are tasks that do have an inescapable deadline, you have to communicate this clearly in order to prevent problems. Examples of cultures with this dimension are: Japan, Argentina, Mexico.
- 45. Example:
- 47. INTERNAL CONTROL With internal control (internal locus of control), people find that they themselves have control over theirenvironment and the achievement of goals. Examples of cultures with this dimension are: Israel, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain.
- 48. EXTERNAL CONTROL With external control (external locus of control) people find that their environment has control over them and directly influences them. They also have to work with their environment to achieve their goals. At work they focus their actions on others and try to avoid conflicts as much as possible. Often they also need reassurance that they are doing their job well. Examples of cultures with this dimension are: China and Russia
- 49. Example:
- 50. “The essence of cross-cultural communication has more to do with releasing responses than with sending messages. It is more important to release the right response than to send the right message.” — Edward T. Hall
- 51. REFERENCES ● https://online.seu.edu/articles/high-and-low-context-cultures/ ● https://www.companymatch.me/news/english/7-common-cultural-differences-in-the- workplace/ ● Arasaratnam, L. A. (2013). Intercultural communication competence. In A. Kurylo (Ed.), Intercultural communication: Representation and construction of culture (Chap 3, pp. 47-68). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. ● Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (1998). Foundations of intercultural communication: Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon ● Lustigig, M. W., & Koester, J. (2007). Intercultural competence: interpersonal communication across cultures (5th ed.). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. ● Carol Kinsey Goman, P. (2011, March n.d). Communicating Across Cultures. Retrieved May 29, 2016, from ASME Setting The Standard: https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/business communication/communicating-across-cultures
- 52. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik. THANKS! MEMBERS: BULANADI, Bliselda Kae CARDINOZA, Cielo DELA CRUZ, Wilma MANLAPAZ, Michael Angelo
Editor's Notes
- #10: You may have already heard the term “intercultural communication”. In this lesson, we provide several commonly accepted academic and applied definitions to clarify this concept and process. It is helpful when scholars and practitioners clarify what they mean by certain terms. The term “intercultural communication” represents broad ideas that are difficult to express in just one way. Thus we present several working definitions as starting points for exploring this topic:
- #14: Anthropologist Edward Hall founded the field of intercultural communication in 1959 with his book The Silent Language. One framework for approaching intercultural communication is with high-context and low-context cultures, which refer to the value cultures place on indirect and direct communication.
- #22: The model of Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner contain sevenn dimensions. Each dimension contains two opposites:
- #23: This dimension is all about the following question: “which things are more important, rules or relationships”.
- #31: This dimension is about whether people have strict control over their emotions or whether they should be able to express them.
- #35: With specific and diffuse is meant the difference between people who keep their work life and their private life strictly separated, and people who tend to let both aspects of their lives overlap.
- #39: People from different cultures look differently at merit and how to treat people based on this.
- #43: This dimension focuses on how different cultures handle time.
- #47: Within this dimension, we look at the amount of control a person can exercise on the outside world and therefore also their work.