2. The Study of
Logic
To make a
sound
judgment, we
need to use
proper tools.
This power to
know reality, how
and why things
are, is a skill made
possible by logical
thinking.
3. The Study of
Logic
Correct
methods, rules
and priniciples
of reasoning.
(logical
process)
Think -
Grasp the
meaning
-Our knowledge of
the world - logical
4. The Study of
Logic
“Reason for
the
reasonable”, is
about finding
the true
relationship
between
things.
We study causes,
implications,
conditions and
syntactical rules in
order to find out
the truth about
things.
5. The Study of
Logic
The meaning of objects is
manifested by way of the
senses, through
perception, collect data
and send them to the
human mind for it to
organize.
After the concepts are
formed, we put forward
certain claims; we reason
out. Logic deals with the
principles, rules, and
procedures that
guarantee the validity of
the concepts that we
form.
6. Logic and
Judgment
Meaning is grasped by
the act of judgement.
Through judgment, we
form concepts.
This process results to the
formation of an insight.
The nature of
judgment
But the validity of a
concept does not rely
alone on our senses, The
mind organizes the data
that pass through the
senses.
An insight is a meaning
that one arrives at after
relating of associating
the data that enter the
mind.
7. Logic and
Judgment
The mind, in this regard,
is a kind of an
instrument.
Logic provides the
mechanism, or in
computer parlance, the
software that
systematizes the act of
judging.
The nature of
judgment
It synthesizes the data to
form concepts. Concepts
help us picture out
reality.
8. Logic and
Judgment
Inference
method/mechanism
To infer is to simply put
forward an argument in
order to assert certain
claims.
The nature of
judgment
Inference concerns the
process of arriving at the
truth.
Claims are valid if they
are logical, if they follow
the rules on inference.
9. Logic and
Thought
If God exists, then the
world is designed
intelligently;
but God exist,
therefore, the world is
designed intelligently.
If God exists, then the
world is designed
intelligently;
but the world is designed
intelligently,
therefore, God exists.
10. Logic and
Thought
Logic is the process by
which we systematize our
way of knowing the truth.
Judgment- logical-
legitimate
Logic as a science,
determines the accuracy
of our judgments, and
uses in a systematice way
certain principles, rules,
and methods.
Logic is not concerned
with what is known, but
with the principles of
knowing and reasoning.
Logicians validates the
process of reasoning.
11. Logic as
Philosophy
Metaphysics is “the study
of being” (what is real) God as the first cause
God is a logical necessity,
a first cause.
Logic and
Metaphysics
Aristotle- being is
substance (matter and
form)
St. Thomas Acquinas-esse
- existence- perfection-
from God
12. Logic as
Philosophy
Common sense refers to
our capacity to make
judgments based on
perceived knowledge.
Common sense
statements.
God is a logical necessity,
a first cause.
Logic and Common
Sense
Obvious statements to
the human intellect and
are held to be generally
and naturally true.
13. Logic as
Philosophy
Claim – grounds –
warrants – backing as
evidence
Claim: Climate change is a threat
to the existence of mankind.
Ground: The ozone layer has a
hole as big as Antartica due to
massive Co2 emissions from
industries, transportations, and
agriculture
Logic and
Argumentation
Empirical data – not
assumptions –
guarantees the truth of
the claim from the results
of consequences Warrant: Average earth
temperatures will soar by 2.5
degrees Celcius.
14. Logic as Science
Isaac Newton – modern science
must be freed from the
speculative nature of metaphysics
Experiments – systems – and
methods = legitimate results
Logic and the Scientific
Method
Knowledge must be based on the
formground. Scientific
investigation must be based on
mathematics.
Laws, theories, and the logic of
discovery
Use to organize and systematize
thinking in order to arrive at valid
judgements
15. Logic as Science
Logic investigates the formal
structure of propositions and
arguments.
Fallacies and Modalities to the
analyses of reasoning such a
probability and cause and effect
relation, and the ideas involving
ordinary language
Logic and the Scientific
Method
Deals with inference in order to
see the relation between
propositions
16. Logic as Science
The analytic school is the
philosophical tradition that uses
logical theory in understanding
language, reality n and the nature
of human knowledge.
Name – meaning – label – sign for
an object
Logic and Analytic Philosophy
Language is said to picture reality;
picture of a fact and must
conform to the rules of logic.
The world is no more than the
“totality of facts”
17. Meanings
Intuitive – immediate perception
from direct observation
Types of meaning
Abstractive– those borne out of
concepts that the mind gives birth
to after judgment.
Produced from process of
reasoning.
Contradictory– one that excludes
each other. Ones that exclude
each other.
E.g. – existence and nothingness,
evil and non-evil and violence and
nonviolence
Contrary– exact opposite. Not
totally opposed but belong to
same kind or genus.
E.g. – Joy and suffering, success
and failure, beautiful and ugly
18. Definitions
Empirical observation - Definition
– meaning of a concept as mental
expression of things
Limiting concepts
Definition – explanation of the
nature of a thing.
Actuality of a thing as
experienced by us
Definiendum (symbol) – refers to
the word being defined.
Definiens– word or group of words
used to explain the meaning of
the definiendum
19. Definitions in Use
Real Definition – identify what a
thing really is; essential nature of
a thing. Meaning in its actual
function.
E.g.
• Spectrum- the range of
different colors produced when
light passes through
something.
• Ligament- the bands of strong
tissue which connect bones at
the joints.
Stipulative– when meaning is
something that is intentionally
put forward.
Definition that results from
deliberately assigning some
meaning to a word due to some
intended purpose, either for
secrecy or convenience.
20. Definitions in Use
Precising Definition – used when
scientific clarity is required and so
that all forms of ambiguities are
erased.
Seeks to totally eliminate biases
against terms so that their
application becomes clear.
Vagueness and ambiguity are
sources of disputes due to
misinterpretation. Makes the
meaning of the term articulate,
coherent, and conspicuous.
Thus, disagreements in meaning
are avoided. Seeks to settle
disputes in meaning.
E.g. Autism Spectrum Disorder or
ASD, AH1N1, Lou Gehrig’s disease,
among others.
21. Definitions in Use
Precising Definition – used when
scientific clarity is required and so
that all forms of ambiguities are
erased.
Seeks to totally eliminate biases
against terms so that their
application becomes clear.
Vagueness and ambiguity are
sources of disputes due to
misinterpretation. Makes the
meaning of the term articulate,
coherent, and conspicuous.
Thus, disagreements in meaning
are avoided. Seeks to settle
disputes in meaning.
E.g. Autism Spectrum Disorder or
ASD, AH1N1, Lou Gehrig’s disease,
among others.
22. Definitions in Use
Persuasive Definition – used to
change what one feels about
something, I,e., a concept or an
experience.
This definition does not only
inform , but strives to convince
people. To picture the evil that is
abortion, the said term has been
defined as the ‘murder of an
innocent unborn child”
Seeks to stir emotion or influence
human behavior so that change
may be expected from people in
terms of their attitude toward
certain claims.
23. Definitions in Use
Theoritical Definition – expresses
a generalization about the nature
of physical reality.
E.g. Theory of multiple
intelligences, string theory, chaos
theory, and the big bang theory.
It tries to capture an all-
embracing explanation about
physical events. Unifies verifiable
principles or laws of phenomena.
