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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Pampel, Fred C., author.
Title: Logistic regression: a primer / Fred C. Pampel,
University of Colorado, Boulder.
Description:2nd edition.|Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE,
[2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020031266 | ISBN 9781071816202
(paperback ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9781071816196 (epub) | ISBN
9781071816189 (epub) | ISBN 9781071816172 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Logistic regression analysis.
Classification: LCC HA31.3 .P36 2021 | DDC 519.5/36—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020031266
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
20 21 22 23 24 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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![COMPANY C.
Orry Decker, killed in action at Winchester June 13, 1863.
Crary Green, killed in action May 31, 1863.
Silas Simpson, fell from box car on B. O. Railroad and instantly
killed, December 19, 1864.
Joseph H. Rhodes, Corporal, wounded at Winchester September
19, 1864.
Jacob Carson, wounded at Newmarket May 15, 1864.
Samuel Miller, wounded at Berryville September 3, 1864.
[F2: printer’s mark removed]
Charles Mingree, wounded at Newmarket May 15, 1864; also, at
Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865.
George P. Moore, wounded at Farmville April 6, 1865.
Simon Steel, wounded at Farmsville, April 6, 1865.
Otis Sykes, leg amputated from wound received Winchester
September 19, 1864.
Alonzo Lyn, died from wounds received at Winchester June 15,
1863.
Louis White, died from wounds received at Snicker’s Ferry July 18,
1864.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/25003112-250519220419-fb35c5d8/85/Logistic-Regression-A-Primer-Fred-C-Pampel-28-320.jpg)
Logistic Regression A Primer Fred C Pampel
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- 7. Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences A SAGE PUBLICATIONS SERIES 1. Analysis of Variance, 2nd Edition Iversen/ Norpoth 2. Operations Research Methods Nagel/Neef 3. Causal Modeling, 2nd Edition Asher 4. Tests of Significance Henkel 5. Cohort Analysis, 2nd Edition Glenn 6. Canonical Analysis and Factor Comparison Levine 7. Analysis of Nominal Data, 2nd Edition Reynolds 8. Analysis of Ordinal Data Hildebrand/Laing/ Rosenthal 9. Time Series Analysis, 2nd Edition Ostrom 10. Ecological Inference Langbein/Lichtman 11. Multidimensional Scaling Kruskal/Wish 12. Analysis of Covariance Wildt/Ahtola 13. Introduction to Factor Analysis Kim/Mueller 14. Factor Analysis Kim/Mueller 15. Multiple Indicators Sullivan/Feldman 16. Exploratory Data Analysis Hartwig/Dearing 17. Reliability and Validity Assessment Carmines/Zeller 18. Analyzing Panel Data Markus 19. Discriminant Analysis Klecka 20. Log-Linear Models Knoke/Burke 21. Interrupted Time Series Analysis McDowall/ McCleary/Meidinger/Hay 22. Applied Regression, 2nd Edition Lewis-Beck/ Lewis-Beck 23. Research Designs Spector 24. Unidimensional Scaling McIver/Carmines 25. Magnitude Scaling Lodge 26. Multiattribute Evaluation Edwards/Newman 27. Dynamic Modeling Huckfeldt/Kohfeld/Likens 28. Network Analysis Knoke/Kuklinski 29. Interpreting and Using Regression Achen 30. Test Item Bias Osterlind 31. Mobility Tables Hout 32. Measures of Association Liebetrau 33. Confirmatory Factor Analysis Long 34. Covariance Structure Models Long 35. Introduction to Survey Sampling, 2nd Edition Kalton 36. Achievement Testing Bejar 37. Nonrecursive Causal Models Berry 38. Matrix Algebra Namboodiri 39. Introduction to Applied Demography Rives/Serow 40. Microcomputer Methods for Social Scientists, 2nd Edition Schrodt 41. Game Theory Zagare 42. Using Published Data Jacob 43. Bayesian Statistical Inference Iversen 44. Cluster Analysis Aldenderfer/Blashfield 45. Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models Aldrich/Nelson 46. Event History and Survival Analysis, 2nd Edition Allison 47. Canonical Correlation Analysis Thompson 48. Models for Innovation Diffusion Mahajan/Peterson 49. Basic Content Analysis, 2nd Edition Weber 50. Multiple Regression in Practice Berry/Feldman 51. Stochastic Parameter Regression Models Newbold/Bos 52. Using Microcomputers in Research Madron/Tate/Brookshire 53. Secondary Analysis of Survey Data Kiecolt/ Nathan 54. Multivariate Analysis of Variance Bray/ Maxwell 55. The Logic of Causal Order Davis 56. Introduction to Linear Goal Programming Ignizio 57. Understanding Regression Analysis, 2nd Edition Schroeder/Sjoquist/Stephan 58. Randomized Response and Related Methods, 2nd Edition Fox/Tracy 59. Meta-Analysis Wolf 60. Linear Programming Feiring 61. Multiple Comparisons Klockars/Sax 62. Information Theory Krippendorff 63. Survey Questions Converse/Presser 64. Latent Class Analysis McCutcheon 65. Three-Way Scaling and Clustering Arabie/ Carroll/DeSarbo 66. Q Methodology, 2nd Edition McKeown/ Thomas 67. Analyzing Decision Making Louviere 68. Rasch Models for Measurement Andrich 69. Principal Components Analysis Dunteman 70. Pooled Time Series Analysis Sayrs 71. Analyzing Complex Survey Data, 2nd Edition Lee/Forthofer 72. Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression, 2nd Edition Jaccard/Turrisi 73. Understanding Significance Testing Mohr 74. Experimental Design and Analysis Brown/Melamed 75. Metric Scaling Weller/Romney 76. Longitudinal Research, 2nd Edition Menard 77. Expert Systems Benfer/Brent/Furbee 78. Data Theory and Dimensional Analysis Jacoby 79. Regression Diagnostics, 2nd Edition Fox 80. Computer-Assisted Interviewing Saris 81. Contextual Analysis Iversen 82. Summated Rating Scale Construction Spector 83. Central Tendency and Variability Weisberg 84. ANOVA: Repeated Measures Girden 85. Processing Data Bourque/Clark 86. Logit Modeling DeMaris 87. Analytic Mapping and Geographic Databases Garson/Biggs 88. Working With Archival Data Elder/Pavalko/Clipp 89. Multiple Comparison Procedures Toothaker 90. Nonparametric Statistics Gibbons 91. Nonparametric Measures of Association Gibbons 92. Understanding Regression Assumptions Berry 93. Regression With Dummy Variables Hardy 94. Loglinear Models With Latent Variables Hagenaars 95. Bootstrapping Mooney/Duval 96. Maximum Likelihood Estimation Eliason 97. Ordinal Log-Linear Models Ishii-Kuntz 98. Random Factors in ANOVA Jackson/Brashers 99. Univariate Tests for Time Series Models Cromwell/Labys/Terraza 100. Multivariate Tests for Time Series Models Cromwell/Hannan/Labys/Terraza
- 8. 101. Interpreting Probability Models: Logit, Probit, and Other Generalized Linear Models Liao 102. Typologies and Taxonomies Bailey 103. Data Analysis: An Introduction Lewis-Beck 104. Multiple Attribute Decision Making Yoon/ Hwang 105. Causal Analysis With Panel Data Finkel 106. Applied Logistic Regression Analysis, 2nd Edition Menard 107. Chaos and Catastrophe Theories Brown 108. Basic Math for Social Scientists: Concepts Hagle 109. Basic Math for Social Scientists: Problems and Solutions Hagle 110. Calculus Iversen 111. Regression Models: Censored, Sample Selected, or Truncated Data Breen 112. Tree Models of Similarity and Association Corter 113. Computational Modeling Taber/Timpone 114. LISREL Approaches to Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression Jaccard/Wan 115. Analyzing Repeated Surveys Firebaugh 116. Monte Carlo Simulation Mooney 117. Statistical Graphics for Univariate and Bivariate Data Jacoby 118. Interaction Effects in Factorial Analysis of Variance Jaccard 119. Odds Ratios in the Analysis of Contingency Tables Rudas 120. Statistical Graphics for Visualizing Multivariate Data Jacoby 121. Applied Correspondence Analysis Clausen 122. Game Theory Topics Fink/Gates/Humes 123. Social Choice:Theory and Research Johnson 124. Neural Networks Abdi/Valentin/Edelman 125. Relating Statistics and Experimental Design: An Introduction Levin 126. Latent Class Scaling Analysis Dayton 127. Sorting Data: Collection and Analysis Coxon 128. Analyzing Documentary Accounts Hodson 129. Effect Size for ANOVA Designs Cortina/Nouri 130. Nonparametric Simple Regression: Smoothing Scatterplots Fox 131. Multiple and Generalized Nonparametric Regression Fox 132. Logistic Regression: A Primer Pampel 133. Translating Questionnaires and Other Research Instruments: Problems and Solutions Behling/Law 134. Generalized Linear Models: A Unified Approach, 2nd Edition Gill/Torres 135. Interaction Effects in Logistic Regression Jaccard 136. Missing Data Allison 137. Spline Regression Models Marsh/Cormier 138. Logit and Probit: Ordered and Multinomial Models Borooah 139. Correlation: Parametric and Nonparametric Measures Chen/Popovich 140. Confidence Intervals Smithson 141. Internet Data Collection Best/Krueger 142. Probability Theory Rudas 143. Multilevel Modeling, 2nd Edition Luke 144. Polytomous Item Response Theory Models Ostini/Nering 145. An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models Dunteman/Ho 146. Logistic Regression Models for Ordinal Response Variables O’Connell 147. Fuzzy Set Theory: Applications in the Social Sciences Smithson/Verkuilen 148. Multiple Time Series Models Brandt/Williams 149. Quantile Regression Hao/Naiman 150. Differential Equations: A Modeling Approach Brown 151. Graph Algebra: Mathematical Modeling With a Systems Approach Brown 152. Modern Methods for Robust Regression Andersen 153. Agent-Based Models, 2nd Edition Gilbert 154. Social Network Analysis, 3rd Edition Knoke/Yang 155. Spatial Regression Models, 2nd Edition Ward/Gleditsch 156. Mediation Analysis Iacobucci 157. Latent Growth Curve Modeling Preacher/Wichman/MacCallum/Briggs 158. Introduction to the Comparative Method With Boolean Algebra Caramani 159. A Mathematical Primer for Social Statistics Fox 160. Fixed Effects Regression Models Allison 161. Differential Item Functioning, 2nd Edition Osterlind/Everson 162. Quantitative Narrative Analysis Franzosi 163. Multiple Correspondence Analysis LeRoux/ Rouanet 164. Association Models Wong 165. Fractal Analysis Brown/Liebovitch 166. Assessing Inequality Hao/Naiman 167. Graphical Models and the Multigraph Representation for Categorical Data Khamis 168. Nonrecursive Models Paxton/Hipp/ Marquart-Pyatt 169. Ordinal Item Response Theory Van Schuur 170. Multivariate General Linear Models Haase 171. Methods of Randomization in Experimental Design Alferes 172. Heteroskedasticity in Regression Kaufman 173. An Introduction to Exponential Random Graph Modeling Harris 174. Introduction to Time Series Analysis Pickup 175. Factorial Survey Experiments Auspurg/Hinz 176. Introduction to Power Analysis: Two-Group Studies Hedberg 177. Linear Regression: A Mathematical Introduction Gujarati 178. Propensity Score Methods and Applications Bai/Clark 179. Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling Silva/Bosancianu/Littvay 180. Gathering Social Network Data adams 181. Generalized Linear Models for Bounded and Limited Quantitative Variables, Smithson and Shou 182. Exploratory Factor Analysis, Finch 183. Multidimensional Item Response Theory, Bonifay 184. Argument-Based Validation in Testing and Assessment, Chapelle 185. Using Time Series to Analyze Long Range Fractal Patterns, Koopmans 186. Understanding Correlation Matrices, Hadd and Rodgers 187. Rasch Models for Solving Measurement Problems, Engelhard and Wang
- 10. Logistic Regression A Primer SECOND EDITION Fred C. Pampel University of Colorado Boulder
- 11. Copyright © 2021 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, no part of this work may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All third party trademarks referenced or depicted herein are included solely for the purpose of illustration and are the property of their respective owners. Reference to these trademarks in no way indicates any relationship with, or endorsement by, the trademark owner. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Pampel, Fred C., author. Title: Logistic regression: a primer / Fred C. Pampel, University of Colorado, Boulder. Description:2nd edition.|Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020031266 | ISBN 9781071816202 (paperback ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9781071816196 (epub) | ISBN 9781071816189 (epub) | ISBN 9781071816172 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Logistic regression analysis. Classification: LCC HA31.3 .P36 2021 | DDC 519.5/36—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020031266 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 20 21 22 23 24 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FOR INFORMATION: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’sYard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 18 Cross Street #10-10/11/12 China Square Central Singapore 048423 Acquisitions Editor: Helen Salmon Editorial Assistant: Elizabeth Cruz Production Editor:Astha Jaiswal Copy Editor: Integra Typesetter: Hurix Digital Proofreader: Jennifer Grubba Cover Designer: Rose Storey Marketing Manager: Shari Countryman
- 12. CONTENTS Series Editor Introduction ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii About the Author xv Chapter 1: The Logic of Logistic Regression 1 Regression With a Binary Dependent Variable 1 Transforming Probabilities Into Logits 9 Linearizing the Nonlinear 14 Summary17 Chapter 2: Interpreting Logistic Regression Coefficients 19 Logged Odds 19 Odds 23 Probabilities 26 Standardized Coefficients 41 Group and Model Comparisons of Logistic Regression Coefficients 47 Summary49 Chapter 3: Estimation and Model Fit 51 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 51 Tests of Significance Using Log Likelihood Values 56 Model Goodness of Fit 62 Summary67 Chapter 4: Probit Analysis 69 Another Way to Linearize the Nonlinear 69 The Probit Transformation 72 Interpretation 73 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 77 Summary79 Chapter 5: Ordinal and Multinomial Logistic Regression 81 Ordinal Logistic Regression 82 Multinomial Logistic Regression 95 Summary108
- 13. Notes109 Appendix: Logarithms 115 The Logic of Logarithms 115 Properties of Logarithms 117 Natural Logarithms 120 Summary 122 References125 Index127
- 14. SERIES EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION It is with great pleasure that I introduce the second edition of Logistic Regression: A Primer by Fred C. Pampel. This straightforward and intuitive volume preserves the best of the first edition while adding and updating material that leads to an even more useful guide to logistic regression. As explained in the Preface, Professor Pampel’s manuscript is a “primer” that makes explicit what other treatments take for granted. In the first chap- ter, he develops the logistic regression model as one solution to the prob- lems encountered by linear models when the dependent variable is a dichotomous yes/no type of variable. He also shows very clearly the new problems that arise when shifting from linear to logistic regression, for example, explaining why and how modeling a dependent variable with a ceiling (Y=1) and a floor (Y=0) makes the influence of the independent variables nonadditive and interactive. In the second chapter, Professor Pampel takes up the multiple ways to interpret effects in logistic regression. He discusses the differences between effects on the logged odds, on the odds, and on probabilities and the advan- tages and disadvantages of each. He also explains marginal effects at the mean, marginal effects at representative values, and the average marginal effect. The volume includes output from Stata, SPSS, and R so as to famil- iarize readers with the look and feel of each. The third chapter addresses estimation and model fit, doing so in a way that demystifies these procedures. Professor Pampel explains the likelihood function, the log likelihood function, why its values are negative, why negative values further from zero indicate better fit, and the reason for multiplying the difference between the baseline and model log likelihood by −2 in assessing fit. He explains the connection between the baseline log likelihood and null deviance, and between the model log likelihood and residual deviance, and also explains why these are called “deviance.” This is the kind of “inside knowledge” that can baffle novices but that experi- enced users of statistical methods may not even realize they have. The fourth and fifth chapters introduce probit analysis and ordinal and multinomial logistic regression. The focus is on how these more complex forms relate to dichotomous logistic regression, with particular attention to how estimation and interpretation are extensions of material discussed ear- lier in the volume. Examples are key to the pedagogy throughout. Model estimation, fit, and the interpretation of effects are illustrated with specific applications. The outcomes range from smoking behavior to support for federal spending, ix
- 15. x views about gay marriage, attitudes on the legalization of marijuana, and rankings of the importance of various world problems. Data come from the National Health Interview Survey 2017, opinion data from multiple waves of the General Social Survey, and the World Values Survey India 2014. Data to replicate the examples, along with code in Stata, SPSS, and R needed to reproduce the analyses presented in the volume, are provided on the companion website at study.sagepub.com/researchmethods/qass/ pampel-logistic-regression-2e. This little green cover is a gem. The material is easily accessible to nov- ices; it can serve as a helpful supplemental text in an undergraduate or graduate methods course. Readers more experienced in statistical methods will appreciate that the volume is not a cookbook, far from it; those who use it will learn how the method actually works. Given changes in practice since the original version was published 20 years ago, an updated edition of the primer was urgently needed. Professor Pampel has delivered it. Barbara Entwisle Series Editor
- 16. xi PREFACE I call this book a primer because it makes explicit what treatments of logis- tic regression often take for granted. Some treatments explain concepts abstractly, assuming readers have a comfortable familiarity with odds and logarithms, maximum likelihood estimation, and nonlinear functions. Other treatments skip the logical undergirding of logistic regression by proceeding directly to examples and the interpretation of actual coeffi- cients. As a result, students sometimes fail to gain an understanding of the intuitive logic behind logistic regression. The first edition aimed to intro- duce this logic with elementary language and simple examples. The second edition sticks to this approach but updates the material in several ways. It presents results from several statistical packages to help interpret the meaning of logistic regression coefficients. It presents more detail on variations in logistic regression for multicategory outcomes. And it describes potential problems in using logistic regression to compare groups, compare coefficients across models, and test for statistical interaction. Chapter 1 briefly presents a nontechnical explanation of the problems of using linear regression with binary dependent variables, and then more thoroughly introduces the logit transformation. Chapter 2 presents central material on interpreting logistic regression coefficients and the programs available to help in the interpretations. Chapter 3 takes up the meaning of maximum likelihood estimation and the explanatory power of models in logistic regression. Chapter 4 reviews probit analysis, a similar though less commonly used way to analyze a binary outcome. Chapter 5 introduces ordinal logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression as extensions to analyze multicategory ordered and nominal outcomes. Because the basic logic of logistic regression applies to the extensions in Chapters 4 and 5, however, the later topics receive less detailed discussion than the basics of logistic regression in Chapters 1 to 3. An online supplement available at study .sagepub.com/researchmethods/qass/pampel-logistic-regression-2e includes the three data sets and Stata, SPSS, and R commands needed to reproduce all the tables and figures in the book. Finally, the Appendix reviews the meaning of logarithms and may help some students understand the use of logarithms in logistic regression as well as in other types of models.
- 18. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Scott Menard, Jani Little, Melissa Hardy, Dennis Mileti, Rick Rogers, Scott Eliason, Jane Menken, Tom Mayer, Michael Lewis-Beck, and several anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the first edition of the book. For the second edition, I thank Barbara Entwisle, the series editor, and the following reviewers for helpful comments and guidance: Prince Allotey, University of Connecticut Thomas J. Linneman, The College of William and Mary Eliot Rich, University at Albany Jason C. Immekus, University of Louisville Anthea Chan, New York University Victoria Landu-Adams, Walden University Travis Loux, Saint Louis University David Han, University of Texas at San Antonio xiii
- 20. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Fred C. Pampel is Research Professor of Sociology and a Research Associate in the Population Program at the University of Colorado Boulder. He received a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, in 1977, and has previously taught at the University of Iowa, University of North Carolina, and Florida State University. His research focuses on socioeconomic disparities in health behaviors, smoking in particular, and on the experimental and quasi-experimental methods for evaluation of social programs for youth. He is the author of several books on population aging, cohort change, and public policy, and his work has appeared in American Sociological Review, American Journal of Sociology, Demography, Social Forces, and European Sociological Review. xv
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- 22. Again, after serving with the regiment through the campaign in the Valley, about the middle of March, 1865, they were selected to form a part of the corps of sharpshooters for our division. The boys did not much relish the idea of leaving the regiment again, but of course they had no option in the matter, and at once commenced learning the use of their Spencer rifles. They did excellent service at Hatcher’s run, losing several in killed and wounded. Again, at Fort Gregg they were deployed in front of our brigade in making that assault, and by their rapid and well directed firing, assisted materially in the capture of the fort, and were complimented by Col. Potter, our Brigade Commander, for their good conduct. Remaining with the division until after Lee surrendered, they then made the trip to Lynchburg. They were then sent home and mustered out with the regiment.
- 23. CHAPTER XIII. CASUALTIES IN DETAIL. In making up this record—a part of the sacrifice we paid to suppress the Slave-holders’ Rebellion—the Muster-out rolls have been closely followed. It is very evident that they were by no means complete in this particular, except, perhaps, in the case of two or three companies. Every effort has been made to get a complete list of our killed and wounded, and with what result the following will testify:
- 24. COMPANY A. William F. Basom, First Sergeant, killed in action at Winchester June 13, 1863. David D. Terry, First Sergeant, killed in action at Snicker’s Ferry July 18, 1864. Franklin Robinson, killed in action at Winchester June 15, 1863. George Smith, killed in action at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Harvey Stansberry, killed in action at Snicker’s Ferry July 18, 1864. Jedediah Scears, killed in action at Winchester June 15, 1863. James H. Boroff, First Sergeant, wounded in right leg at Piedmote June 6, 1864, and died afterwards. John Wentz, First Sergeant, wounded in arm at Winchester September 19, 1864. Thomas C. Thompson, Sergeant, wounded in foot at Fisher’s Hill September 22, 1864. Joseph Roll, Sergeant, wounded in leg at Winchester June 13, 1863. Benjamin M. Reynolds, Corporal, died from wounds received at Winchester June 13, 1863. William S. Rifenberry, Corporal, wounded accidentally going home January 28, 1865, and died afterwards. Daniel W. Nichols, Corporal, wounded in arm at Winchester June 13, 1863. Adam De Baugh, wounded in leg at Hatcher’s Run April 6, 1865, and had leg amputated afterwards. Robert L. Ewart, wounded in action at Hatcher’s Run April 2, 1865. Albert Frost, wounded in action at Hatcher’s Run April 2, 1865. Albert Hunter, wounded in action at Newmarket May 15, 1864. George P. Hoysington, wounded in leg at Winchester June 13, 1863, and had leg amputated afterwards. Charles M. King, wounded in action at Winchester June 13, 1863. Henry P. King, wounded in action at Winchester June 13, 1863. George B. Smith, wounded in action at Newmarket May 15, 1864.
- 25. Edward G. Bates, wounded in leg at Winchester June 15, 1863, and had leg amputated afterwards. Henry M. McMiller, wounded in foot at Winchester June 15, 1863. John S. Anderson, wounded in leg at Snicker’s Ferry July 18, 1864, had leg amputated and died afterwards. Ambrose Ingerson, died from wounds received at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Reuben W. Smith, wounded in hip at Winchester September 19, 1864, and died afterwards. Jacob Clinger, wounded in action at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Francis M. Harris, wounded in neck at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Hiram Long, wounded in the breast at Winchester September 19, 1864, Levi Rickenbach, Corporal, wounded in the head at Winchester September 19, 1864. Jacob Switzer, wounded in the head at Winchester September 19, 1864. Samuel Dorne, wounded at Cedar Creek October 19, 1864. John Davis, wounded in the head at Snicker’s Ferry July 18, 1864. William Walters, wounded in knee at Winchester September 19, 1864.
- 26. COMPANY B. Caleb D. Williams, First Lieutenant, killed in action at Snicker’s Ferry July 18, 1864. Elijah S. Conger, killed in action at Winchester June 13, 1863. Leonard Keller, killed in action at Winchester June 13, 1863. Bower W. Schnebly, killed in action at Snicker’s Ferry, July 18, 1864. Henry C. Stults, killed in action at Winchester June 13, 1863. Benjamin H. Williams, killed in action at Winchester June 15, 1863. J. F. Randolph, Captain, wounded in action at Farmsville April 6, 1865. Ira D. Wells, Sergeant, died from wounds received at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. Charles Andrews, wounded in action at Hatcher’s Run April 1, 1865. John Hastings, wounded in action at Hatcher’s Run April 2, 1865. Louis Rutherford, wounded in action at Snicker’s Ferry July 18, 1864. Martin Stockmaster, wounded in action at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. William Slater, wounded in action at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. George Buskirk, Corporal, wounded in action at Winchester June 13, 1863. Josiah R. Fisher, Corporal, wounded in action at Winchester June 13, 1863. Irving Cole, wounded in right arm at Winchester June 13, 1863, and had arm amputated afterwards. George J. Frith, First Sergeant, died from wounds received at Winchester, June 15, 1863. Abisha W. Walter, Corporal, died from wounds received at Winchester June 13, 1863. Richard Evans, died from wound received at Winchester June 13, 1863.
- 27. Benjamin Holcomb, died from wounds received at Winchester June 15, 1863. Albert Nye, wounded at Winchester June 15, 1863.
- 28. COMPANY C. Orry Decker, killed in action at Winchester June 13, 1863. Crary Green, killed in action May 31, 1863. Silas Simpson, fell from box car on B. O. Railroad and instantly killed, December 19, 1864. Joseph H. Rhodes, Corporal, wounded at Winchester September 19, 1864. Jacob Carson, wounded at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Samuel Miller, wounded at Berryville September 3, 1864. [F2: printer’s mark removed] Charles Mingree, wounded at Newmarket May 15, 1864; also, at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. George P. Moore, wounded at Farmville April 6, 1865. Simon Steel, wounded at Farmsville, April 6, 1865. Otis Sykes, leg amputated from wound received Winchester September 19, 1864. Alonzo Lyn, died from wounds received at Winchester June 15, 1863. Louis White, died from wounds received at Snicker’s Ferry July 18, 1864.
- 29. COMPANY D. Phillip Wall, Sergeant, killed in action at Newmarket May 15, 1864. James Hartzell, killed in action at Winchester September 19, 1864. Granville R. Haines, killed in action at Winchester September 19, 1864. Samuel A. Harris, killed in action at Winchester September 19, 1864. Charles C. Roberts, killed in action at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. Henry Reynolds, killed in action at Newmarket May 15, 1864. William H. Snyder, killed in action at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Peter Swartz, killed in action at Farmville April 6, 1865. Henry Weller, killed in action at Winchester September 19, 1864. F. K. Shawhan, Captain, wounded in the thigh at Winchester September 19, 1864. David Miller, Second Lieutenant, wounded in the right breast at Newmarket May 15, 1864. James C. Leahy, First Sergeant, wounded in the right hip at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Samuel Martin, Sergeant, wounded in the wrist at Winchester September 19, 1864. Francis M. Hart, Sergeant, wounded in the right arm at Snicker’s Ferry, July 18, 1864. John A. Heckman, Corporal, died from wounds received at Hatcher’s run, March 31, 1865. Henry H. Pennington, Corporal, wounded in the thigh at Winchester September 19, 1864. Levi Keller, Corporal, wounded in the thigh at Winchester September 19, 1864. John T. Baker, wounded at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Selden M. Beard, wounded at Newmarket May 15, 1864. David B. Bowersox, wounded at Newmarket May 15, 1864. William Crossley, wounded at Newmarket May 15, 1864; also at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. Peter Carrigan, wounded at Newmarket May 15, 1864.
- 30. James H. Davidson, wounded at Newmarket May 15, 1864. David Hague, wounded at Cedar Creek October 19, 1864. Alexander H. Lott, right arm amputated from wound received at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. William Locust, wounded at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. Gideon Martin, wounded at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Joseph Meyers, wounded in the thigh at Winchester September 19, 1864. Frederick Wagoner, wounded at Newmarket May 15, 1864. John Wertz, wounded at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. Hiram Root, Sergeant, died from wounds received at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. Leander Coe, Corporal, died from wounds received at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Seth R. Gambee, died from wounds received at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Samuel M. Gilbert, died from wounds received at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Benjamin L. Hoover, died from wounds received at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Oscar R. Torrey, died from wounds received at Newmarket May 15, 1864. William Hoover, wounded in the foot at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. James Kenan, wounded at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Chancey Labounty, wounded at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Andrew J. Leitner, wounded in the hand at Winchester September 19, 1864. David C. Mowen, right arm amputated from a wound received at Newmarket Market May 15, 1864. Daniel Rhodes, wounded in the shoulder at Winchester September 19, 1864. Albert Rummell, wounded at Cedar Creek, October 19, 1864. John Whealan, left leg amputated from an accidental shot. Osro R. Beard, died from wounds received at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Daniel Reeme, Corporal, wounded in the knee at Winchester September 19, 1864.
- 31. Samuel Harris, died from wound in the hand and bowels received at Winchester September 19, 1864. Peter Croosley, wounded in the head at Winchester September 19, 1864.
- 32. COMPANY E. Stephen Casner, killed in action at Cedar Creek October 16, 1864. Lafayette Dunn, killed in action at Snicker’s Ferry July 18, 1864. Jacob Dorn, killed in action at Winchester June 15, 1864. Charles Bogle, killed in action at Winchester June 13, 1863. Warren Cunningham, wounded at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. Henry Gibson, wounded in both legs at Winchester September 19, 1864. Lorenzo Sweetland, wounded September 15, 1863. Newell B. Salisbury, Sergeant, died from a wound received in the left leg at Berryville September 3, 1864. Calvin Dunn, died from wounds received in the hip at Berryville September 3, 1863. Hamilton Dennison, died from wounds received at Winchester June 15, 1863. Nathan W. Henderson, died from wounds received in the leg and wrist at Winchester September 19, 1864. Peter Lettz, wounded in the shoulder at Berryville September 3, 1864. Frederick Shaffer, wounded in leg at Berryville September 3, 1864. Isaac Odell, Corporal, wounded in hand at Winchester September 19, 1864. Eleazer Johns, wounded in hip at Winchester September 19, 1864.
- 33. COMPANY F. Samuel Dunn, Sergeant, killed in action at Lynchburg June 18, 1864. David Gilbreath, Corporal, killed in action at Winchester June 15, 1863. John H. Swinehart, killed in action at Winchester June 15, 1863. Edwin R. Holly, killed at Winchester June 15, 1865. Cyrus H. Kiehl, killed at Lynchburg June 18, 1864. Will Maurice, killed at Winchester September 19, 1864. Savage McDonald, killed at Lynchburg June 18, 1864. M. W. Willoughby, Second Lieutenant, wounded in upper part of leg at Snicker’s Ferry July 18, 1864. Simon Hoffman, wounded in left ankle at Lynchburg June 18, 1864. David Bowsher, wounded in the back at Lynchburg June 18, 1864. John H. Miller, wounded in arm at Lynchburg June 18, 1864. Peter Atwater, wounded in leg at Lynchburg June 18, 1864. William Spencer, wounded in the head at Lynchburg June 18, 1864. Thomas Clark, wounded in the breast at Lynchburg June 18, 1864. William H. Hefflebower, wounded in the left hip at Snicker’s Ferry July 18, 1864. Samuel A. Pugh, wounded in hand at Snicker’s Ferry July 18, 1864. Jacob H. Miller, Corporal, wounded in thigh at Winchester September 19, 1864. Eli Maskey, Corporal, wounded in the head at Winchester September 19, 1864. Lafayette Lee, wounded in leg at Winchester September 19, 1864. Joel Ekleberry, wounded in thigh at Winchester September 19, 1864. George Mackey, wounded in the face at Winchester September 19, 1864. Levi Woodling, wounded in leg at Fisher’s Hill September 22, 1864.
- 34. COMPANY G. William Gillard, Corporal, killed in action at Winchester June 18, 1863. Theodore Ocks, killed in action at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. Albert Ott, killed in action at Snicker’s Ferry July 18, 1864. Richard Martin, killed in action at Winchester June 15, 1863. Sherman A Johnson, Second Lieutenant, wounded in left breast at Winchester September 19, 1864. Myron E. Clemens, Sergeant, wounded in the head and shoulder at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. Richard H. Timanus, Corporal, wounded in action at Cedar Creek October 19, 1864. William P. Wheeler, Corporal, wounded in the neck at Winchester September 19, 1864. Luther Barnard, wounded in hip at Winchester September 19, 1864. William Kelly, wounded in foot at Winchester September 19, 1864. Milo H. Wager, wounded in action at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. Alfred C. Vantine, Corporal, wounded in arm at Fisher’s Hill September 22, 1864. Charles Brumm, wounded in action at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Conrad Rhoda, wounded in action at Winchester June 13, 1863. Jacob Detlefs, died from wounds received at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. Henry D. Johnson, died from wounds received at Winchester June 15, 1863. James Reed, died from wounds received at Newmarket May 15, 1864. George Stokely, wounded in arm at Lynchburg June 18, 1864. Foster Neill, wounded in hand at Berrysville September 3, 1864. A. C. Garret, Color Sergeant, wounded in foot at Winchester September 19, 1864. Henry C. Bernard, wounded in the neck at Winchester September 19, 1864.
- 35. George B. Drake, Corporal, wounded in hip at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Charles G. Knight, wounded in hand at Winchester June 13, 1863. William H. Lovering, wounded in leg near Strasburg October, 1864. William Morgan, wounded in action at Winchester June 15, 1863. George Shesley, wounded in action at Winchester June 14, 1863. Charles Brumm, wounded in action at Winchester June 15, 1863. Joseph Morrow, wounded in action at Winchester June 15, 1863. Richard Howe, wounded in action at Opequan September 19, 1864.
- 36. COMPANY H. Charles F. Harriger, killed in action at Winchester June 13, 1863. Larry Lynch, wounded in action at Winchester June 15, 1863. Joseph Price, died from wounds received in action. George Shaffer, wounded in leg and arm at Berryville September 3, 1864. Clement Medary, Corporal, died from wounds received at Winchester June 15, 1863. Frank P. Andrews, died from wounds received at Winchester September 19, 1864. David Betts, died from wounds received at Newmarket May 15, 1864. George Dever, died from wounds received in action. Joshua Gundrum, died from wounds received in action. Peter Holman, died from wounds received in arm and neck at Berryville September 3, 1864. John C. Myers, died from wounds received in action. George Merrick, died from wounds received at Newmarket May 15, 1864. Hosea Richards, died from wounds received at Newmarket May 15, 1864. John Q. Crippen, wounded in hand at Berryville September 3, 1864. William Beck, wounded in hand at Berryville September 3, 1864. Lewis Ranck, wounded in leg and arm at Berryville September 3, 1864. George W. Eyestone, wounded in hand at Fisher’s Hill September 22, 1864.
- 37. COMPANY I. Abraham W. Brinkly, Sergeant, killed in action at Berryville September 3, 1864. Isaac L. Fink, Corporal, killed in action at Snicker’s Ferry July 18, 1864. William Deary, killed in action at Winchester June 13, 1863. William H. Fox, killed in action at Winchester June 15, 1863. Eli Michiner, killed in action at Winchester June 15, 1863. William H. Bender, Captain, wounded in the leg at Winchester June 15, 1863, and died in prison. George D. Acker, Second Lieutenant, wounded in the shoulder at Winchester June 15, 1863. William Bartholomew, Sergeant, wounded at Farmsville April 6, 1865. Adoniram Alley, wounded at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. William Bardett, wounded at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. David Bardett, wounded at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. Jefferson Kooken, wounded in the head at Winchester September 19, 1864. Owen H. Laney, wounded at Cedar Creek October 19, 1864. Joseph Sidell, wounded at Farmsville April 6, 1865. Martin W. Michiner, Corporal, died from a wound received in the hip at Berryville September 3, 1864. George W. Adams, died from wounds received at Winchester June 13, 1863. Henry Ebersole, died from wounds received at Winchester June 15, 1863. William B. Henry, died from wounds received at Winchester June 15, 1863. John H. Meyers, died from wounds received at Winchester June 13, 1863. Thomas H. McKee, died from wounds received at Winchester June 15, 1863. Jacob Ebright, Corporal, wounded in the breast at Berryville, September 3, 1864.
- 38. John Wickard, wounded in the shoulder at Winchester September 19, 1864. John Updyke, wounded in the arm at Winchester September 19, 1864.
- 39. COMPANY K. Samuel D. Poppleton, Sergeant, killed in action at Berryville September 3, 1864. Andrew Donahoe, killed in action at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. William Frey, Sergeant, leg amputated from wound received at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. John Grant, Corporal, wounded in the head at Berryville, September 3, 1864. Anton Rock, wounded at Hatcher’s Run March 31, 1865. Bruno Schmidt, wounded in the thigh at Berryville September 3, 1864. Hiram Utley, wounded in the hand at Winchester June 15, 1863. Isaac Nutter, arm amputated from wound received at Winchester, June 13, 1863. Albert W. Rhone, leg amputated from wound received at Winchester June 13, 1863. Joseph Goodsell, Sergeant, died from wounds received at Berryville September 3, 1864. John Robinson, leg amputated from wound received at Berryville September 3, 1864, and afterwards died. Jacob Wolf, Sergeant, wounded in the leg at Fisher’s Hill, September 22, 1864. Martin J. Gase, Corporal, wounded in the arm at Fisher’s Hill September 22, 1864. FIELD AND STAFF. Horace Kellogg, Lieutenant-Colonel, wounded in foot at Winchester June 15, 1863. W. B. Hyatt, Surgeon, wounded in action at Winchester June 15, 1863.
- 40. CHAPTER XIV. THE ESCAPE OF OFFICERS FROM PRISONS AND A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THOSE WHO DIED THERE.
- 41. CONCLUSION. In the Spring of 1864 the most of our officers who were then in prison where changed to various prisons throughout the South, some of them making the entire circuit of Libby, Raleigh, Macon, Savannah, Charleston and Columbia. Two officers escaped by means of the “streight tunnel,” and Col. Wilson, Lieut. Col. Hunter, Capt. Chamberlin, and two or three others were exchanged and sent North, and, soon after, joined the regiment; while the greater portion of the remainder made their escape from some of the above named prisons and at different times. All of them, in fact, save Lieut. M. H. Smith, who was released by Gen. Sherman, on his celebrated march to the Sea, and Captains Riggs and Bender, who died there from cruel treatment. And, in-as- much as the escapes were all very similar, it will be necessary only to recount a few of them. Captain Randolph escaped from Columbia, South Carolina, during the Summer of ’64; by floating down the Santee river on a flat-boat, with several others, and, after a voyage of nearly one month, reached our fleet—blockading its mouth. On the trip they passed under several railroad bridges guarded by soldiers, the sentinels being in plain sight. Their plan was to float down the river at night, using long “sweeps” to force the boat through the water. As soon as daylight came, they would lay by for the day, secreting their boat, as best they could, among willows, or brush of some description. As a matter of course, they foraged for their rations, or had colored men to do it for them. Sweet potatoes were in abundance; and, with young chickens, or a pig from a neighboring farmyard, a very fair meal could be gotten up. On the 3d of November Lieutenants Colver and Boyce, observing that the guards were very slack in watching the prisoners who were permitted to go to a wood near by for fuel, thought that the time had come to attempt their escape; so they, in company with another officer, resolved to try it. Getting all ready, they walked out—as though they had given their parole—and kept right on to the woods, and, as soon as they were under cover, secreted themselves until
- 42. after dark, when, taking the North Star as their guide, they struck out for East Tennessee—distant about four hundred miles. After having traveled six days, they suddenly came upon some Rebel cavalry; and, while the other two were parlaying with them, Lieut. Colver made off through the woods and escaped. He then had three hundred miles to travel alone, but, by the never-failing aid of the negro, he, after traveling thirty days—or rather nights—reached our lines at Charleston, East Tennessee, and was soon at home in Ohio. November 26th, ’64, Capt. Rosenbaum and Lieut. T. W. Boyce made their escape from Columbia in the same manner that Lieut. Boyce did the time he started out with Lieut. Colver, and their journeyings were of a similar character. Lieut. Boyce, who had been over the ground part of the way once before, knew about the direction to take. They made East Tennessee their objective point. It was in the dead of winter, and the ground was covered with sleet and snow for the most of the way, making very bad walking, besides not contributing greatly to the comfort of sleeping out of doors. However, after many narrow escapes and almost superhuman exertions, they arrived in our lines in safety—though pretty nearly worn out—on the 26th of December, having been just one month on the trip. Capt. William H. Bender, of Company I was wounded at Winchester, June 15th, ’63, and taken to Richmond, remaining there until May 7th, ’64. From there he was taken to Macon, Georgia, thence to Savannah, where he was taken down with fever. He recovered, somewhat, and was then taken to Charleston and placed under “fire” in the city jail yard. On September 4th he was sent to Columbia, where he was taken down with “yellow fever.” Receiving no medical aid for twenty-four hours after being taken sick, he died on the morning of the 8th, a victim of Southern cruelty and neglect. He was a good soldier, a gallant officer, and a gentleman always. Capt. Charles H. Riggs was born at Tiffin, Ohio, in 1835. He was, therefore, at the time of his enlistment, twenty-seven years of age. He was agent of the Cleveland and Toledo railroad at Sandusky, a position which he filled well and ably, being well liked by the entire community and highly esteemed by the men of the road. Thus, young, loved and prosperous, he left with his command for the seat of war, alas! never to return. Always deporting himself as a true soldier and Christian gentleman, he possessed the esteem of his men
- 43. and the confidence of his superior officers. Cool and brave in the hour of danger, he had none of the bravado spirit, that courts battle in the quiet camp, or anticipates brave deeds to be accomplished. He was taken prisoner with his command at Winchester, June 15th, 1863. Not of a sanguine temperament, he seemed to think from the very first that he never again would behold the free North or the faces of dear ones at home—which unhappy sentiment of course little fitted him to bear up under the hardships, privations and diseases incident to a prisoner of war. Early attacked with a chronic complaint —from which he never seemed to rally—after long months of suffering, he breathed his brave, young life away on the 15th day of September, 1864, in the hospital at Charleston, amid the thunderings of cannon hurling missiles of destruction upon the doomed city, where first the flag of treason was flung insultingly to the breeze. Many a heart was made sad in the regiment at the news of his death; it seemed as though a brother had been taken from us. Groups of men upon the company street could be seen moving listlessly along, talking over the sad intelligence. What then must have been the sorrow of his family at home? Poor, stricken ones, our hearts bled for you then as we sympathize with you now. A dutiful son, a loving brother, a brave soldier, and a true friend—well may be said of him: “Green be the turf above thee, friend of my better days, None knew thee but to love thee, nor named thee but to praise.” Many more events and episodes of deepest interest to us might be narrated, did space permit. Of the tiresome marches, the sleepless nights, and the lonely picket posts, in the dead of winter, no pen can fittingly the story relate. No! Only in your meetings can you even faintly outline the unwritten history of your soldier lives. The sufferings, the danger, and the privations so patiently born, you yourselves can only know. By these memories so holy, by our brave ones gone, by the defeats sustained, and victories gloriously won, let us hope that the Union, which it was our fortunes to help sustain and preserve, may remain unbroken forever. FINIS.
- 45. TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES 1. Added Table of Contents. 2. Did not correct spellings of names. 3. Changed “a in cornfield” to “a cornfield” on p. 88. 4. Changed “Selden M. Beard, wounded at Newmarket May 15, ” to “Selden M. Beard, wounded at Newmarket May 15, 1864.” on p. 179. 5. Silently corrected typographical errors. 6. Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.
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