Main notes (1)

1. What is BIOS?
BIOS stands for Basic Input-Output System and is pronounced as “Bye-Ose“. The BIOS is
available on all the computers. It makes sure that all the components of the computer can
function together. It has information about all the hardware components in the Computer. BIOS
can also be called as a Special Software that interfaces the major hardware components of a
computer with the Operating System. It is usually stored in a Flash Memory Chip on the
Motherboard.
2. What are the Hardware Components of a Desktop Computer / Laptop?
The Hardware Components of a Desktop Computer / Laptop are as follows:
1. The Processor (CPU) 2. Motherboard
3. RAM (Random Access Memory) 4. Power Supply – SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)
5. Hard-disk Drives 6. CD/DVD-ROM Drives
7. Floppy Disk Drive 8. Sound Card
9. Graphics (Display) Card 10. Keyboard
11. Mouse 12. Monitor
3. What are Hard-Disk Partitions?
Partitions are used to Divide a Hard-disk drive into smaller segments as required by the user
and for better management of the space in it.
4. Difference between RAM and ROM?
RAM (Random Access Memory) – is used to temporarily store information that the computer is
currently working on.
ROM (Read Only Memory) – This is a Permanent type of memory storage used by computers for
important data which never changes. (Example: BIOS)
5. What would you check if there is no sound from your computer? (Audio not
working)
1. Check for cable connections
2. Check for power to the speakers
3. Check for volume control
4. Check for device drivers
6. If a Customer complains that his computer is working really slow, what are
the things you would check?
1. Check if it is taking longer than usual to start up
2. Check if it is slow with one / any particular application or slow overall.
3. Check for Spyware/Malware/Virus in the computer
4. Check the available Hard-Disk Drive Space in the computer.
7. Why are Device Drivers required?
A Device Driver (or just Driver) is a piece of software which is requied to run every Hardware
Component present in the computer.

8. What is the Blue Screen of Death (BSOD)? .
A Blue Screen of Death (or just a Blue Screen Error) is an indication of a Critical System
Problem wherein the Computer freezes altogether and does not respond to anything.
To rectify this problem, try Restarting the computer or Booting into Safe Mode. For more
information, read this.
9. Name one of the latest Computer Processors (CPU) ?
Intel Pentium Quad Core, Intel I3, I5, I7 processors.
10. What is Ping?
Ping is a command that checks the connectivity with an IP address.
11. What is a Data Cable?
A Data Cable is a Thin Plastic band-like cable used to connect the Data-Devices like Hard-disk
drives, Floppy Disk Drives, CD/DVD-ROM drives with the motherboard. Data Cables are
primarily used for Data Transfer.
12. Lights on a Modem / LAN Card:
Generally, there are 04 lights. They indicate the following:
1. Power Light: Shows if the device (Modem)is getting Power Supply or not.
2. Link Light: Indicates if the device is getting broadband/internet signals properly from the ISP
3. Data Light: Indicates wether the internet is working or not.
4. Connectivity Light: Indicates the Modem is connected to a PC or not.
13. Name some of the Ports available in a Computer
Some of the commonly available ports in a Computer are as follows:
1. Keyboard & Mouse Ports – Also known as PS/2 ports 2. USB Ports
3. VGA Ports 4. Sound Ports 5. LAN Port – Also known as Ethernet Port
14. What does the term USB stand for?
USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. It allows devices to be connected or disconnected from a
computer without shutting down or restarting the computer. The current version of USB is 2.0
15.What is the difference between CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) and LCD (Flat
Screen Monitors)?
CRT Monitors: The Monitor has a picture tube and uses a light-gun to highlight pixels on the
screen. LCD Monitors: These monitors do not have a picture tube and contain a layer of liquid
crystals on an Electronic Board.
16.What is an IP Address?
An IP address is a unique numerical identifier of every device on a network. A typical IP address
can look like this: 216.27.61.141. To detect a computer’s IP Address, go to Start – Run – Type in
CMD in the Run Dialogue Box and click OK or hit <Enter> – In the Command Prompt Screen
that comes up, type in IPCONFIG and hit <Enter>

17. What is DHCP?
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is used to generate & provide IP
addresses to the computers on a network.
18.What is DNS Server?
Domain Name System is used to resolve domain name to IP Address and also used
to resolve IP Address to Domain Name. It has two zones Forward and Reverse
Forward Lookup Zone resolve Domain name to IP address.
Reverse Lookup Zone is used to resolve IP address to Domain Name.
19. Mention a sample computer configuration:
1. Intel Pentium Core 2 Duo – 3.0Ghz 2. 2 GB RAM
3. 300GB HDD 4. DVD Writer
5. 17 inches LCD Monitor 6. Keyboard-Mouse
20. Name any Five Microsoft Office Applications:
1. MS Word 2. MS Excel
3. MS Powerpoint 4. MS Access
5. MS Outlook
21. What are RJ45 and RJ11 connectors?
RJ45 connectors are used for LAN/Ethernet connections and RJ11 connectors are used for
Telephone Cable connections.
22.What is a Parallel Windows installation?
When the first installation of Windows fails to boot for some reason, another copy of Windows is
installed in teh same drive but in a different directory (so that the customer can access to and
backup his old data). This is called Parallel Installation of Windows.
23.Name some of the versions of Windows XP.
Windows XP Home Edition, Professional, Media Center Edition, Tablet PC Edition, Mobile
24.What are the components needed to setup a Basic Home Network?
LAN Cards, LAN Cables, Router/Hub
25. What does BOOT.INI do?
Boot.ini lists all the Operating Systems present in the computer and provide information about
which partitions they are located on.
26. How would you access the Recovery Console in Windows?
By booting with the Windows XP CD and following the on-screen instructions. The Recovery
Console can also be installed in your computer.

27. Provide the names of a few Firewalls:
Norton, McAfee, Zone Alarm etc
28.Define Hard-Disk Partitions?
Hard disk partitions divide the hard disk drive into smaller segments to enable
better space management. Each partition on the disk can then be considered
as a separate disk allowing different file systems to be used on each.
29.What are some of the Ports available
in a computer?
Common ports are: PS/2 ports, for keyboard and mouse. USBports. Sound
ports.LAN or Ethernet ports. VGA ports.
30.Identify a few Firewalls.
There are two basic types of firewall – network layer, which make decisions
based on source and destination addresses, and application layer, which are
hosts run on proxy servers and allow no direct traffic between networks.
Commode and Zone Alarm are two commonly used firewalls.
31. What is Proxy server?
It is software used for sharing of internet connection.
E.g. Wingate, Win proxy, Analog proxy, etc.
32. Difference between domain and workgroup
Domain Workgroup
A. centralized network model Decentralized network
B. Domain is controlled by DC No centralized control
C. Centralized login Local login
D. centralized user database local user data based
E. Easy and centralized management NA
F. good for large network good for small network
33. Types of Operating System?
There are two types of Operating System—
1. SOS – Simple Operating System as for example – Windows 95, 98, ME
2. NOS – Network Operating System as for example – Windows NT, 2000, 2003
34.What is firewall?
It is software used to provide security to your network by not allowing unauthorized access to
your internal network from External users. Eg: PIX firewall, Checkpoint firewall, etc.
35.What is bandwidth of of CAT5 & CAT 6 cables?
CAT 5 - 100 Mbps, CAT 6 – 1000 Mbps

36.What is the use of Tracer?
The TRACERT is a diagnostic utility which is used to find out path information between source
and destination by sending ICMP echo packets to the destination.
Command: C:>tracert 169.187.244.12
37. Difference between Basic disk and dynamic disk
Basic Disk Dynamic disk
partition are created Volumes are created
can be converted to dynamic Cannot be converted to basic
grouping of disk not allowed Grouping of disk are allowed
No data redundancy Data redundancy using RAID 1/5
partition table is at start Partition table is at end
38.Difference between FAT32 and NTFS
NTFS (New Technology File system) FAT32 (File Allocation Table 32)
1. Compression 1. This is not available
2. Encryption 2. Encyption not present
3. Hot fixing 3.We can’t do hot fixing.
4. Cant converted into FAT32 4.Can be converted into NTFS
5. More security than FAT32 5.No security.
6. Shadow Copy feature 6.No Shadow Copy.
7. Disk Quota feature 7.Disk Quota feature not present.
8. It doesn’t support to Win 98 8.It supports for Win 98
9. It Supports to Win Vista 9.It does not support to Vista.
39.Explain about RAID-1
A. Min. and max. 2 hard disk
B. If any one disk fails data can be recovered from other disk.
C. 50% space wastage.
D. no read/write performance improvement.
E. good for storing Operating system.
40. Explain about RAID-5
A. data is stored in distributed format across all the disk
B. min 3 max. 32
C. if any one disk fails data can be recovered using parity.
D. parity space wastage eg. parity = total space no of disk.
E. good for storing data.

41.Can we convert FAT32 to NTFS? How?
You can convert FAT32 partition to NTFS using convert.exe command.
Eg . convert /fs:ntfs
42.What is Web Server?
Web server is a server or application server which host or stores websites. Every web site should
have a name like www.vision.com and IP address. Eg. IIS, Apache server, etc.
43.What is Mail Server?
Mail server is a software which maintains user mailboxes, eg:Exchange server, Lotus domino,
44. Port numbers for various application and services
There are total 65536 ports available. Below are the lists of some well-known ports.
LDAP : 389 Kerberos : 88
DNS : 53 SMTP : 25
POP3 : 110 Telnet : 23
NNTP : 119 IMAP : 143
RPC : 135 HTTP : 80
HTTPS/SSL : 443 FTP : 21
45.What is mail client?
Software used by client to access to mails stores on mail server, using mail client software you
can send mail and receive mail. Eg: Microsoft Outlook, Outlook Express, Lotus notes, etc.
46. What is Operating System?
Operating System works as an interpreter between computer hardware and
application. Operating System works as a user interface.
47What is VPN Server?
VPN stands for Virtual Private Network. It is basically use for mobile user in the
network. This Server provides the remote access connectivity for mobile user. In
this way all of the mobile users are connected to server through internet. This
Server also provides the connectivity between two or more Offices in the
Network. VPN is Cost Effective (No costly).
48. What is Subnet Mask & what are the default subnet masks for TCP/IP Classes?
Subnet Mask is used to differentiate Network ID & Host ID from a given IP address.
CALSS A- 255.0.0.0
CLASS B- 255.255.0.0
CLASS C- 255.255.255.0

49.What are the ranges of TCP/IP Classes?
There are total 5 classes of TCP/IP and they are as follows:
CLASS A- 1 to 126
CLASS B- 128 to 191
CLASS C- 192 to 223
CLASS D- 224 to 239 (Multicasting)
CLASS E- 240 to 255 (Research)
50.. What is a default gateway?
Default Gateway is the IP Address of Router in the network. When ever any
clients want to go to another network that query will forward to Default
Gateway
51. What is Public IP address?
A unique IP address known as a public IP address and it is assigned to each computer that
connects to the internet.
52.What are types of Public IPs?
I] Static- It does not change and primarily used for hosting web pages on the internet.
II] Dynamic-These IPs are chosen from a collection of available IP address and can be
change.
53. What are the ranges of private IP?
CLASS A: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
CLASS B: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
CLASS C: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Also IPs in the range of 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255 are reserved for Automatic Private IP
Addressing.
What is loopback address or what is 127.0.0.1?
127.0.0.1 Is the standard IP address used for a loopback network connection.This means that if
you try to connect to 127.0.0.1, you are immediately looped back to your own machine. In
other words, 127.0.0.1 is “YOU”
54. What is the Private IP Address?

Private IP are IPs which are not used on internet or which are non routable in Internet.
55.What is the difference between Public IP address and Private IP address?
Public IPs are reserved for the Internet and Private IPs are reserved for Private Networks.
What is loopback address or what is 127.0.0.1?
127.0.0.1 Is the standard IP address used for a loopback network connection.This means that if
you try to connect to 127.0.0.1, you are immediately looped back to your own machine. In
other words, 127.0.0.1 is “YOU”
56.What is PING?
PING is a computer network tool; it stands for Packet Internet Network Gopher.
And it is used to check network connectivity.
57.What Protocol is used by PING?
PING uses ICMP (Internet Control Management Protocol) protocol. ICMP is designed for
sending control and test messages across IP network.
58. List the booting files?
Windows 98 Windows 2000 & XP
a) Command.com a) NTDETECT.COM
b) IO.sys b) BOOT.INI
c) MSDOS.sys c) NTLDR
d) Autoexec.bat d) BOOTSECT.DOS (For Multi booting)
e) CONFIG.SYS
f) WIN.INI
g) SYSTEM.INI
59. What is Reverse DNS?
It translates an IP address into a domain name (FQDN). i.e. 207.171.166.48 to www.yahoo.com
.
60.What is NSlookup?
It is a tool used to troubleshoot DNS related issues.
61.What is WINS?

It stands for Windows Internet names Services and it is used to resolve NetBIOS computer
name to IP Address.
62.. What is DHCP?
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is a network protocol that enables a
server to automatically assign an IP address to an individual computer.
It works like this:
 A user starts the computer with DHCP client.
 The client computer sends a broadcast request (called DISCOVER) to DHCP
Server.
 The router directs DISCOVER packet to the correct DHCP server.
 Based on DISCOVER packet server determines an appropriate address to give to
the client. Then server reserve that IP temporary for that client and send back to
the client an OFFER (DHCPOFFER) packet.
 The DHCP Server also configures the clients DNS /WINS as well.
 Then client sends the DHCPREQUEST packet.
 The server sends an ACK (DHCPACK) packet to the client.
63.What is client Reservation in DHCP?
Reservation of specific IP addresses for the specific machines.
64.What is an IRQ?
IRQ stands for Interrupt ReQuest and refers to special numbered channels that are used by
devices to get the processors attention.
Common IRQs:
 IRQ 1- Keyboard IRQ 7-LPT1
 IRQ 3- COM2 & COM4 IRQ12- PS/2 Mouse
 IRQ 4- COM 1 & COM 3 IRQ13- Math Coprocessor
 IRQ 5- LPT2 IRQ14- Primary HDD.
 IRQ 6- FDD IRQ15- Secondary HDD.
65. What is the function of ROUTER?
A router is a networking device that used in selecting the appropriate path to transfer data
packages between different networks. Routers join networks together for example a LAN to a

WAN in order to access the Internet. Routers utilize routing tables and headers to patch up the
best passageway for the package to follow.
66. Explain the color code for straight cable and cross cable?
Straight Cable Cross Cable
Orange/white Green/White
Orange Green
Green/White Orange/White
Blue Blue
Blue/White Blue/White
Green Orange
Brown/White Brown/White
Brown Brown
67.What is the bandwidth of CAT5 Cable?
100 Mbps.
68. What I the recommended CAT5 cable length between switch & PC?
100 Meters.
69.When we use cross cable and straight cable?
Cross Cable: Similar Devices Straight Cable: dissimilar Device
e.g. Switch to Switch e.g. PC to Switch
Router to Switch PC to PC
70.Which pins are used in CAT5 Cables?
Pin no: 1,2,3,6.
Pin 1- Tx + Pin 1- Tx -
Pin 1- Rx + Pin 1- Rx -
71. What is the PORT and list the common port numbers?
Ports are what an application uses when communicating between client & server.
There are total 65536 ports some common Ports are listed below:
 DNS-53 SMTP-25 POP3-110
 TELNET-23 LDAP-389 IMAP-143

 HTTP-80 HTTPS/SSL-443 FTP-21
 DHCP-67/68 WINS-137 Kerberos- 88
 FTP DATA-20 SNMP-161 NETBIOS-139
72. Difference between Basic Disk and Dynamic Disk
Basic Disk Dynamic Disk
1. Partition are Created 1.Volumes are created.
2. Can be converted into Dynamic 2.Cant be converted into basic.
3. Grouping of disk not allowed 3. Grouping of disk are allowed.
4. No data Redundancy 4.Data Redundancy using RAID1/5.
5. Partition Table is at Start 5.Partition table at end.
73. Difference between Windows XP and Windows Vista
Windows XP Windows Vista
1. Graphics is good but not than Vista 1.Highly graphics is used.
2. Normal H/W configuration required 2.High configuration required.
3. IPv 4 3.IPv4 and IPv6 (Newly added)
4. Can work on FAT/FAT32 and NTFS 4. NTFS
5. Normal Security 5.More security than XP
6.32 Bit 6.64 Bit
74. Difference between Windows XP Home and Windows XP professional
Windows XP Home Edition Windows XP Professional
1. No Remote Desktop 1.Remote Desktop
2. NO 2.Offline Folders
3. 1 Processor 3. 2 Processor
4. Only Workgroup member 4.Workgroup and Domain Member.
5. NO 5.Encryption.
6. NO GPO 6.GPO
7. NO 7.Roaming Profile.
8. NO ASR (Automated System Recovery) 8.ASR (Automated System Recovery)
75. Difference between Windows 2000 Server Windows 2003 Server.
Windows 2000 Server Windows 2003 Server
1. No Shadow Copy 1.Shadow copy feature.

2. No Domain Rename Feature 2.We can rename the domain name.
3. Terminal Service 3.Remote Desktop
4. Emergency Repair Disk (ERD) tool 5.More command line tool
76. Difference between VNC (Virtual Network Computing) and Window Net
meeting
VNC (Virtual Network Computing) Window Net meeting
1. it’s a freeware tool. 1. Its a by default windows tool.
2. Full Access on machine. 2. Either you can see or access at single time.
3. Single User support 3. Multi users can access single machine time.
4. NO 4.File Transfer feature.
77. Difference between Switch and HUB
Switch HUB
1. Switch Works at Layer 2 & Layer 3 1. HUB works at Layer 1
2. It uses MAC Address for packet forwarding. 2. It uses Broadcast for packet
forwarding.
3. Faster Than HUB 3.Slower Than Switch.
4. Full Duplex 4. Half duplex.
5. High throughput 5.Low throughput.
6. It preferred where speed is of concern 6.It preferred where cost is concern.
78. Difference between NetBIOS (NetBEUI) and TCP/IP
TCP/IP NetBEUI
1. Its a industry standard 1.Its a Microsoft Propriety
2. IP Address 2. No Addressing.
3. It supports to routing 3. Non routable
4. Good for large network 4.Small Network.
5. More configuration 5. No configuration.
79. Difference between DDR and DDR2
DDR DDR2
1. Cannot install in DDR2 slot 1. cannot install in DDR slot
2. 184 Pins 2. 240 Pins
3. 2.5 V Power required 3. 1.8 V Power required

4. 166/200/266/333/400/533MHz 4. 400/533/667/800/1000/1066 MHz
5. It is slower compare to DDR2 5. It is faster than DDR
80.Difference between SCSI and IDE hard disk
SCSI IDE
1. It is faster than IDE 1. it is slower than SCSI
2. Supports up to 7 or 15 devices 2. 2 devices
3. 25/50/68 Pins 3. 50Pins
4. Speed-25000 rpm 4. Speed-3600 to 7200 rpm
81.Difference between DDR2 and DDR3
DDR2 DDR3
1. Cannot install in DDR3 slot 1. cannot install in DDR2 slot
2. 240 Pins 2. 240 Pins
3. 1.8 V Power required 3. 1.5 V Power required
4. 400/533/667/800/1000/1066MHz 4. 800/1000/1333/1600MHz
5. Costs is less than DDR3 memory 5. Costs is somewhat more than DDR2
6. It is slower compare to DDR3 6. It is faster than DDR2
82.Difference between IP address and MAC Address
IP Address MAC Address
1. it’s a logical address 1.Its a physical address
2. It is 32 Bit 2.It is 48 bit hexadecimal
3. It can be change 3. It is unique address, it cannot be change.
83. Explain in short about all 7 layers of OSI?
Application set
Application layer = user interface and application (SMTP/FTP)
Presentation layer = Data conversion and transformation
Session layer = keep data of diff. application separately
Transport Set
Transport layer = end to end connectivity using port numbers. (TCP/IP)
Network layer = logical addressing like IP address.(Switch / Router) (IP/IPX)

Data link layer = Physical addressing like MAC address.(Switch)
Physical layer = Physical transmission of data using 0's and 1's. (HUB)
84. Define Active directory service?
ADS is a new logical network model of windows 2000 and 2003 which includes forest, trees,
domain, etc. It stores the information about users, computers and resources and make them
resources accessible to users.
85. What if forest & Tree ?
Forest is collection of single or multiple trees.
Trees are collection of single or multiple domain arrange in hierarchy using child-parent
relationship.
86. Explain the BIOS Beeps Codes?
Beep Code: Description of Problem:
No Beeps Short, No power, Bad CPU/MB, Loose Peripherals
One Beep Everything is normal and Computer POSTed fine
Two Beeps POST/CMOS Error
One Long Beep, One Short Beep Motherboard Problem
One Long Beep, Two Short Beeps Video Problem
One Long Beep, Three Short Beeps Video Problem
Three Long Beeps Keyboard Error
Repeated Long Beeps Memory Error
Continuous Hi-Lo Beeps CPU Overheating
87. What is function of LDAP?
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a protocol used to query or access active
directory database. It uses port 389.

88. Which authentication protocols are supported by ADS?
NTLM and Kerberos
89. What for ADS are the requirements
a) Windows 2000/2003 Server Operating System
b) TCP/IP protocol and IP address
c) Network Card with Active state
d) NTFS partition
90. What is Sysvol?
Sysvol 0(System Volume) is a special folder located on NTFS partition of DC for Storing domain
public files like logon script, GPO templates, etc. The contents of sysvol Folder is replicated to
all DC in a domain.
91.Which command we use to install or Remove Active Directory?
Dcpromo
92.What is RAID (Redundant array of independent disk)?
RAID is a technology of grouping disk inorder to provide more space and redundancy. There
are total 54 RAID method. Windows 2003 supports RAID 0, 1 and 5.
A.Min. and max. 2 hard disk
b. If any disk fails data can be recovered from other disk.
c. 50% space wastage.
d. no read/write performance improvement.
e. good for storing Operating system.
a. data is stored in distributed format across the entire disk
b. min 3 max. 32
c. if any disk fails data can be recovered using parity.
d. parity space wastage eg. Parity = total space no of disk.
e. good for storing data.

95. How to configure sync. Time using command line?
Use NET TIME command E.g.: NET TIME 10.0.0.1 /set
97.Which Commands we used to release and renew old IP address of any
workstation?
To Release IP Address: C:>ipconfig /release
To Renew IP Address: C:>ipconfig /renew
98. How to stop and start server using command line?
Use NET START to start a service and NET STOP to stop the service
E.g.: NET STOP spooler NET START spooler
99. How to send message to remote user, computer, etc. using command line?
Use NET SEND command Eg: NET SEND 10.0.0.1 "how are u"
100.Which command we used to update changes in group policy?
C:>gpupdate
101.Which command we used to find out PING related problem?
C:>tracert 169.187.144.32
102.Which command we used to convert file system of specified drive?
C:>Convert c: /fs:ntfs
103. Explain types of user?
Users are of two types
a) Local User : Local users are used in workgroup environment and can logon to local machine
b) Global Users : Global users are used in domain environment and can be created on DC and
can login from any machine in a domain.
104. Explain types of backup?
Full backup or normal backup: complete data is backup with archive bit is clear
Incremental backup: only new data is backup for which archive bit is set and after backup
archive bit is clear.

Differential backup: only new data is backup for which archive bit is set and after backup
archive bit is not set.
Copy backup: complete data is backup with archive bit not cleared.
Daily backup: data is backup based on modified dates.
105. What is user profile?
User profile are user common environment which contents settings like desktop, my docs,
temp, outlook settings, IE settings, start menu, etc.
106. What is SMPS’s input and Output current?
INPUT - AC (Alternative current)
OUTPUT - DC (Direct Current)
107.What voltage required for CMOS (battery)?
+3.3 V
108. What is difference between USB 1.1, USB 2.0 and USB 3.0?
USB Ver. 1.1= 12 mb/sec (Data transfer speed)
USB Ver. 2.0= 480 mb/sec (Data transfer speed)
USB Ver. 3.0= 5 GB/Sec (Data transfer speed)
109.What are the SMPS output voltages?
+3.3V (Orange) +5V (Red) -5V (White)
+12V (Yellow) -12V (Blue) GND (Black)
110.List the computer motherboard Ports with their Pins?
Serial Port : 9 Pins Parallel Port : 25 Pins
Video Port : 15 Pins IDE Port : 40 Pins
FDD Port : 34 Pins SATA Port : 7 Pins
SCSI Port : 25/50/68 Pins AT SMPS : 12 Pins
ATX SMPS : 20/24 Pins PS/2 Port : 6 Pins
111. What is Safe Mode?
Mode is a special way for Windows to load when there is a system-critical problem that
interferes with the normal operation of Windows. The purpose of Safe Mode is to allow you to

troubleshoot Windows and try to determine what is causing it to not function correctly. Once
you have corrected the problem, then you can reboot and Windows will load normally.
112.Explain what the Last Known Good Configuration?
The Last Known Good Configuration is basically a copy of a computer's hardware
configuration and its driver settings. It is taken from the system's registry readings when a
computer has a good, clean boot up. This copy is made for whenever a computer fails to boot
up successfully. When that happens, the system's operating system is able to pull up the good
copy and perform a successful startup.
This feature is mostly helpful after new drivers or devices are installed on your system. If either
of those had an error while the install was in process, you can still go back and get a clean boot.
Every time your computer boots up correctly, the Last Known Good Configuration record is
replaced with the newest one.
113.What are the minimum hardware requirements for Windows XP, Windows
2000 and Windows Vista?
Hardware
Win XP Home /
XP Prof.
Win 2k Prof
Vista
Home
Vista Home Premium
Business/Ultimate
Processor
Pentium 233 MHz
or faster
133 MHz or Faster 1GHz 1GHz
RAM
At least 64 MB (128
Recommended)
64 MB recommended ,
32 MB –Min & 4GB -
max
512 MB 1GB
HDD 1.5GB Free Space 2GB- 650MB Free Space
20GB-
15GB Free
space
40GB-15GB Free
space
114.What are the causes of the Blue Screen of Death Occurring?
The Blue Screen of Death is actually an error screen that is displayed by specific operating
systems informing the user that a critical system error has occurred.
Common Causes of the Blue Screen of Death Occurring
@Poorly written device driver by a third party company @Faulty memory

@Incompatible DLL's @Corrupted Registry
115.If you are getting error “NTLDR is missing” on your screen then where would
be the problem?
 May be computer is booting from no bootable source.
 May be HDD drive is not properly set up in BIOS
 Improper configuration in boot.ini file
 Addition of a new hard disk drive
 Corrupted MBR or corrupted boot sector
 Using Corrupted version of WIN XP or WIN 2000
 HDD cable is either loose or faulty.
116 If the System is running very slow where would be the problem?
1. May be you have the viruses that are running on the computer
2. May be you do not have the sufficient free space on the hard disk.
3. May be you do not have the sufficient RAM installed on your computer.
4. May be you have corrupted or outdated drivers.
5. May be you have too many files in the recycle bin and temp folder.
6. May be you have more unused programs installed on your computer.
7. Due to low virtual memory
8. May be bad clusters are present on hard disk.
117.Computer won’t start where would be the problem?
 Make sure that power cable is connected to both your PC and Power strip.
 If the power cable is connected, make sure the power strip is turned on and the
wall outlet has power.
 If still your PC is not starting up then try with spare power cable and Power strip.
 May be SMPS is faulty check with spare one.
 Make sure that monitor is turned on and getting power.
 If your system starts up but generates a series of beeps, it’s possible that you have a
problem with your Video card.
 Faulty components on motherboard like capacitor.
 Another possible cause is a bad memory chip or faulty memory installation.
 A weak or dead CMOS battery can also cause this problem.
 May be motherboard is touching to your CPU panel.

 Due to dust etc.
118. PC getting restarted, list the causes?
Improper power supply provided to SMPS.
May be Memory installed on your computer is faulty.
CPU is Overheating
Faulty components on motherboard like capacitor
119. What is a DOMAIN?
Domain is created when we install Active Directory. It’s a security boundary which
is used to manage computers inside the boundary. Domain can be used to centrally
administrator computers and we can govern them using common policies called
group policies.
120.What is an email client? What is difference between email client
and web mail?
In most cases, your email account exists on a central server, and not on your personal
computer or workstation. An email client is software that allows you to read and send
email through your account by connecting to this server. Email clients generally provide
a simple interface through which you can access your email account.
Both web mail and email clients use the internet to read and send mail
With web mail, you read or send email through your browser and the web mail
interface.
Some examples of web mail are: Yahoo! Mail,Gmail,Hotmail
121. What are manageable and non manageable switches?
witches which can be administered are called manageable switches. For example we can
create VLAN for on such switch. On no manageable switches Swe can't do so.
122.Using NetMeeting
NetMeeting provides people around the world with a new way of communicating. With
NetMeeting, you can participate in meetings, work in shared programs using NetMeeting
features, and transfer information over the Internet or your corporate intranet. In addition, you
can talk to people using audio, video, or chat.
•If you do not have NetMeeting installed, click Start > Help and Support Center, search for this
topic ("Using NetMeeting"), and click the shortcut to install it.
•To open NetMeeting after it has been installed, click Start, point to All Programs, point to
Accessories, point to Communications, and then click NetMeeting.
123Differentiate between firewall and proxy server?

Answer: Firewall is used to protect the internal IT infrastructure from hackers.
Proxy servers allow sharing internet connections and protecting IP addresses.
Firewall is a networking based technology and proxy server is an application
based technology.
124. What is the difference between the MSI file and .EXE file?
MSI (Microsoft Installer) allows install, uninstall and repair the program with a single file,
while. EXE file needs two files to install and uninstall the software. Also,.EXE file is
able to detect the existing version of the software and give option to user to uninstall the
program while MSI will instruct the users to use the add and remove program in control
Difference between the OST & PST file in outlook .
OST & PST both are the data file of MS Outlook. When we connect ms outlook with a
POP3 account, it creates .pst file and when we connect ms outlook with Exchange
Server (MAPI), it creates .ost file. The Cached Exchange Mode must be enabled to
create ost file.
Exchange server also has mailboxes that saved in .edb file. An ost file is the replica of
an exchange mailbox.
OST & EDB file has some limitations due to tight exchange encryption (If once gets
disconnected with exchange, then both file cannot be opened or accessed with MS
Outlook & Exchange). For that, we have to export ost and edb file data into pst file
format (usually 3rd party tools help). After that PST can be used with MS Outlook
individually and imported into Exchange Server directly.
panel to recipients

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