MALICIOUS NODE DETECTION THROUGH AODV IN VANET

International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.9, No.2, April 2018
DOI:10.5121/ijasuc.2018.9203 33
MALICIOUS NODE DETECTION THROUGH
AODV IN VANET
Taskeen Zaidi, Shubhang Giri, Shivam Chaurasia, Pragya Srivastava and
Rishabh Kapoor
Department of Computer Science and Engg.
Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Deva road, Lucknow
ABSTRACT
VANET is a subset of MANET which offers communication between the nodes. VANET is a collection of
various dynamic nodes that can change it and configure itself on the network. In Vanet, various routing
protocols may be implemented to route the packet and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one
of the protocol that floods the packets to discover route. In Ad hoc On Demand Vector (AODV) routing
protocol for VANET, malicious nodes may distrupt the network and make it difficult for the nodes to
communicate. In this paper, AODV Routing Protocol is analysed in vanet with and without malicious
attack. The malicious node disrupts the limit and floods the network with false packets. Malicious node will
affect the performance of the entire network as it consumes more bandwidth and drops packets which in
turn reduce the performance of AODV routing protocol and vanet.
KEYWORDS
VANET, RSU, OBU, ITS, AODV
1. INTRODUCTION AND RELATED WORK
Adhoc network are temporary network in which topology of the network changes dynamically.
Various protocols are implemented to study the performance of vanet and to detect the malicious
node in a network. Vanets are of high level research interest as it provide reliable and multihop
communication dynamically. Security is one of the concerned areas of research because
communication is affected due to security. It is a big challenge to secure vanet.
Authors[1] describe about Vehicular Adhoc Network(VANET) and explore the issues related to
security and challenges which have to be faced by vehicles due to increasing population. The
applications of VANET[2] are Vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V) communication , vehicle-to-
infrastructure(V2I) and vehicle-to-pedestrian(V2P). And also explains about the technical
solution, policy and legal issues related to vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Vehicular
Adhoc networks (VANETs) and challenges are well explained[3]. A brief description of CCM-
MAC, and its use in wireless networks is well explained in[4]. Authors in [5][12] discussed about
the security and issues related to VANET, that how VANET gained the attention of research
communities. It has also been discussed about the set of solution for the challenges and problems
faced by driver and manufacture in achieving safety of life. Authors [7][8][9] discussed about the

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performance of AODV routing protocol and packets loss in the network due to Sink Hole attack
and Grey hole attack and techniques to detect both the attacks. A brief overview of Vehicular Ad-
hoc networks (VANET)[13] and its routing protocols is discussed. And it is also discussed that
how with the help of VANET there may be an intelligent communication among the vehicles and
roadside infrastructures. The vehicular networking and its applications that work on the projects
related to vehicular networking architectures and protocols used are well described in [15]. The
method for realistic time detection of Denial of service attacks in IEEE 802.11 with VANET is
well explained in [16]. The main study was about the "jamming" of vehicles and attack detection
due to false call. The wireless network and its categories i.e Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET),
Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) and Static Adhoc Network (SANET) are well characterised
[17]. This paper also explains about performance of routing protocol in the existence of Sybil
attack. In paper [18] author describes the whole range of implementation for different types of
network that are setup in the various regions. VANET has become an active topic for research
and development as it has many scope to improve the road safety and traffic architecture. There is
need of scalability, robustness and security in VANET architecture and services. In paper
[19][21][29] author describe about the VANET which is the key component of Intelligent
Transportation system(ITS) and Internet of Things(IOT). In this paper mathematical approach is
also implemented to detect the malicious vehicle and route in VANET using prime approach and
remove the waste malicious route. VANET is mainly used for improving the efficiency and safety
of transportation [22]. The development of wireless communication in VANET and the attacks in
Vanet like Sybil attack which affect the network performance having multiple nodes is well
described in [23]. The vehicular network security solution and equipment which are accepted by
customers, manufacturers and governments is well discussed in [24]. MANET is a collection of
mobile nodes that are formed with ad-hoc network infrastructure. MANET has many routing
protocols which are attacked from different attackers. Ad hoc On Demand Vector(AODV) is one
of the most suitable protocol for MANET and black hole attack by malicious nodes as described
in [25].
Author [27] proposed about the performance analysis of the black hole attack, which is the major
problem with the computer networking in VANET and How Ad hoc On Demand Vector (AODV)
and Optimized Link State routing work on black hole attack and increase the packet passing. The
need of the Vanet in preventing road accidents and providing traffic safety was well described in
[28].
Author [30] discussed about the sybil attack that how sybil attack have been appraised as a
security threat in ad hoc network. Sybil attack in network lead to steal original identity and
multiple dummy identities were created. In paper [33] author discuss how VANET maintained
the traffic and self organizing communities of wheeled mobile units which consists of large
numbers of trucks, cars and as mall static infrastructure nodes as traffic signals within radio
communication range to each other and compared the performance of routing protocol i.e AODV,
DSR and Swarm Intelligence. Authors [34][35] describe about VANET as multi-dimensional
network in which vehicles are continuously changing their location and tested under a realistic
environment including mobility model of vehicles and represents data traffic models.

35
2. BACKGROUND
2.1 VANET
VANET stands for Vehicular Ad-hoc Network, a system of network which requires no planning.
There are two types of vehicle communication system: Vehicle to vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to
infrastructure (V2I). Both are “Ad hoc” in nature. This special communication network is called
VANET.
Vanet provides information sharing, cooperative driving, internet access, safe, free flow of traffic
and having wireless communication between vehicles. Challenges faced are Routing, Security
framework and Broadcasting.
Example –
A real life example is giving immediate way for Ambulance, when other vehicles will be there on
the road. A notification will be sent to all the vehicles which support Vanet system and
accordingly the vehicles will change their way.
2.2 Security attacks in VANET
The connection between nodes is mostly established wirelessly in VANET. This increases the
chance of security attacks as every node has the access to other nodes in a network. There are
various types of attack that could be incurred in a network. If the security attack would be
successful then the connection between the nodes could be disrupted (in many cases) or the nodes
would be falsified. It could lead to severe accidents. The types of attacks in VANET are as
follows:
1. Sybil attack
In Sybil attack, the attacker node has more than one fake identity which results in getting
access to the classified information and disrupting the communication between nodes. In case
of VANET, it could lead to fake traffic jams which would cause other nodes to take
alternative route.
2. Impersonation Attack
The word “impersonation” means the act to do something by being someone else basically to
gain information or to do fraudulent activities. In VANET, node impersonation attack means
the attacker node sends the wrong information to another node by changing its identity which
can cause accidents and the attacker node can escape away without getting identified.
3. DOS attack
If the DOS attack is implemented in any server then the authentic user cannot access the
contents of the targeted system. In VANET, the attacker jams all the medium of
communication which results in no availability of network to authentic users.

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4. DDOS attack
The aim of the attacker which use Distributed denial of service (DDOS) attack is same as that
of DOS attack but the approach is different. In DDOS attack, the attacker attempts to attack
from different locations in a distributed manner and the attacker uses different time to send
the message.
5. Blackhole attack
Blackhole attack is also known as packet drop attack. As the name suggests, the attacker node
attracts other nodes to send the packets through it but it drops the packet instead of
forwarding it. Blackhole attack has been demonstrated in this project and has been discussed
again in the malicious node[3].
6. Wormhole attack
In wormhole attack, the attacker node captures the packets in a network at a particular
location and then tunnels the packets to different location and retransmits. In case of VANET,
the shortest route cannot be found out using protocol if wormhole attack is performed in a
network.
2.3 Security requirement in Vanet
Message Authentication –
All vehicles and road side units should be properly authenticated for sending notifications to other
vehicles.
Traceability –
Ability to obtain vehicle real identity, so that it can be traced and charged for navigation services.
Identity preservation –Real identity of vehicle should be kept private from other vehicles and road
side equipment.
Confidentiality –
Information and queries of other vehicles should be kept private; such as navigation results.
Non – Repudiation –
In this scenario, a road side vehicle cannot deny that it has transmitted notification, information
must be crucial in it.
Congestion and collision control –
In this case, due to lack of poor communication between vehicles and RSUs (Road side units), a
traffic scenario will be created and resulting in accidents, collisions and congestion problem.

37
2.4 AODV:
AODV stands for Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing protocol. It is a routing protocol
which is especially used in MANETs and other wireless ad-hoc networks. It is mostly used used
where thousands of nodes are present so, suits the best for VANET networks where the number
of vehicle nodes will be present in excess amount. The nature of aodv protocol is reactive, that
means the route form source to destination is arranged On- demand and it doesn’t create any extra
traffic for communication along links. The sources (sender and receiver) determine the
availability of routes. Sequence numbers are used to ensure the freshness of route. The
mechanism of Aodv protocol is such that when a node receives a message and holds a route to a
destination node sends a backward message through temporary nodes to the requesting node. The
source node that initiated the request follows the route containing least number of hops through
other nodes. If the link fails, the routing error is passed back to source node and the process is
repeated.
In this project, the demonstration of 6 nodes is shown, starting from 0 to 5. The channel type is
wireless and model is radio propagation model. The maximum limit of 50 nodes is maintained.
The color of node 0 is blue, 1 is red, 2 is tan, 3 is black, 4 is brown and 5 is blue. The shape of
every node is circle. After that, the configuration is done and flow is set up. The animation would
be done using the network animator (nam). The delay time is set up at 2.0ms.
2.5 NS2
NS2 is an event simulator which is used to simulate real time network. This tool is used by
researchers and scientists for monitoring network performance. NS2 is written in C++, TCL and
object oriented TCL is also used in NS2. The NS2 simulator is free and represents complex
scenarios. The scenario testing will be easy as it supports various protocols and platforms with
modularity. In the current work VANET simulation scenario with and without malicious node is
represented through NS2 tool.
3. MALICIOUS NODE DETECTION IN VANET
As vanet is composed Vehicles and RSU and the vehicles and RSU which is willing to participate
in network will be registered with certifying authority and then a unique id is assigned to the
vehicle. RSU is maintained by any trusted party or government organizations. If any malicious or
illegal node is detected, it will be detected by AODV protocol.
To detect malicious node Certifying authority receives vehicle entry form the RSU and Certifying
authority verifies the information and assign a vehicle id to the vehicle. The RSU and vehicle
communicate with each other. If any vehicle id does not match with the registered id then
Certifying authority will detect it as malicious node.
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
We used Network Simulator-2.34 to simulate our proposed scheme.

38
Figure 1: Simulation parameters
As shown in figure 1, Area nodes are plotted according to random mobility model. In this model,
every node moves randomly within the specified network range. Simulation is performed with a
network size of 800m x 800m and 6 nodes.
Pause Time: After the node reaches to its target location and before going to another arbitrary
location, the pause time is taken as 2.0 seconds.
Traffic Type: The communication traffic utilized are consistent bit rate (CBR) association with an
information rate of 50 pack for every second. We have simulated with selfish nodes in the
network.
As the nodes are mobile so for implementation of mobility a routing protocol AODV is used and
at the initial the network is protected from selfish node as shown in figure 2 and 3.
Figure 2: Simulation without malicious node in the network

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Firstly the simulation of VANET without malicious node detection is shown in figure 2 and then
detects the malicious node as shown in figure 3(a,b,c) and 4.
Node 1 is set as malicious node by following code:
$ns at 0.0 "[$n(1) set ragent_] malicious"
Figure 3(a): Simulation with malicious node in the network

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Figure 3(b): Simulation with malicious node in the network
Figure 3(c): Simulation with malicious node in the network
Figure 4.Simulation with malicious node in the network

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5. CONCLUSION
In this work aim was to detect malicious node in the network based on the behavior of node. As
nodes are mobile in nature so for mobility nodes are implemented with the help of routing
protocol AODV .Mac layer and Physical layer follows IEEE 802.11 standards. As malicious node
is the main security threat that affect the performance of the AODV routing protocol. In the
proposed work, we easily recognized vanet with malicious node and in future we will extend our
work in he performance estimation of vanet with and without malicious node and we will also
evaluate network performance by considering parameters like bandwith, delay, packet dropped ,
throughput etc. In the future work we will test this network with different mobility parametrs to
secure our network from threats as well as we will identify different kinds of attacks on our
network to increase the performance.
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