Mental Models2
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The document discusses the challenges of translating mental models into virtual models. It outlines two main problems: 1) A mental model originator may have gaps or biases that prevent a clear shared understanding, and 2) Getting different individuals and disciplines on the same page due to varying communication styles and perspectives. The document proposes that finding consensus on requirements and representing the model through techniques like storyboarding can help address these problems, though developing a shared virtual representation of a mental model is a "wicked problem" with no definitive solution due to many complex variables.
![What we already know Not all viable models need to be accurate or even correct to be useful.[+] Fidelity of the virtual model becomes less important as interest/engagement increases. [+] Humans are very good at filling in gaps.[+/-] If yuo cn raed tihs sectnene u konw waht I’m snynaig.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mental-models2-1196399076585613-3/85/Mental-Models2-9-320.jpg)
![References (Becker 2002) Becker, Katrin, “ Model V - Instructional Design is a Wicked Problem” Unpublished, submitted as final paper in EDER 673, Nov. 2002 (Budgen, 1993) David Budgen, "Software Design", 1993, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-54403-2 (Degrace & Stahl, 1998) Degrace, Peter, and Leslie Hulet Stahl, " Wicked Problems, Righteous Solutions: A Catolog of Modern Engineering Paradigms ", Prentice Hall PTR/Sun Microsystems Press; ISBN: 013590126X; 1st edition (February 12, 1998) (Gagne, Briggs & Wagner, 1992) Gagné, Robert M., Leslie J. Briggs, and Walter W. Wagner, “Principles of Instructional Design”, 4 th Ed. 1992 ISBN 0-03-034757-2 Wadsworth, Thompson Learning Phillips & O’Bryan (2004) Phillips, Dwayne and Roy O’Bryan, “It Sounded Good When We Started ”, 2004, Wiley Inter-Science, ISBN 0-471-48586 (Poppendieck, 2002) Poppendieck, Mary, "Wicked Projects", http:// poppendieck.com/wicked.htm , Last modified August 14, 2002 [visited Oct. 21 2002] (Rittel & Webber, 1973) Rittel, H.W.J., and M.M. Webber, ""Dilemmas in General Theory of Planning", Policy Sciences, 4, 1973, pp155-169 (Sharan & Caffarella, 1999) Sharan B. and Rosemary S. Caffarella, "Learning in Adulthood: A Comprehensive Guide", 2 nd Ed., Merriam, 1999 ISBN 0-7879-1043-0 Jossy-Bass Shaw, M.L.G. & Gaines, B. (1989). Comparing Conceptual Structures: Consensus, Conflict, Correspondence and Contrast. [On-line]. Available: http:// ksi.cpsc.ucalgary.ca /articles/KBS/COCO/ (Weinberg, 1998) Weinberg, Gerald M., The Psychology of Computer Programming, Silver Anniversary Edition , 1998, Dorset House Publishing ISBN: 0-932633-42-0](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mental-models2-1196399076585613-3/85/Mental-Models2-36-320.jpg)
Mental Models2
- 1. Mental Models: Idea to UN -Reality - Or - Challenges in T ranslating M ental M odels into V irtual O nes : D escribing W hat's in Y our H ead
- 2. Model to Model: Overview Goals (today’s) Background (my POV) What is the problem? How to we approach a solution? Model to Model Design 2 Queries ? More Questions than Answers
- 3. Today ’ s Goal Clearer picture of the nature of the problem and the process for solving it. Heightened appreciation for the challenges. Awareness of what people bring to the table. A few tools to help frame a solution. Sorry, no answers.
- 4. But First … For each card: Imagine a ‘simple’ model to illustrate the concept given. Illustrate it. constraints: - Everything on one card - Maximum 5 words - Maximum 3 pictures - Maximum 1 analogy The simpler the better – as long as it works!
- 5. Background My training is in Systems Analysis I’ve watched the technology grow and evolve. I have a fundamental understanding of the technology’s possibilities and its underlying limitations.
- 6. More Background My perspective is Education People create mental models to help them understand, remember, and relate things. Ability to communicate mental models is key in education – it’s one of the most important tools for learning.
- 7. Even More Background My philosophy is: Rationalist Knowledge is a product of the mind actively organizing and making sense of experience Realist There is an existence independent of our perception Empiricist Knowledge must be derived from observation or experience Who Cares? Personal Bias
- 8. How to get a model from here: To Here: The Problem
- 9. What we already know Not all viable models need to be accurate or even correct to be useful.[+] Fidelity of the virtual model becomes less important as interest/engagement increases. [+] Humans are very good at filling in gaps.[+/-] If yuo cn raed tihs sectnene u konw waht I’m snynaig.
- 10. Model to Model: How It ’ s Done One-man show? *NO* problem. BUT… Often those who will eventually build the virtual model are *not* the ones who originated the mental model. So….
- 11. The Real Problem # 1: The Model Originator Has only a vague model (unfinished) Has gaps (missing elements) Makes assumptions (“ You know.”) Is biased (has a particular spin) Uses context-sensitive or professionally ‘loaded’ language * Notion vs. Model *
- 12. Problem # 1 Making sure what we have is a model, not a notion. ♪♬ 2 notes
- 13. The Real Problem # 2: NOT a one-man show. Styles vary both by individual and by discipline: Language/communication Working styles Design techniques Biases
- 14. Problem # 2 Getting everyone on the same page.
- 15. How can we achieve a shared understanding of a model? Comparing Conceptual Structures Terminology Attributes Same Different Same Different Consensus Experts use terminology and concepts in the same way Correspondence Experts use different terminology for the same concepts Conflict Experts use same terminology for different concepts. Contrast Experts use different terminology and different concepts Shaw, M.L.G. & Gaines, B. (1989)
- 16. Model to Model is about - Design - and - Problem Solving
- 17. Problem Solving & Design Obviously: At some level, ALL design is about expressing mental models. Expressing and implementing a mental model is a problem that needs to be solved (= problem-solving). It’s also about guiding a diverse group of people towards a common goal.
- 18. Design is a Special Kind of Problem What kind?
- 19. The Design Process Design is: (Budgen, 1993) Requirements: needs and constraints ( what is needed ) Specification ( what will be done ) ** Design ** ( how it will be done ) Implementation ( actually making it ) Testing : verification :are we building the thing right? validation: are we building the right thing? ( making sure it was the right thing done right )
- 20. Designing ‘ Widgets ’ All of these elements appear in one form or another in every single design process, regardless of the thing being designed. What do we need? What will we do? How will we do it? DO IT How did we do?
- 21. Caution: Widgets aren’t really real. The common elements are just the beginning. Each project will have unique elements. Some problems have more than others.
- 22. Idea to unreality: step 1: Finding the same page. Requirements (defining the problem) Originator Design Team Specification (bounding the problem) Originator Design Team We need consensus here. Don’t expect to finish this.
- 23. How ? There is NO right answer – at least no single one. There are many design models. Many models work well in specific instances. None work reliably in all situations = even within a restricted domain .
- 24. Why ? There are simply too many variables in the mental model. These variables change even while we are solving the problem .
- 25. Found the page? Next: Step 2: Represent the Model. Storyboarding That’s it? Prototyping
- 26. Simulation is NOT a new phenomena Some of the technology is new. Some of the possibilities are new. The underlying ideas and principles are NOT. The fundamental workings of the machine are NOT. Simulations are among the first things we did with computers.
- 27. So why have we not come up with a solution in 60 + years? Wicked Problem Creating a Virtual Representation of a Mental Model is a:
- 28. Wicked Problems There is no definitive formulation of a Wicked Problem. Wicked Problems have no stopping rule. Solutions are not True/False but Good/Bad. There is no ultimate test of a solution to a Wicked Problem. Each solution is a one shot operation. Wicked Problems do not have enumerable (exhaustively describable) solutions. Each problem is unique. Each problem is a symptom of another problem. There are a number of different stakeholders interested in how it is solved. The planner has no right to be wrong . Rittel & Webber, (1973)
- 29. Why such interest Now? If we’ve been doing modeling & simulation since the 40’s….
- 30. Accessibility No longer the sole domain of Computer Scientists. Tools allow ‘outsiders’ to create simulations. NOTE: Tools make many things possible. Tools are limiting.
- 31. Summary of the Problem 1. Make sure we have a MODEL (complete, or at least close enough) 2. Make sure everyone's on the same page (or at least close enough) What is close enough?
- 32. Summary of the Solution Make no assumptions about shared understanding: build a common ground. Know your group. Keep your goal obvious. Keep verifying.
- 33. The Cards: Iteration = looping, repitition Recursion = process within same process Counting (any base) = odometer Inquiry Based Learning = finding answers to my questions Consensus = permission to proceed
- 34. Concept: fun, sporting, having an impact Model:
- 35. Impact ….
- 36. References (Becker 2002) Becker, Katrin, “ Model V - Instructional Design is a Wicked Problem” Unpublished, submitted as final paper in EDER 673, Nov. 2002 (Budgen, 1993) David Budgen, "Software Design", 1993, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-54403-2 (Degrace & Stahl, 1998) Degrace, Peter, and Leslie Hulet Stahl, " Wicked Problems, Righteous Solutions: A Catolog of Modern Engineering Paradigms ", Prentice Hall PTR/Sun Microsystems Press; ISBN: 013590126X; 1st edition (February 12, 1998) (Gagne, Briggs & Wagner, 1992) Gagné, Robert M., Leslie J. Briggs, and Walter W. Wagner, “Principles of Instructional Design”, 4 th Ed. 1992 ISBN 0-03-034757-2 Wadsworth, Thompson Learning Phillips & O’Bryan (2004) Phillips, Dwayne and Roy O’Bryan, “It Sounded Good When We Started ”, 2004, Wiley Inter-Science, ISBN 0-471-48586 (Poppendieck, 2002) Poppendieck, Mary, "Wicked Projects", http:// poppendieck.com/wicked.htm , Last modified August 14, 2002 [visited Oct. 21 2002] (Rittel & Webber, 1973) Rittel, H.W.J., and M.M. Webber, ""Dilemmas in General Theory of Planning", Policy Sciences, 4, 1973, pp155-169 (Sharan & Caffarella, 1999) Sharan B. and Rosemary S. Caffarella, "Learning in Adulthood: A Comprehensive Guide", 2 nd Ed., Merriam, 1999 ISBN 0-7879-1043-0 Jossy-Bass Shaw, M.L.G. & Gaines, B. (1989). Comparing Conceptual Structures: Consensus, Conflict, Correspondence and Contrast. [On-line]. Available: http:// ksi.cpsc.ucalgary.ca /articles/KBS/COCO/ (Weinberg, 1998) Weinberg, Gerald M., The Psychology of Computer Programming, Silver Anniversary Edition , 1998, Dorset House Publishing ISBN: 0-932633-42-0