MethodMaterialsCogLab (2007) provided the implicit learning .docx
- 1. Method Materials CogLab (2007) provided the implicit learning experiment via their Visual Search test. I was able to access the test software from my personal computer. The test consisted of approximately ninety-six trials each containing a varying number of blue and green circles and squares. The first set of forty-eight trials known as the feature searches included only blue circles and squares as distracters. The second set of forty-eight trials known as the conjunctive searches included blue circles, blue squares, and green squares as distracters. Procedures The object of the test was to identify whether or not a green circle was present on each screen as quickly as possible. The presence of a green circle target on the screen was identified by pressing the back slash (/) key. The absence of a green circle target on the screen was identified by pressing the “z” key. I moved from one screen to the next by pressing the space bar. Results The test results for the feature searches where all the distracters were blue showed that the response time did not increase very much despite the number of distracters on the screen. Even when the green circle target was not present, the response time did not increase. The results for the conjunctive trials where the distracters were both green and blue showed that as the number of distracters increased the response time increased – meaning that it took longer to respond when there were many distracters. The response time actually doubled when the target was not present. The data tables and the data plot reflects a disparaging difference in response times between the feature searches and the conjunctive searches. There is also a profound difference in response time between the target present and target absent conjunctive searches.
- 2. How to Write a Summary With thanks to: Swales, John M. and Christine B. Feat. Academic Writing for Graduate Students, Essential Tasks and Skills. Ann Arbor: U Michigan P, 1994. 105-130. Preparing to Write: To write a good summary it is important to thoroughly understand the material you are working with. Here are some preliminary steps in writing a summary. 1. Skim the text, noting in your mind the subheadings. If there are no subheadings, try to divide the text into sections. Consider why you have been assigned the text. Try to determine what type of text you are dealing with. This can help you identify important information. 2. Read the text, highlighting important information and taking notes. 3. In your own words, write down the main points of each section. 4. Write down the key support points for the main topic,
- 3. but do not include minor detail. 5. Go through the process again, making changes as appropriate. For example: Global Implications of Patent Law Variation A patent is an exclusive right to use an invention for a certain period of time, which is given to an inventor as compen- sation for disclosure of an invention. Although it would be beneficial for the world economy to have uniform patent laws, each country has its own laws designed to protect domestic inventions and safeguard technology. Despite widespread variation, patent laws generally fall under one of two principles: the first-to-file and first-to- invent. The first-to-file principle awards a patent to the person or institution that applies for a patent first, while the first-to- invent principle grants the patent to the person or institution that was first to invent – and can prove it. Most countries have adopted the first-to-file system. However, the United States maintains a first-to-invent system, despite obvious shortcomings. A result of countries employing different patent law principles is inconsistency of patent ownership. This first sentence is a general definition. It
- 4. may be safe to assume that your audience is already familiar with patents; thus you do not have to include it in your summary. This is the main idea. The classification of the two principles is important. Ignore specific details about the different principles. The terms are self-explanatory. It is important to point out that most of the world follows one system and the United States another. Tish Typewritten Text Tish Sticky Note MigrationConfirmed set by Tish Tish Typewritten Text Tish Typewritten Text Tish Typewritten Text
- 5. Courtesy the Odegaard Writing & Research Center http://depts.washington.edu/owrc Include a description of the problem surrounding variation in patent laws. Patent ownership is not recognized globally. On the contrary, ownership may change depending on the country. It is not uncommon for an invention to have two patent owners – one in the United States and one in the rest of the world. This unclear ownership often has economic consequences. If a company is interested in using a patented invention, it may be unable to receive permission from both patent owners, which in turn may prevent manufacture of a particular product. Even if permission is received from both owners, pay royalties to both may be quite costly. In this case, if the invention is useful enough, a company may proceed and pass on the added cost to consumers. International economic tension has also been increasing as a result of differing policies. Many foreign individuals and companies believe that they are at a serious disadvantage in the United States with regard to patent ownership because of the logistical difficulties in establishing first-to- invent status. Further, failure of the United States to recognize patent ownership in other
- 6. countries is in violation of the Paris Conventions on Industrial Properties, which requires all member nations to treat all patents equally. The conflict surrounding patents has prompted the World Intellectual Properties Organization (WIPO) to lobby for universality in patent laws. WIPO maintains that the first necessary step involves compelling the United States to reexamine its patent principle, taking into account the reality of a global economy. This push may indeed result in more global economic cooperation. Provide some support/explanation for the problem, but not all the details
- 7. Describe this other problem associated with differing patent principles. Provide some explanation, but not all the details. Describe the action taken to solve the problem. Tish Typewritten Text Tish Typewritten Text Tish
- 8. Typewritten Text Tish Typewritten Text Tish Typewritten Text Tish Typewritten Text Courtesy the Odegaard Writing & Research Center http://depts.washington.edu/owrc Writing the Summary: When writing the summary there are three main requirements: 1. The summary should cover the original as a whole. 2. The material should be presented in a neutral fashion. 3. The summary should be a condensed version of the material, presented in your own words. * * Also do not include anything that does not appear in the original. (Do not include your own comments or evaluation.) and Be sure to identify your source.
- 9. For example: In his paper “Global Implications of Patent Law Variation,” Koji Suzuki (1991) states that lack of consistency in the world’s patent laws is a serious problem. In most of the world, patent ownership is given to the inventor that is first to file for a patent. However, the United States maintains a first-to-invent policy. In view of this, patent ownership can change depending on the country. Multiple patent ownership can result in economic problems; however, most striking is the international tension it causes. The fact that the United States does not recognize patent ownership in other countries, in violation of the Paris Convention on Industrial Properties, has prompted the World Intellectual Properties Organization (WIPO) to push the United States to review its existing patent law principles. Tish Typewritten Text Tish Typewritten Text Courtesy the Odegaard Writing & Research Center http://depts.washington.edu/owrc