METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION (Research methodology)
- 1. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION PRESENTED BY PRATEETI ANWESHA BORDOLOI RESEARCH SCHOLAR MSSV
- 2. WHAT IS DATA COLLECTION? Data collection refers to the systematic process of collecting information from relevant sources to find solution to the given statistical inquiry. The process of data collection begins after research problem and research design has been defined. It is an essential step because it helps us make informed decisions, spot trends and measure progress.
- 3. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION Information collected directly from first hand Information collected directly from first hand sources sources Already been collected by someone else and have Already been collected by someone else and have already been passed through the statistical already been passed through the statistical process process 01 02 Observation method Interview method i. direct personal investigation ii. Indirect oral investigation Questionnaire and Schedules Published sources- Government publications Books and Journals Newspapers International publications NGO reports, publication of trade associations
- 4. OBSERVATION METHOD IN THE WORDS OF P.V YOUNG, “OBSERVATION MAY BE DEFINED AS SYSTEMATIC VIEWING, COUPLED WITH CONSIDERATION OF SEEN PHENOMENON” IT IS A METHOD UNDER WHICH DATA FROM THE FIELD IS COLLECTED WITH THE HELP OF OBSERVATION BY THE RESEARCHER. IT INVOLVES COLLECTING DATA BY WATCHING AND RECORDING BEHAVIORS, EVENTS, OR CONDITIONS AS THEY NATURALLY OCCUR
- 5. When observation takes place according to pre-arranged plans, with experimental procedures. Structured observation Unstructured observation When the observation is characterized by a careful definition of the units to be observed. When observation depends on the observer what to see and define Participant observation Non participant observation When the observer is a part of the group which he/she is observing. When the observer does not participate or intervene in the activities of those who are being observed. Controlled observation Uncontrolled observation When the observation takes place in a natural condition. Open/ Overt observation Hidden/ Covert observation When participants are aware about the identity of the researcher as well as the purpose of the study When participants are unaware about the fact that they are being observed. Types of observation 01 02 03 04
- 6. Advantages Produces large quantities of data All data obtained from observation are usable The observation technique can be stopped or begun at any time Relatively inexpensive Disadvantages Limited information could be gathered Researcher need to wait for the spontaneous occurrence of the situation Observation Method
- 7. INTERVIEW METHOD COLLECT DATA THROUGH DIRECT, ONE-ON-ONE CONVERSATIONS WITH INDIVIDUALS. THE INVESTIGATOR ASKS QUESTIONS EITHER DIRECTLY FROM THE SOURCE OR FROM ITS INDIRECT LINKS THE INTERVIEW MAY BE REGARDED EITHER AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO OTHER SURVEY METHODS OR AS A SUPPLEMENTARY SOURCE OF INFORMATION. ALTHOUGH IT IS MORE COSTLY IN BOTH TIME AND MONEY THAN THE QUESTIONNAIRE, IT IS ALSO MORE FLEXIBLE.
- 8. TYPES OF INTERVIEW METHOD STRUCTURED INTERVIEW 1. A set of pre-decided questions are there. Interviewer follows rigid procedure 2. Standardized techniques of recording (Eg. Yes/ No, Agree/ Disagree) 3. Time required for such interview is less than non structured manner interview 4. Analysis of data becomes easier since information is collected in a prescribed manner 1. Doesn’t follow a system of predetermined questions or sequence 2. No standardized techniques are used. Responses are left open to respondents. 3. Interviewer has freedom to ask, omit and add questions in any manner 4. Analysis of data is difficult and time consuming UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW Other types of Interviews Individual interview: Interviews only one person at a time Group interview: More than one interviewer is interviewed Telephonic interview: Interviewing respondents over telephone (may be used in developed regions)
- 9. Advantages More information at a greater depth can be obtained Personal information can be obtained Interviewer can collect supplementary information about respondent’s personal characteristics and environment which has value in interpreting results Disadvantages It is an expensive method Interviewer bias might be there Time consuming process Interview Method
- 10. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD THE QUESTIONNAIRE IS A LIST OF QUESTIONS OR FORMS TO BE COMPLETED BY THE RESPONDENT. WHEN PROPERLY CONSTRUCTED, A QUESTIONNAIRE CAN BE USED AS A SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT TO OBTAIN DATA FROM LARGE NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS. There are two broad classes of questionnaires: descriptive and analytical. Descriptive questionnaires focuses on describing the characteristics or attributes of a population or a phenomenon. Analytical questionnaires aims to investigate and explain relationships and cause and effect between variables
- 11. Advantages Low cost even when universe is large and is widespread Free from interviewer bias Respondent have adequate time to think through the answers Respondents who are not easily approachable can also be reached conveniently Large sample can be used and results are more reliable Disadvantages Low rate of return of duly filled questionnaire The respondent must be educated to answer the questions Possibility of unclear answers Difficult to know the expected respondent have filled the form or it is filled by someone else Slowest method of data collection Questionnaire Method
- 12. Secondary Data Secondary data refers to information that has already been collected, processed, and published by others. This type of data can be sourced from existing research papers, government reports, books, statistical databases, and company records. The advantage of secondary data is that it is readily available and often free or less expensive to obtain compared to primary data. It saves time and resources since the data collection phase has already been completed. Methods of Collecting Secondary Data 1. Published Sources Government Publications- Government publishes different documents which consists of different varieties of information or data published by the Ministries, Central and State Governments in India as their routine activity. Semi-Government Publications: Different Semi-Government bodies also publish data related to health, education, deaths and births. These kinds of data are also reliable and used by different informants. Some examples of semi-government bodies are Metropolitan Councils, Municipalities, etc. Journals and Papers: Different newspapers and magazines provide a variety of statistical data in their writings, which are used by different investigators for their studies. International Publications: Different international organizations like IMF, UNO, ILO, World Bank, etc., publish a variety of statistical information which are used as secondary data.
- 13. Methods of Collecting Secondary Data 2. Unpublished Sources Unpublished sources are another source of collecting secondary data. The data in unpublished sources is collected by different government organizations and other organizations. These organizations usually collect data for their self-use and are not published anywhere. For example, research work done by professors, professionals, teachers and records maintained by business and private enterprises. Collection of secondary data Before using secondary data, researcher must check Reliability of the data Suitability of the data Adequacy of data
- 14. Conclusion Data collection is the backbone of any research or statistical investigation, providing the necessary information to make informed decisions, identify trends, and measure progress. By understanding the various methods of data collection researchers can choose the most suitable approach to gather primary data that is current, relevant, and accurate. Similarly, using secondary data from published and unpublished sources can save time and resources while offering valuable insights. Mastering these data collection techniques ensures the reliability and validity of the research, ultimately leading to sound and actionable conclusions.
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