Methods of Data Collection.pptx
- 1. INSTRUCTOR: DR. SAYEDUL ANAM ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Business Research Methodology Chapter 05: Methods of Data Collection
- 2. Learning Objectives To complete this chapter, a student will able to: ⮚ Understand the Different source of data ⮚ Understand the method of collection primary data ⮚ Understand the observation method and its advantages and disadvantages ⮚ Understand the interview method and its advantages and disadvantages ⮚ Understand the questionnaire method and its advantages and disadvantages ⮚ Learn about the secondary sources and characteristics of secondary data
- 3. Types/Sources of Data ⚫There are two types of Data; ⚫Primary Data: The primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be original in character. ⚫Secondary Data: The secondary data, on the other hand, are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through the statistical process.
- 4. COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA There are several methods of collecting primary data, particularly in surveys and descriptive researches. Important ones are: 1. Observation method 2. Interview method 3. Through questionnaires 4. Through schedules 5. Other methods which include 1. warranty cards 2. distributor audits 3. pantry audits 4. consumer panels 5. using mechanical devices 6. through projective techniques 7. depth interviews 8. content analysis.
- 5. Observation Method ⚫ Observation Method: Under the observation method, the information is sought by way of investigator’s own direct observation without asking from the respondent. ⚫ The main advantage of this method is: 1. Subjective bias is eliminated, if observation is done accurately. 2. The information obtained under this method relates to what is currently happening; it is not complicated by either the past behavior or future intentions or attitudes. 3. This method is independent of respondents’ willingness to respond and as such is relatively less demanding of active cooperation on the part of respondents as happens to be the case in the interview or the questionnaire method. ⚫ However, observation method has various limitations: 1. It is an expensive method. 2. The information provided by this method is very limited. 3. Sometimes unforeseen factors may interfere with the observational task.
- 6. Interview Method ⚫ The interview method of collecting data involves presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses. This method can be used through personal interviews and, if possible, through telephone interviews. (a) Personal interviews: Personal interview method requires a person known as the interviewer asking questions generally in a face-to-face contact to the other person or persons. (b) Telephone interviews: This method of collecting information consists in contacting respondents on telephone itself. It is not a very widely used method, but plays important part in industrial surveys, particularly in developed regions.
- 7. Personal interviews ⚫ Advantages 1. More information and that too in greater depth can be obtained. 2. Interviewer by his own skill can overcome the resistance 3. There is greater flexibility under this method as the opportunity to restructure questions is always there, specially in case of unstructured interviews. 4. Personal information can as well be obtained easily under this method. 5. Samples can be controlled more effectively • Disadvantages 1. It is a very expensive method, specially when large and widely spread geographical sample is taken. 2. There remains the possibility of the bias of interviewer as well as that of the respondent 3. Certain types of respondents such as important officials or executives or people in high income groups may not be easily approachable under this method. 4. This method is relatively more-time-consuming, specially when the sample is large and recalls upon the respondents are necessary.
- 8. Advantages: 1. It is faster and cheaper than other methods 2. Recall is easy; callbacks are simple and economical. 3. There is a higher rate of response than what we have in mailing method; the non-response is generally very low. 4. Interviewer can explain requirements more easily. 5. Representative and wider distribution of sample is possible. Disadvantages: 1. Little time is given to respondents for considered answers. 2. Surveys are restricted to respondents who have telephone/internet facilities. 3. It is not suitable for intensive surveys where comprehensive answers are required to various questions. 4. Possibility of the bias of the interviewer is relatively more. 5. Questions have to be short and to the point; probes are difficult to handle. Telephone interviews
- 9. QUESTIONNAIRES ⚫ A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form or set of forms. The questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are expected to read and understand the questions and write down the reply in the space meant for the purpose in the questionnaire itself. The respondents have to answer the questions on their own. ⚫ The method of collecting data by mailing the questionnaires to respondents is most extensively employed in various economic and business surveys.
- 10. QUESTIONNAIRES ⚫ Advantages: 1. There is low cost even when the universe is large and is widely spread geographically 2. It is free from the bias of the interviewer; answers are in respondents’ own words. 3. Respondents have adequate time to give well thought out answers. 4. Respondents, who are not easily approachable, can also be reached conveniently. 5. Large samples can be made use of and thus the results can be made more dependable and reliable. ⚫ Disadvantages: 1. Low rate of return of the duly filled in questionnaires; bias due to no- response is often indeterminate. 2. It can be used only when respondents are educated and cooperating. 3. There is inbuilt inflexibility because of the difficulty of amending the approach once questionnaires have been dispatched. 4. It is difficult to know whether willing respondents are truly representative
- 11. SECONDARY DATA Available sources of collection of secondary data: 1. Various publications of the central, state/local governments; 2. Various publications of foreign governments or of international bodies and their subsidiary organizations; 3. Technical and trade journals; 4. Books, magazines and newspapers; 5. Reports and publications of various associations connected with business and industry, banks, stock exchanges, etc.; 6. Reports prepared by research scholars, universities, economists, etc. in different fields; and 7. Public records and statistics, historical documents, and other sources of published information.
- 12. 1. Reliability of data: The reliability can be tested by finding out such things about the said data: (a) Who collected the data? (b) What were the sources of data? (c) Were they collected by using proper methods (d) At what time were they collected?(e) Was there any bias of the compiler? (t) What level of accuracy was desired? Was it achieved ? 2. Suitability of data: The data that are suitable for one enquiry may not necessarily be found suitable in another enquiry. 3. Adequacy of data: If the level of accuracy achieved in data is found inadequate for the purpose of the present enquiry, they will be considered as inadequate and should not be used by the researcher. The data will also be considered inadequate, if they are related to an area which may be either narrower or wider than the area of the present enquiry. Characteristics of Secondary Data