Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change
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The document discusses the dynamics of migration in the context of globalization and demographic changes, highlighting that approximately 1 in 33 people globally is a migrant, with expectations for this number to rise significantly by 2050. Various migration models are explored, including historical trends and the political controversies surrounding immigration, while also addressing the exploitation of migrants and their integration into societies. The relationship between demographic transition stages and migration rates is examined, suggesting a reciprocal influence between migration patterns and demographic changes in countries of origin.
Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change
- 1. Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change International movement of people in a globalizing world Accompaniment to the superb Giddens and Sutton (2013) (left) Chapter 16, with an assortment of additional accompanying resources
- 2. Migration in a Global Age: introduction Movement of people has been taking place since “the earliest stages of written history”; but it is “accelerating as part of the process of global integration”
- 3. . E______, c_______ and p_______ ties between are reflected in increasing migration Around 1/33 people globally is a migrant; 214 million, which is expected to rise to 405 million by 2050 International Organization for Migration (2012) Here we examine migration to and from Britain in history and in contemporary society; before taking a more global perspective and finally considering affects on demographics Activity: Would you consider emigrating at some point in your life? Why?
- 4. . Immigration = people migrating _____ a country Emigration = people migrating ______ a country Country of origin= where a migrant was born; usually somewhere in the “developing” world Country of destination= where a migrant moves to; usually somewhere in the “developed” world Activity: Think of an example of a common form of migration from the developing world to the developed; and vice-versa Please enlarge (above)
- 5. . “Migration adds to ethnic and cultural diversity in many societies and helps shape demographic, economic and social dynamics.” (G&S2013) Activities: (i) How integrated into the wider society and culture are migrants where you are? (ii) Review the „melting pot/salad bowl‟ analogy: which is more accurate your country? http://www.thanhniennews.com/com mentaries/expats-tourists-and- western-superiority-24817.html This article may help…
- 6. . Activity: Telling terminology… “Expat” “Immigrant” what different connotations do these terms have? Why?
- 7. . International migration intensified after WW2, and is now – especially in developed nations- a contentious political issue. Activity: Why might migration be controversial politically? Answer with reference to the country you live in, and to another country worldwide.
- 8. In developed nations, recent decades have seen waves of anti- immigration sentiment . Activities: (i) Are these „right-wing‟ or „left-wing‟ views? (ii) Why might people identify with this type of politics?
- 9. . Often, racial tensions can be raised by highly visible, provocative incidentsthat are well-covered by the media …such as the brutal, public murder of a soldier Guardian a barracks in Woolwich, London by Nigerian Islamic extremists Video: http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/lee-rigby-murder-video- timeline-2942005
- 10. . The Woolwich murders were very different to the 9/11 “attacks” but they have had comparable effects on racial tensionActivity: How can Cohen‟s classic (1973) „moral panic‟ theory be applied to racial tension?
- 11. . Four models of migration since 1945: (i) The classic model: migration to traditional “nations of immigrants”, e.g. people moving from the UK or France to the USA, Canada or Australia (this has been taking place since long before 1945, but increased thereafter) Activity: Is there a cruel irony in recent anti- immigration policies from Australia, the UK and the USA?
- 12. . (ii) The colonial model: migration from very poor countries to the traditional “nations of immigrants” (see previous slide) and former colonial masters, often by people from coloniesor former colonies e.g. people from Africa, Asia or South America to the UK, USA, Canada or Australia
- 13. .The UK received lots of migrants from Commonwealth countries e.g. India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Jamaica following their post-war independence Until relatively recently, this was encouragedby the British government; with a promise of British citizenshipto any skilled worker from a former colony http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_uArb9fwwA ‘I was there (at the coronation)’, Young Tiger (1953) Activities: (i) Why would the British government encourage this? (ii) Why do you think there has been increased hostility towards migrants since around 1990?
- 14. . (iii) The guest workers model : Workers are permitted what is often only temporary residence without citizenship in a country with a labour shortage. Belgium, Switzerland and Germany have a long history of importing such workers; and (former)Communist countries e.g. Vietnam, Cuba and the Czech Republic often show preference for eachother‟s workers
- 15. . (iv) Illegal immigration: Increasingly common today; migrants reside and usually work in a foreign country without explicit permission, often smuggledin by boat, and often working in secret Once in their new country, illegal immigrants have no citizenship rights, and in many ways are “outside the realm of official society”. (G&S2013) Activities: (i) Other than simply to earn more money, why would an individual decide to illegally migrate? (ii) What does Giddens mean by the quotation on this slide? Give examples
- 16. . Following WW2, the UK experienced waves of migration, from Commonwealth countries especially 19th century immigrants had been mainly Irish Catholics…but post-1945, most migrants came from Asia and Africa: the Muslimcountries of Bangladesh and Pakistan, and Hindusfrom India.
- 17. . Like the Irish a century before , they formed distinct communities in certain UK cities e.g. Liverpool, Glasgow and Manchester…and today, we see “3rd or 4th- generation” migrant communities http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJztXj2GPfk
- 18. . . This changed the cultural and religious makeup of British society significantly… And, as is reflected in right- wing, “nationalist” politics, it raised new questions about what it meant to be “British”, and about ethnic integration
- 19. . Sadly, migrants from the developing world are often “exploited” by their new employers; the vast difference in wealth between them and their new employers renders them modern-day wage slaves. They are not technically imprisoned, but cannot afford to leave Slavery, and exploitation of migrant workers
- 20. . . Sometimes migrant workers are lied to; promised false contracts as in the case of immigrant workers from Nepal working on the stadia for the FIFA World Cup 2022 in Qatar Often, they are trapped in “bonded labour”, whereby they must work to pay off the enormous “agent fee” owed to those who tricked them into leaving their home country
- 22. .In other cases, people are literally kidnapped by traffickers who sell them into a life of slavery The human body is one of the most intricate, complex and versatile things on Earth; and in an age of commodification, everything has a price
- 23. . Promises of jobsin overseas companies, and individuals posing as potential friendsin public or online, are common tools used to trap people into what is one of the most insidious products of globalization
- 24. . http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Br0Va90I2nY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itqBEEirHEI (Left) Many young Vietnamese boys are trafficked to the UK, where they are forced to work in cannabis farms (Left) Thousands of babies are trafficked from Vietnam to China each year, where they help bridge the gender- imbalance gap created partly by the one-child policy
- 26. . The most vulnerable groups are those most likely to be trafficked into slavery…women, children, and those from poor countries; a classic example of sociological intersectionality of factors www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2013/jul/20/child- slavery-india-assam- trafficking#/?picture=413225358&index=6
- 28. Migration and demographic theory 1) The gravity model of migration Based on Isaac Newton‟s 2nd law of gravitational pull Migration between two places (e.g. Vietnam and USA) is: (i) Directly proportional to the GDP of the two nations combined (ii) Inversely proportional to the distance between the two nations Flaw: scientific/mathematical theory that fails to account for the complexityof human behaviour
- 29. . 2) Demographic overspilltheory: Hatton and Williamson (2006) argue that mass migration is a laggedresponse to high birth ratesin country of origin; which cause a shortage of employment opportunities and a lack of rewards for education High demographic pressure in Country A explains migration to B where pressure is lesser
- 30. . Migration flows are proportionate to differences in: GDP, income, employment opportunities, rewards for education and political
- 31. . Flaw: According to Farques (2011), demographic overspill theory appliesin the case of developing developed world migration… …but not to migration within either the developing or developed world
- 32. 3) Farques (2011): Two-way relationship between demographics and migration Previous theories on migration assumed a one-way relationship between demographicsin the country of origin, and rates of migration…
- 33. . …most theorists agree, the (SDT) stage a developing nation has reached in the demographic transition (DT) (e.g. still in stage 2: low death rates and high birth rates) affects (m) migration rates SDT m ie Being at stage 2 not only suggests “increasing overpopulation” but also a low level of development Stage 2 SDT = high emigration Stage 3 SDT = lower emigration
- 34. . Farques (2011) argues that the relationship is intrinsic and reciprocal… SDT m SDT m Yes, SDT affects migration; but in turn, this migration comes to affect that SDT position in the origin country
- 35. .When there is significant emigration from a developing to developed nation (s), this actually speeds up the DT process in the developing origin country Activity: Can you guess why..?
- 36. . Migration, according to Farques (2011) decreases world population in the long-term, because migrants: 1) Are most often moving from poor-rich countries (ie higher-lower birth rates) 2) Usually adopt the “2 children-nuclear family” norm now near- universalin the developed world 3) Often maintain close family ties and regular communication with relatives still in the country of origin; through cheap ICT e.g. Skype 4)Pass on their new norms to relatives; informing them of the possibilities that a smaller family open up (e.g. more foreign travel)